Hasil untuk "Law of nations"

P. Wambua

M. Koskenniemi

Patricia Benezech-Sarron

L’article analyse le recul progressif du modèle français de protection des espaces naturels fondé sur l’acquisition publique, fragilisé par la baisse des ressources et le recul des acquisitions du Conservatoire du littoral et des départements. Face à cette crise, émergent des outils alternatifs – en particulier les obligations réelles environnementales (ORE), inspirées des conservation easements américaines – qui permettent de protéger des terrains privés sans les acquérir. Leur institutionnalisation est toutefois limitée par la persistance de plusieurs freins dont notamment leur faible attractivité fiscale, l’absence de registre national, et le principe d’indépendance des législations qui empêche leur intégration dans la planification urbaine. L’étude montre ainsi que la France adopte les instruments américains sans en transposer la logique profonde, ce qui conduit à une situation paradoxale : l’État n’a plus les moyens d’acquérir pour protéger, mais n’assume pas pleinement une stratégie de protection sans acquisition.

Atika Sunarto, Mazmur Septian Rumapea, Muhammad Ali Adnan et al.

Introduction: The issue of the relationship between international law and national legal policies in developing countries, especially in the context of human rights (HAM), is increasingly relevant in contemporary international law studies. Developing countries often face significant challenges in integrating international human rights standards into their domestic legal systems. Purposes of the Research: This study aims to analyze the influence of international law on national legal policies in developing countries in the context of human rights. Methods of the Research: The method used in this study is the normative legal research method with a literature study approach, which includes an analysis of various national laws and international legal instruments related to human rights. In addition, this study also refers to the results of academic studies, reports from international human rights institutions, and official documents from organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and the National Human Rights Commission. This approach provides a more comprehensive picture of the implementation of international human rights standards in developing countries. Results Main Findings of the Research: The results main findings of the study show that although many developing countries have ratified various international instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, their implementation is often hampered by various domestic factors. Inconsistencies between international obligations and national conditions are major obstacles, exacerbated by political instability, weak state institutions, limited resources, and tensions between international norms and local cultures. In addition, political resistance to the implementation of international human rights policies is also a significant challenge, especially in countries that prioritize political or economic interests over commitment to global human rights standards.

Revista Mexicana de Historia del Derecho

Dúber Armando Celis Vela

Las cortes constitucionales suelen adoptar decisiones finales y definitivas sobre el alcance de la constitución vigente. La cosa juzgada aparece como una institución que impide reabrir discusiones de constitucionalidad sobre normas o disposiciones previamente examinadas. El propósito de este artículo es analizar los presupuestos y efectos de la cosa juzgada formal y material en el control abstracto de constitucionalidad. No solo se revisan sus fundamentos conceptuales, sino que se evalúa su articulación con las operaciones interpretativas y justificativas que legitiman parcialmente la actividad del tribunal constitucional. En el texto se sostiene que las disposiciones o los contenidos normativos tienen una configuración contingente que impide utilizarlos como presupuestos para adoptar reglas de decisión. De la identidad de textos no se derivan las mismas interpretaciones o normas y, de la identidad de normas, no se siguen las mismas calificaciones de constitucionalidad o inconstitucionalidad.

Rym Fassi-Fihri

Cet article propose de retracer la méthodologie comparative utilisée dans le cadre du travail de thèse sur les droits et libertés du numérique comme droits fondamentaux en voie d’élaboration. Il s’agit de justifier l’opportunité du recours à la méthode comparative, de préciser les enjeux de la comparaison ainsi que ses apports. Tout d’abord, l’article met en lumière l’intérêt d’une recherche comparative s’agissant des droits et libertés du numérique. Bien que l’analyse du degré d’autonomie de ces droits eût été concevable dans l’ordre juridique français exclusivement, une telle recherche n’aurait présenté qu’un intérêt limité dans la mesure où l’objet de la recherche se rapporte au numérique qui a une dimension ubiquitaire. Ensuite, l’article fait état de la méthode et des enjeux de la comparaison. La comparaison voit ses modalités déterminées par les enjeux de la recherche qui consistent à démontrer l’autonomisation progressive des droits et libertés du numérique en France et aux États-Unis. Enfin sont présentés les apports de la comparaison. Cette dernière a notamment contribué à la réflexion sur la systématisation des droits et libertés du numérique en une nouvelle catégorie de droits fondamentaux.

Luis Henrique de Menezes Acioly, Matheus Fernandes da Silva, João Araújo Monteiro Neto

A Proteção de Dados Pessoais é alçada ao status de Direito Fundamental autônomo no ordenamento brasileiro, à luz do disposto na Constituição Federal e do construído na experiência dos Tribunais Superiores. O presente artigo, assim, buscou compreender o atual estado da arte do escorço regulatório nesse contexto, verificando o papel da Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados à luz do ecossistema fundado na própria Constituição Federal de 1988. Objetivou-se, ainda, compreender as consequências do reconhecimento do caráter fundamental da autodeterminação informativa e a correlação da ANPD com outros órgãos com competência regulatória, fiscalizatória e sancionatória. Concluiu-se, ainda, que a complexidade do enforcement em proteção de dados se descortina a partir do quadro de pluralismo de fontes jurídicas aplicadas à Administração Pública, o que representa uma confluência de entidades regulatórias no cenário brasileiro. Ademais, a complexidade do enforcement não representa enfraquecimento ou fragmentação da estrutura regulatória em proteção de dados, posto que a LGPD dispõe de mecanismo de cooperação entre os diversos órgãos regulatórios com potencial competência administrativa, denotando à ANPD o papel central nessa articulação, a partir de técnicas de gestão de conhecimento e articulação contínua.

