Hasil untuk "Civil law"

I Gusti Agung Ayu Gita Pritayanti Dinar, I Made Pria Dharsana

In the digital industry era, it is very easy for business actors to choose the law of a country where a company will be registered upon various considerations such as the efficiency factor and a range of benefits derived from the chosen law. If a contract involves two legal subjects with different citizenships, then there will be two different legal systems, namely a foreign law and the national law of a particular country. This can certainly lead to international civil law issues, because the parties bring their respective legal systems into the contract. They can choose their national law or a foreign law as long as it does not conflict with public order or the compulsory rules. For agreements with transnational aspects, this choice of law issue becomes important. Not every foreign party feels comfortable if the agreement is construed according to the Indonesian law. A foreign legal forum for an agreement involving Indonesia is valid and binding if it has been agreed upon by the parties and covered in a clause in the agreement. Some business actors prefer and agree to choose the country of Bermuda as the legal home of their company for certain reasons. The research questions investigated in this study are: (i) What is the regulation of transfers of shares of foreign companies incorporated in Bermuda? (ii) Are transfers of shares of foreign companies incorporated in Bermuda legally binding upon the assets of companies domiciled in Indonesia? This study employs the normative legal research method. Normative legal research is guided by the characteristics of the object of the research, yet remains limited by the expected outcome of the norms initially established. The approaches used in this study are (i) the analytical and conceptual approach and (ii) the comparative approach, whereby a comparison is made between the application of the corporate law of Bermuda and the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Company. Sources of legal materials used in this study include related literature, journals, articles and theses that are relevant to the subject matter. The theories applied in investigating the problems in this research are the transnational theory and economic-legal theory. Through this research, it will be possible to determine the regulation of transfers of shares of foreign companies incorporated in foreign countries (in this case Bermuda) and the binding force of such transfers upon the assets of companies domiciled in Indonesia.

Bogdan Lesiv

A realistic approach to common law is one of the most authoritative views on the role and potential of judges in law-making. American judge Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. was a mastermind of legal realism and held a very special position among his fellows. Conventionally, legal realism is considered a progressive and innovative movement of the late XIX and the first half of the XX centuries. However, as this study demonstrates in several respects, some of its proponents can be labelled conservatives who defended their view of the traditional approach of judge-made law. Realists inspired by Holmes countered the formalist trends within common law, which was initially and historically alien to them (e.g. Langdellism). The formalist methodology and its results were often reminiscent of the Reception of Roman Law, which ancient common law rejected. Not surprisingly, it was highly criticized as an imposition of artificially invented legal ideals on a particular society regardless of its real-life experience. Based on Holmes’s original writings and their credible interpretations, this survey aims to explore his anti-formalist approach within a broader context of its theoretical origins. It reveals the historical and legal roots of the ‘realism formalism’ antagonism in the common law, reflecting, as a result, the global contrast of two civilizational approaches to legal epistemology (common law v. civil law). Case-based conceptual legal thinking typical for common law is considered through the lens of Holmes’s findings on the process of gradual formation of legal principles. Realistic aspiration to ensure that law reflects the actual demands of the community is explained as a claim for real democracy as opposed to the formal one. A refreshing contextual view of Holmes’s teachings may unfold for a continental reader the possibility of treating the modern concept of deliberative democracy and models of constitutional interpretation, such as the living constitution or popular constitutionalism, from the perspective of a realistic approach.

Ádám Farkas

A tanulmány célja rávilágítani arra, hogy az információs technológiák és az információs környezet fejlődése szükségképpen együtt jár az információk befolyásolásra való intenzívebb alkalmazásával. Ez az információs műveletek fogalmával kapcsolható össze, amely a komplex biztonság vonatkozásában a katonai értelmezésnél tágabban határozható meg: szolgálhatnak katonai, hírszerzési, politikai-diplomáciai, gazdasági, de akár különféle illegitim célokat is. Ezekkel szemben hatékony védelemre van szükség, ami egyrészt hiteles és aktív ellentevékenységet feltételez, másrészt korlátozások alkalmazását. Azonban a transzatlanti térség modern jogállamaiban a vélemény szabadsága alapjog, amely korlátozható, de az információs tér szempontjából rendkívüli jelentőségű. A kortárs jogállamok döntő többsége a vélemény szabadságának, az egyéni és a társadalmi kapcsolatok fejlesztésének, valamint a személyiség kibontakoztatásának kulcsfontosságú érvényesülési dimenziójaként tekint az információs térre. Ennek szabadsága tehát alapvető érték, amit első ránézésre az információs műveletek megvalósítása és az azok elleni védekezés is korlátoz. A jelen tanulmány célja rávilágítani arra, hogy az információs műveletek és az információs tér szabadsága közti viszony mégsem írható le nulla összegű játszmaként.

