The significance of our research is connected with the many regulations in the European Union concerning ESG issues. These documents are very often related to environmental aspects and concern banks as public trust entities. We focus on banks on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), which constitute the main part of the Polish banking sector. We examine the relationship between financial efficiency and environmental responsibility in the banking sector. We identified three objectives for our research: first: to assess financial efficiency in the banks under study, second: to assess eco-management in banks listed on the WSE, third: to investigate whether there is a relationship between environmental responsibility as an ESG element of banks and their financial efficiency. The above objectives correspond with the research hypothesis adopted: Among the banks analysed, there is a correlation between a bank's financial performance and the Bank Ecologisation Index (BEI-2). This study refers to the period 2019-2021 to show the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic. We adopt various research methods to measure the environmental responsibility of banks and to examine the relationship between ecological engagement and banks’ financial ratios. In our research, we use descriptive statistics, linear ordering methods, standardised sum methods, synthetic measures of development, box plots, and analysis of the financial and non-financial reports of the entities analysed. The paper consists of five parts: introduction, literature review and research goals, materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusions. Our results show that among the banks analysed, there is no statistically significant correlation between financial results and the Bank Ecologisation Index (BEI-2). This may be due to the fact that, as a result of the economic instability caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, banks in Poland have slowed down their growth potential and investments in greening have shifted to the longer-term perspective.
Sébastien Lord, Mariana Alves de Souza, Edgar Schnepp
et al.
Aging at home is a trajectory that governments have been promoting for many years, and that seniors and their families appreciate. However, aging at home is not a static or linear experience. As people's lives evolve, so do their neighbourhoods, placing individuals in different situations, more or less favourable from the point of view of inclusion, participation and, more broadly, control of their residential environment. This dual evolution is particularly visible in the immigrant areas of metropolitan agglomerations like Montréal. The environments in which both immigration and aging are concentrated vary widely in terms of urban form (inner-city, peri-urban, suburbs, etc.) and urban dynamics (renewal, requalification, gentrification, etc.). These differentiated dynamics sometimes correspond to favoured areas that may be experiencing impoverishment, and sometimes refer to areas undergoing relatively significant social and economic change, posing challenges for urban policies that are just as challenging. Using the concept of residential normalcy, we look at 3 types of living environments (established immigrant communities, requalifying communities, and sprawled immigrant communities). Seniors achieve residential normalcy when they report generally positive feelings about their living environments, the people, groups or institutions that shape their daily lives, and the activities they are able to choose and carry out. Many of the factors that exclude established immigrant communities are related to access to urban resources, particularly institutional recognition. If access to mobility and transportation is a factor of fragility, to be able to follow the trajectory of the community of belonging in the agglomeration, the anchoring of the community of belonging in its environment is a strong factor of inclusion. For areas undergoing redevelopment or sprawling, it's the very location and presence of urban resources that raises questions, giving visibility to individuals and communities. This issue of (in)visibility involves a number of ordinary places (shopping centres, vacant spaces of all kinds, etc.), but these are undergoing major transformation, and their control is not guaranteed. The cases of two Montréal boroughs, Parc-Extension and Montréal-Nord, and the City of Brossard, provide an opportunity to discuss the policies.
Economic history and conditions, Economics as a science
Abstract As the global crisis triggered by the COVID-19 virus unfolded, The Economist magazine published a cover in May 2020 titled “Goodbye globalization: the dangerous lure of self-sufficiency.” The title summed up well the new political interest in the ideology of national economic self-sufficiency in the pandemic context. Unfortunately, contemporary textbooks in the field of international political economy (IPE) say little about this kind of “autarkic” thought. No survey of the history of autarkic thought exists even within specialist IPE literature or in the fields of intellectual history and the history of economic thought. Filling this gap in existing scholarship, this article highlights a rich history of autarkic thought that includes the ideas of famous thinkers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Johann Fichte, Mohandas Gandhi, and John Maynard Keynes. Three core rationales for a high degree of national self-sufficiency have been advanced in the past: (1) insulation from foreign economic influence, (2) insulation from foreign political and/or cultural influence, and (3) the promotion of international peace. At the same time, considerable disagreements have existed among autarkists about some of these rationales and their relative importance, as well as about the precise meaning of national self-sufficiency. These disagreements stemmed not just from differences in their specific goals but also from the different conditions across time and space in which autarkic thought was developed. In addition to improving understanding of the autarkic ideological tradition, this article contributes to emerging scholarship attempting to overcome Western-centrism in IPE scholarship as well as literature exploring the new politics of de-globalization in the current era.