Lawrence Rugema, Marie Ange Uwase, Athanase Rukundo et al.

Abstract Background Between 2010 and 2014, approximately 25 million unsafe abortions were performed annually across the globe. Africa alone accounted for 29% of all unsafe abortions, and 62% of the related deaths. Women living in poverty, especially adolescents, lack information about where and how to access safe abortion services. They often lack adequate insight to make informed decisions. The purpose of this study was to explore the empowered perspectives of women leaders in Rwanda about the recent policy change for safe abortion. The study identifies women leaders’ perceived barriers and their attitudes about resulting consequences toward safe abortion. Method In this qualitative study, seven focus group discussions and eight key informant interviews were performed in October 2019. A total of 51 women leaders participated, their age ranging from 38 to 60 years. Participants were drawn from three districts, namely Gasabo, Kicukiro, and Nyarugenge. For variability of data, participants came from parliament, government ministries, government parastatals, and civil society organizations. All interviews were conducted in Kinyarwanda and later translated into English. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results The emerging theme Strong barriers and numerous consequences of safe abortion illustrates how women leaders perceive barriers to safe abortion and its related consequences in Rwanda. The theme is divided into two categories: (1) Perceived barriers of safe abortion and (2) Consequences of providing safe abortion. The sub-categories for the first category are Reluctance to fully support safe abortion due to perceived unjustified abortions”, Abortion-related stigma, Abortion is against cultural and religious beliefs, Emotional attachment to the unborn and Lack of awareness of abortion. The sub-categories for the second category are Perceived physiological trauma, Cause for barrenness/infertility, Increase in services abuse by adolescents/women, Increase of workload for healthcare providers, “Increase in sexual activities and STIs, and Abortion-related physiological trauma. Conclusion The subject of safe abortion evokes mixed reactions among participants, and is entangled with unsafe abortion in most cases. Participants stress that the word ‘abortion’ disturbs, regardless of whether it relates to being safe or unsafe. Participants believe the word ‘abortion’ outweighs the word ‘safe’. Societal expectations play a major role in the decision-making process of any adolescent or a family member faced with a pregnant adolescent regardless of the existing safe abortion law. Community mobilization and sensitization are crucial if safe abortion in accordance with abortion law is to be embraced. Messages that reinforce safe abortion as acceptable and address stigma, fears of trauma, and barrenness should be developed to educate adolescents, parents, and women leaders about safe abortion, to mitigate unsafe abortion-related complications.

Milagros Magnin Vergés

El presente trabajo busca reflejar cómo las obras de arte creadas por las inteligencias artificiales (IA) interpelan la necesidad de dinamizar el derecho de autor y exponen el protagonismo de la tecnología tanto en el proceso creativo como en la gestión de derechos. El objetivo es evidenciar la intersección entre arte y tecnología y evocar, frente al actual vacío legal desde la propiedad intelectual (PI) respecto a las obras de las IA, la posibilidad de implementar el uso de sistemas o mecanismos alineados con la tecnología para ejercer y reclamar derechos para una adecuada vigilancia activa y ágil sobre la base de información segura, trazable e inmutable. Para ello, se abordan tensiones y fricciones entre creatividad humana y artificial en el marco de la PI y se analizan particularidades de diversos casos. Asimismo, se indaga sobre la eficacia de las tecnologías basadas en la cadena de bloques y su impacto en el ecosistema de la PI, buscando comprender argumentos mediante el análisis de whitepapers publicados por el máximo organismo a nivel mundial de la PI. Como resultado final, se hizo foco en la necesidad subyacente de seguridad jurídica, satisfacción de tutela y protección de realidades en constante cambio, aun cuando existen lagunas en el derecho. Por ello, no se plantea una solución al dilema que enfrenta el derecho de autor en la temática, sino que se propone una alternativa –el potencial de un registro– con las características que le otorga estar basado en blockchain como herramienta eficaz de resguardo o respaldo de “autoría/propiedad” para este tipo de obras, su valor a tal fin y cómo este puede ser útil, sostenible y sustentable en el tiempo, además de aportar transparencia tanto en la etapa previa como posterior a su regulación sin obstaculizar, sino fomentando, la innovación.

Novalia Marbun, Pahlefi Pahlefi

The writing of this thesis examines the resolution of consumer disputes through the establishment of the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (BPSK) in the city of Jambi. The purpose of writing, knowing and analyzing consumer dispute resolution through BPSK so that it becomes urgent in the city of Jambi. Formulation of the problem regarding the form of consumer dispute resolution in the city of Jambi and the importance of non-litigation resolution, namely through BPSK so that it becomes urgent in the city of Jambi. The research method used is empirical research with descriptive qualitative analysis research specifications. The findings in this thesis, first of the twenty-two consumer complaints to the Indonesian Consumers Foundation (YLKI), ten cases of consumer disputes that entered the BPSK district / city of Bungo, five cases of consumer disputes that were submitted to the BPSK regency / city of Sarolangun. It appears that consumer complaint disputes will continue because the relationship between business actors and consumers is intertwined with one another. Second, the process of consumer dispute resolution assisted by YLKI is limited and does not have the final power as BPSK. Then, the government's attention is needed as an effort to improve the welfare of the community in helping people resolve consumer disputes by facilitating BPSK as a special body based on the mandate of consumer protection law. Abstrak Penulisan skripsi ini mengkaji mengenai penyelesaian sengketa konsumen melalui pembentukan Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen (BPSK) di kota jambi. Tujuan penulisan, mengetahui dan menganalisis penyelesaian sengketa konsumen melalui BPSK sehingga menjadi urgen di kota jambi. Rumusan masalah mengenai bentuk penyelesaian sengketa konsumen di kota jambi dan pentingnya penyelesaian non litigasi yaitu melalui BPSK sehingga menjadi urgen di kota jambi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan penelitian empiris dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analisis kualitatif. Temuan dalam skripsi ini, pertama dari dua puluh dua pengaduan konsumen kepada Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen Indonesia (YLKI), sepuluh kasus sengketa konsumen yang masuk ke BPSK kabupaten/kota bungo, lima kasus sengketa konsumen yang masuk ke BPSK kabupaten/kota sarolangun. Terlihat bahwa sengketa pengaduan konsumen akan terus berlangsung karena hubungan antara pelaku usaha dan konsumen yang saling terikat satu sama lain. Kedua, adapun proses penyelesaian sengketa konsumen yang dibantu oleh YLKI terbatas dan tidak mempunyai kekuatan final seperti halnya BPSK. Kemudian, diperlukan perhatian dari pemerintah sebagai upaya mensejahterakan masyarakat dalam membantu masyarakat menyelesaikan sengketa konsumen dengan memfasilitasi BPSK sebagai badan khusus berdasarkan amanat undang – undang perlindungan konsumen.

András Koltay

Már a kötet címe is felkelti az érdeklődést: hogy kerül egymás mellé korunk legmodernebb kommunikációs technológiája és Oliver Cromwell gyakran idézett mondása? A valódi ok az, hogy a szerző árnyalt, jót-rosszat egyaránt magába foglaló könyvet írt az internetről. A (nem is olyan) rejtett szellemesség a címválasztásban pedig abban érhető tetten, hogy Cromwell e mondása, amelyet […]

Alan G. Nixon

&#8216;Religion&#8217; still occupies and maintains a position of formal and informal privilege in many current societies. It retains these privileges despite the increasing numbers of people who label themselves &#8216;non-religious&#8217;. There is also evidence that overtly non-religious people are being persecuted due to the continuation of these privileges. This paper will examine such treatment of the non-religious in the context of human rights instruments and laws. It lays out the international law case for the rights of the non-religious. It also discusses the extent to which state actors have or have not ignored human rights standards in their persecution or deprivileging of non-religious people. This paper will proceed through a three-step analysis. Step 1 is to examine the aspirational <i>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i> (UDHR) in relation to the non-religious. The relevant sections of the UDHR and interpretations that they have received will be discussed. Step 2 is to do the same with the binding <i>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</i> (ICCPR). Finally, Step 3 is to give examples of lower-level and local laws, where I shall examine the extent to which individual countries&#8217; laws and practices toward non-religious people support or contradict the treaty commitments that those countries have made. The continuation in coercion/persecution cases suggests that something is amiss with human rights protections being provided to the non-religious. If we are to create social structures that are more inclusive of the non-religious and to advocate for non-religious rights, it is necessary to examine the societal power and privilege still held by &#8216;religion&#8217;. It is hoped that this article can inform and encourage further similar engagements among sociologists, religious studies scholars, activists and lay-people interested in the treatment of non-religious peoples.