When and why do governments promote women's rights? Through comparative analysis of state action in seventy countries from 1975 to 2005, this book shows how different women's rights issues involve different histories, trigger different conflicts, and activate different sets of protagonists. Change on violence against women and workplace equality involves a logic of status politics: feminist movements leverage international norms to contest women's subordination. Family law, abortion, and contraception, which challenge the historical claim of religious groups to regulate kinship and reproduction, conform to a logic of doctrinal politics, which turns on relations between religious groups and the state. Publicly-paid parental leave and child care follow a logic of class politics, in which the strength of Left parties and overall economic conditions are more salient. The book reveals the multiple and complex pathways to gender justice, illuminating the opportunities and obstacles to social change for policymakers, advocates, and others seeking to advance women's rights.
That sustainability is an essential competitive advantage is a common dictum in politics and some areas of academic research. The past few decades have made more and more dispersed ‘hard’ and soft data available, indicating not only more details on the economic performance of countries, but also on their sustainability performance. This study aims to examine whether there is a relationship between sustainability performance and national competitiveness by analysing economic, environmental, and social indicators from four data sources, including economic and sustainability data from G-20 countries for the period 2010 to 2019, representing 73% of the global GDP in 2020. The research design is based on several stepwise regression analyses to explore the pooled data set. The data analysis concludes that the effects of sustainability on competitiveness are hardly confirmed or rejected, contrary to classic economic predictors.
Conocer la percepción docente hacia los programas de formación que pudieran contribuir a en la educación de calidad para favorecer el desarrollo en las escuelas. Los alumnos de esos contextos socioeconómicos presentan condiciones de vulnerabilidad, por lo que los esfuerzos de la sociedad y de los educadores debe estar enfocada en buscar los medios que permitan impartir educación de calidad, que cumpla el precepto de equidad y sobre todo contextualizada a los requerimientos históricos de la educación en sus programas oficiales.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Economic history and conditions
Rafael Moraes de Sousa, Karina Palmieri de Almeida
Este artigo realiza uma análise empírica de alguns obstáculos internos e externos ao crescimento da indústria, assim como os fatores determinantes do desempenho (exportações industriais), para o período de 2006 a 2018, destacando uma
variável para a qualidade das exportações. A metodologia consiste em modelos
autorregressivos com defasagens distribuídas (ARDL) para cointegração. Os resultados sugerem que as variáveis apontadas como obstáculos, de fato, exercem
no longo prazo impactos negativos sobre o crescimento. Para as exportações, a
taxa de câmbio e a evolução dos preços foram componentes com impacto negativo, enquanto a dinâmica da renda mundial é benéfica. Por fim, os resultados
para a variável qualidade das exportações explicitam que a composição produtiva
e exportadora é pouco propícia ao crescimento industrial.
Economic history and conditions, Economics as a science
Algeria is counting heavily on small and medium enterprises in developing the national economy, embodying interest in them through the support mechanisms that the legislator has put in place in their favor, to facilitate their entry into the market and its continuity. If public deals are one of the most important areas of investment for small and medium enterprises, then the nature of these competitive contracts Limiting the opportunities of these distinguished institutions with their limited capabilities. This study aims to identify the various mechanisms established by Presidential Decree 15-247 to encourage and support small and medium enterprises.
And I concluded that, through this decree, the regulator has paid special attention to supporting national institutions and production, especially the category of small enterprises, through several mechanisms.