Amy Hai Yan Chan, Victoria Rutter, Diane Ashiru-Oredope et al.

The world currently faces unprecedented health challenges as COVID-19 poses a huge threat to health systems, economies and societies as we know it. The events of the current COVID-19 pandemic have further emphasised existing issues within our health systems. There is no better time than now to come together in global solidarity to tackle these evolving threats of COVID-19 pandemic. The Commonwealth is an ideally placed network to tackle these global health challenges, with its wide-reaching networks of governmental, non-governmental and civil society organisations across all continents. Although the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) originally scheduled to take place in Kigali in Rwanda 22–27 June 2020 has been postponed in view of COVID-19, Commonwealth country discussions are continuing, centred on the CHOGM key theme of ‘Delivering a Common Future: Connecting, Innovating, Transforming’, and five subthemes of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Innovation; Trade; Environment; Governance and the Rule of Law; and Youth. The planned CHOGM and Commonwealth itself provides all members a timely platform to consider innovative ways to connect, innovate and transform healthcare to meet the needs of their populations. This commentary considers these five CHOGM subthemes and how member nations can be supported to achieve universal health coverage through optimising medicines use and outcomes, in the midst of a global pandemic in line with the global health agenda.

Heather Adams, Paula Alonso Rodríguez

This article investigates the interpreting needs of Spanish security personnel, their perceptions of their interactions with non-Spanish speakers, and considerations regarding the role of interpreters in their work for the various security forces in Spain. The contextual framework summarises the responsibilities of the Spanish security forces, examines the area of law enforcement as a public service sector in which interpreting is required, and explores legal issues in this field. An indication of the number of potential users of interpreting services in the security forces in the specific region studied (the Canary Islands) is followed by a description of the methodology used. We then present the results of our study, which was conducted by means of a questionnaire, drawn up and administered by the authors, on how members of the Civil Guard and the Spanish National and local police forces perceive their language and interpreting needs, as well as their experiences in these fields. As part of this preliminary study, survey respondents were encouraged to share difficulties they had encountered in relation to language mediation, thereby enabling the authors to present an overview of the interlinguistic and intercultural communication difficulties that need to be overcome in these services, as well as service professionals’ impressions of the reality of working with interpreters.

Маслова Ирина Сергеевна

Статья посвящена исследованию сущности исключительного права. В работе анализируется эволюция научных подходов к пониманию прав на результаты интеллектуальной деятельности: от проприетарной теории к концепции исключительного права. На основе сравнения вещного и исключительного права, определения места исключительного права в системе гражданских прав автор сформулировал его отличительные признаки. В заключениt делается вывод о характере влияния научно-технического прогресса на коммерческое использование интеллектуальной собственности и выделяются основные направления дальнейшего развития концепции исключительного права.

Zulfan Zulfan

Masalah pemisahan kekuasaan terkait hubungan presiden dan Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, mengalami pasang surut di Indonesia. Penelitian ini ingin menjawab apakah dasar dan prosedur pemisahan kekuasaan dalam fungsi legislasi era Kabinet Kerja? Penelitian ini beranjak dari rekonstruksi kritis teori berkaitan pembagian fungsi kekuasaan dengan berfokus pada era Kabinet Kerja. Kabinet ini merupakan Transisi rezim reformasi. Pemisahan kekuasaan dalam pemerintahan Jokowi secara utuh baik lembaga eksekutif, legislatif maupun yudikatif tidak mandiri serta saling menguasai melalui deal politik Koalisi Merah Putih dan Indonesia Hebat berakhir pada pengharapan membagi kekuasaan.

E. Danzi, L. Fiorentini, L. Marmo

Fire risk assessment has always been a challenging issue. Furthermore, performance based approaches to fire engineering showed that risk based decisions and fire scenarios are a fundamental element of the fire safety strategy assurance. In particular, a correct assessment of the risk allows all the involved stakeholders to identify a specific strategy among a pool of possibilities. Risk assessment is the perfect tool to identify comparable fire protection strategies and to measure fire risk reduction associated to the single specific prevention and protection measures composing each different fire strategies. This approach implies the need to abandon a classic, not even conservative approach, that in many cases linked the total fire load to the fire risk level, despite specific dynamics, layouts, prevention measures and risk management issues during time. During the years, a number of different methodologies have been developed: for specific cases, for industrial or civil buildings, to adopt a method enforced by the local law and regulations acts, etc. Methods have been based on matrices, indexes, check-lists, etc. Present paper illustrates a method developed by the authors taking into account several international recognized methods; even coming back to methodologies developed in early seventies. The Method is named “FLAME” (Fire risk Assessment Method for Enterprises), it goes back to the fire safety fundamentals against a generalized approach to fire safety engineering based on complex and time-consuming methods like CFD that deals only with the ‘consequences’ aspect of the fire risk (that is indeed characterized also by frequency estimation) using as reference scheme the “Fire Safety Concept Tree” explained in detail in the NFPA 550 Standard. In order to identify the most appropriate fire safety strategy it is important to identify the associated fire risk that the strategy is intended to mitigate to a certain level. Alternative solutions can be evaluated considering the risk reduction operated by different strategies and by different elements composing the fire strategies themselves and also costs with a modern ALARP approach. A clear advantage is the possibility to get an overview of the whole fire risk as the cumulative risk assessed by the model and not solely related with the consequences evaluation of a limited number of fire scenarios (usually the most obvious ones). Risk level assessment leads to the identification of the fire scenario (or a pool of) that governs and limits the specific situation, declined for both humans and structures (assets) considering that the two vulnerabilities could be linked to different fire risk scenarios. The method has been tested against different buildings occupancies. In the present case results of the FLAME method application to hospitals and health-care facilities are reported. A fire compartment-based risk estimation has been conducted on an overall of about 300 compartments (overall size of about 60000 m2). Coherence has been found among risk estimation by FLAME parametric code and prescriptions of the Italian fire code. There is good agreement when assessing the RSET with the method proposed in FLAME, dealing with the occupants’ behaviour and the actual characteristics of occupants in clinics or hospitals and difficulties due to poor mobility or incapacity to understand emergency cues. In general, the level of risk is identified as shown in Table 1.

Agus Nurudin

Dalam praktik penegakan hukum di Indonesia masih sering terjadi hakim menyimpang dari kaidah-kaidah hukum. Padahal, kaidah-kaidah hukum itulah yang seharusnya menjadi pertimbangan utama sebelum menjatuhkan putusan. Penyimpangan terhadap kaidah-kaidah hukum itu seperti kepastian hukum, kemanfaatan dan keadilan. Prasangka politik, ekonomi dan moral ikut menentukan putusan hakim. Selain itu, pemberitaan oleh media massa terhadap penanganan suatu perkara turut mempengaruhi putusan hakim. Kondisi tersebut diperparah dengan pengaruh politik pencitraan khususnya terhadap kasus-kasus korupsi. Ketika sedang menangani perkara-perkara korupsi, mind set hakim sudah terpola dengan hukuman yang seberat-beratnya dengan mengabaikan kepastian hukum, kemanfaatan dan keadilan.