Berta Ermila Madrigal Torres, Ricardo Gabriel Luna Ruiz, José Guadalupe Vargas Hernández
En este artículo se presenta un estudio de caso de una empresa donde colaboran directivos de dos culturas: México e India; se plantean preguntas de investigación como: ¿cuáles son los valores, actitudes y habilidades que ambas culturas esperan de sus líderes?, ¿cuáles son las habilidades del líder y sus estilos de liderazgo? y ¿cuál es la distancia y dimensión del poder de los líderes de ambas culturas? Se diseñó un instrumento con las cinco características de la descripción de la personalidad enumeradas por Goldberg (1990), la aproximación de estilo de liderazgo de Madrigal (2009), y dimensión de la incertidumbre y distancia del poder con la teoría de Northouse (2012). Para poder llevar a cabo este estudio se encuestaron a 102 directivos de cultura india y mexicana en diferentes aspectos relacionados con la percepción de liderazgo. Los resultados demuestran que tanto los mexicanos como los indios tienden a preferir un estilo de liderazgo democrático. Finalmente se presentan como hallazgos las diferencias existentes en el colectivismo institucional y en la orientación al futuro de ambas culturas.
Economic history and conditions, Economics as a science
Why does codetermination exist in Germany? Law and economics theories have contended that if there were no legal compulsion, worker participation in corporate governance would be ‘virtually nonexistent’. This positive analysis, which flows from the ‘nexus of contracts’ conception of the corporation, supports a normative argument that codetermination is inefficient because it is supposed it will seldom happen voluntarily. After discussing competing conceptions of the corporation, as a ‘thing in itself’, and as an ‘institution’, this article explores the development of German codetermination from the mid-19th century to the present. It finds the inefficiency argument sits at odds with the historical evidence. In its very inception, the right of workers to vote for a company board of directors, or in work councils with a voice in dismissals, came from collective agreements. It was not compelled by law, but was collectively bargained between business and labour representatives. These ‘codetermination bargains’ were widespread. Laws then codified these models. This was true at the foundation of the Weimar Republic from 1918 to 1922 and, after abolition in 1933, again from 1945 to 1951. The foundational codetermination bargains were made because of two ‘Goldilocks’ conditions (conditions that were ‘just right’) which were not always seen in countries like the UK or US. First, inequality of bargaining power between workers and employers was temporarily less pronounced. Second, the trade union movement became united in the objective of seeking worker voice in corporate governance. As the practice of codetermination has been embraced by a majority of EU countries, and continues to develop, it is important to have an accurate positive narrative of codetermination’s economic and political foundations. (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135.
Background : Women experience poorer health than men despite their longer life expectancy, due to a higher prevalence of non-fatal chronic illnesses. This paper aims to explore whether the unequal gender distribution of roles and resources can account for inequalities in general self-rated health (SRH) by gender, across social classes, in a Southern European population. Methods : Cross-sectional study of residents in Catalonia aged 25–64, using data from the 2006 population living conditions survey (n=5,817). Poisson regression models were used to calculate the fair/poor SRH prevalence ratio (PR) by gender and to estimate the contribution of variables assessing several dimensions of living conditions as the reduction in the PR after their inclusion in the model. Analyses were stratified by social class (non-manual and manual). Results : SRH was poorer for women among both non-manual (PR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09–1.76) and manual social classes (PR 1.36, 95% CI 1.20–1.56). Adjustment for individual income alone eliminated the association between sex and SRH, especially among manual classes (PR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85–1.19; among non-manual 1.19, 0.92–1.54). The association was also reduced when adjusting by employment conditions among manual classes, and household material and economic situation, time in household chores and residential environment among non-manual classes. Discussion : Gender inequalities in individual income appear to contribute largely to women's poorer health. Individual income may indicate the availability of economic resources, but also the history of access to the labour market and potentially the degree of independence and power within the household. Policies to facilitate women's labour market participation, to close the gender pay gap, or to raise non-contributory pensions may be helpful to improve women's health.