Per G. Fredriksson, Jim R. Wollscheid

Emanuela Carbonara, Francesco Parisi, G. Wangenheim

M. Pargendler

S. Asongu

Agung Sujatmiko Bambang Sugeng

Abstract This research conducted to ask two problems, can license wellknown trademark  support the competetion? and the dispute problems between licensor and licensee. Basically, the license agreement not only give benefit to the licensor, but also to the licensee. The licensor will take royalty from the licensee, and the licensee take the goodwill of wellknown trade mark. Its very usefull to get the consumer. Without advertising,  the licensee  get much cosumers easily. On the other hand, the license agreement, give much benefit to the consumers. The consumers have many choice to buy the goods or services. Its can reduce the price. When the price is decrease, it can support the competition. The problems between the licensor and the licensee can bring to the court or Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Ke words : licensor, licensee, wellknown trade mark, competition. Abstrak Penelitian normatif ini dilakukan untuk menjawab dua permasalahan yakni apakah perjanjian lisensi merek terkenal dapat mendukung persaingan usaha yang sehat dan bagaimana penegakan hukum perdata perjanjian lisensi merek terkenal. Pada dasarnya perjanjian lisensi merek tidak hanya memberikan keuntungan dan manfaat pada pemberi lisensi, melainkan juga penerima lisensi. Pemberi lisensi akan menerima royalti dari penerima lisensi, dan penerima lisensi memperoleh “goodwill”, sehingga akan mudah untuk memperoleh konsumen. Pada sisi lain, konsumen juga memperoleh keuntungan, yakni memiliki banyak pilihan untuk membeli barang dan atau jasa, sehingga berakibat pada turunnya harga barang dan atau jasa.  Jika harga turun, akan membantu dan mendukung terciptanya persaingan usaha yang sehat. Masalah yang timbul dari perjanjian lisensi merek dapat diselesikan melalui pengadilan atau arbitrase atau ADR (Alternative Dispute  Resolution) Kata kunci : pemberi lisensi, penerima lisensi, merek terkenal, persaingan.

David Mcquoid-Mason

This paper addresses head on the contention by a prominent legal practitioner in South Africa that there are too many lawyers in the country. It does not canvass the complex issues involved in determining the meaning of access to justice or the relationship between law and society in the context of legal services, and deals with access to justice in the narrow sense of the delivery of legal services in South Africa. The paper analyses the evidence presented to substantiate the contention that there are too many lawyers against the socio-economic environment in South Africa and the requirements of the Constitution. It recognizes that the country has only a minority of people who can afford lawyers and compares the ratio of lawyers to people in this category with the ratio in other developed countries. It also recognizes that large numbers of people who cannot afford lawyers may need them and that such people will have to rely largely on the state-funded national legal aid body, Legal Aid South Africa and other mechanisms. The paper discusses the different modes of delivery of legal aid services by Legal Aid South Africa, as well as those provided by the legal profession pro bono, public interest law firms and mechanisms that compliment or are alternatives to lawyers, in the light of the number of practicing lawyers in the country. An analysis is made to determine if there are enough lawyers to provide the necessary legal services required by the Constitution in criminal matters, and for civil matters in general for those who can and cannot afford lawyers. The paper concludes that there are not enough lawyers in the country at present to provide access to justice in the narrow sense, and suggests how this shortage can be overcome by using mechanisms that provide alternatives to lawyers. Este artículo se basa en la opinión de un prominente abogado de Sudáfrica, quien afirma que hay demasiados abogados en el país. No aborda las complejas cuestiones implicadas en determinar el significado del acceso a la justicia o la relación entre derecho y sociedad en el contexto de los servicios jurídicos, sino que se ocupa del acceso a la justicia en el sentido estricto de la prestación de servicios jurídicos en Sudáfrica. El artículo analiza las pruebas presentadas para defender que hay demasiados abogados para el nivel socio-económico de Sudáfrica, y los requerimientos de la Constitución. Se reconoce que el país tiene sólo una minoría de personas que pueden pagar abogados y compara la proporción entre abogados y personas en esta categoría con la proporción en otros países desarrollados. También reconoce que un gran número de personas que no pueden contratar un abogado pueden necesitarlo, y que esas personas tendrán que depender en gran medida de los servicios de asistencia jurídica nacional financiados por el estado, Legal Aid South Africa u organismos similares. El artículo analiza de qué manera presta servicios de asistencia jurídica Legal Aid South Africa, así como los prestados por los abogados pro bono, los bufetes de abogados de interés público y los mecanismos que complementan o son alternativos a los abogados, en base al número de abogados que hay en el país. Se realiza un análisis para determinar si hay suficientes abogados para proporcionar los servicios legales necesarios exigidos por la Constitución en cuestiones penales y civiles en general, tanto para los que pueden como los que no pueden pagar a un abogado. El artículo concluye que en la actualidad no hay suficientes abogados en el país para garantizar un acceso a la justicia en sentido estricto, y sugiere cómo se puede superar esa escasez mediante mecanismos que ofrezcan alternativas a los abogados. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2272640