Muhamad Rosyid Jazuli, Maimanah Mohammed Idris, Penlope Yaguma

Abstract Institutional quality is significantly relevant in determining national competitiveness when reflected in economic growth and successful development. Quality institutions manifest in robust ‘rules of the game’ reflected by sound governance and policymaking in at least four streams: social, economic, administrative, and political. Policy reforms intended to improve national competitiveness should aim to strengthen the streams simultaneously, whereas partial reforms could instead lead to poorer outcomes. Through the lens of institutional quality analysis, this paper critically reviews the relevance of Indonesia’s Job Creation Law, colloquially known as the Omnibus Law, to improve the country’s national competitiveness as conceptually intended. Declared as an overarching regulatory framework, the Law postulates Indonesia as prospecting for increased foreign investments. However, the Law is a partial policy reform as it overlooks the pivotal aspects necessary to improve institutional quality in Indonesia, such as inter-community relations, intellectual property regime certainty, quality vocational education, and meritocratic political recruitment. Thus, regardless of the opportunities, the Law may bring about, it may weaken national competitiveness instead. The Law is currently ruled conditionally unconstitutional by Indonesia’s Constitutional Court. If it is to be defended by the government, however, further multi-sectoral collaboration is necessary for the future implementation of the Law to enhance Indonesia’s institutional quality. In a more global context, this review indicates how developing nations should be mindful of various non-economic aspects (e.g., cultural and educational levels of the population) when undertaking policy reforms especially to enhance their national competitiveness. There may be future downsides to these implications and as it is too early to critically assess them, there is an opportunity through time and future research to do so.

Silvia Hedenigg

For centuries, Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations shaped profit maximization as the standard of economic action. The concept of caring economics published by the feminist law and systems scientist Riane Eisler under the title The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics (2007) contrasts this neoliberal, dominance-oriented model of society with the idea of partnership-oriented societies. The concept of caring economics was widely influenced by the social, economic, and welfare systems of the Nordic countries. In 2015-2016, the author of this article conducted a pilot study interviewing scientists from different disciplines with the aim of investigating whether the conditions in these countries reflect Eisler’s theoretical model (Hedenigg, 2019). While Eisler emphasized empathy and care as essential orientations of partnership societies, several of the interviewed scholars, in contrast, stressed cooperation, trust, solidarity, and functioning institutions as essential elements in addition to Eisler’s concept. This article hypothesizes that Eisler’s conception of caring economics should be supplemented by the elements mentioned above, in particular, cooperation. The aim is to identify, in a theory-guided manner, the elements that constitute the central operative mechanisms of the extended conception of caring economics. Resulting conclusions are discussed in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Norway and Finland are among the 10 most successful nations in epidemic containment. This article assumes that the extended conceptualization of caring economics does not only allow us to gain insight into the complexity of the pandemic, but also to identify various successful containment mechanisms. In particular, cooperation appears to play a major role in this context. From an evolutionary point of view, multilevel selection can be regarded as an essential tool to cope with global problems and threats like the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, trust and solidarity as well as gender aspects in the context of political leadership and welfare regimes have been identified as successful pandemic containment mechanisms. In summary, the Covid-19 pandemic lends strong plausibility to the extended conception of caring economics.

Carlos Manuel Rosales

El reconocimiento y la implementación de los Derechos Humanos ha generado que su cumplimiento sea en algunos casos a costa del erario. Este artículo analizará si los derechos prestacionales solicitados como Derechos Humanos, deben ser otorgados sin condiciones, o si, al contrario, debe existir un mecanismo para que no haya abuso en su exigibilidad y justiciabilidad.

Mohamed Arafa

Recently, the United States Supreme Court passed a victory to the current President Donald J. Trump by revitalizing parts of a travel ban on individuals from six Muslim-majority countries that he alleged is needed for national security and the interests of the United States but that adversaries criticize and claim as biased and discriminatory. The justices lessened the scope of lower court decisions that had entirely blocked crucial parts of a March 6, 2017 executive order that Trump had said was required to avert terrorism attacks, permitting his temporary ban to go into effect for folks with no strong ties to the United States. In this domain, the court issued its order on the last day of its current term and agreed to hear oral arguments again at a later stage, so it can decide lastly whether the ban is legitimate in a foremost test of presidential powers and controls.

Володимир Анатолійович Трофименко

The author focuses on the continuing European integration, which demands renovation of the regulatory and legal framework of the government, including the law-enforcement branch. Having key laws, the Ministry of Internal Affairs developed and adopted the Regulations of ethical conduct for police servants. The aim of the work is the analysis of other states’ experience and the analysis of the national Regulations based on this analysis. In the publication is analyzed the regulatory framework of the European countries from the point of existence of regulations (the codes) of ethical conduct of police servants. There is a shot analysis of the deontological regulatory acts of Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland and also the lead countries of the European Union: France and Germany. The attention is payed on the government’s different slant on the question of regulation of the ethical and moral conduct of the law enforcement officers. Some adopt declarative acts, others establish codify acts. The author emphasizes the best moments. At the end of the analysis is made a small generalization. Further the author goes on with the analysis of the content of the national Regulations of ethical conduct of servants. There is an analysis of five sections of the Regulations. The author is surprised, that the Ministry of Internal Affairs doesn’t refer to the acts of the United Nations Organizations concerning to the given problem. The author misunderstand the particular section about handling apprehended citizens and also incomprehensible (and even incorrect) title of the one section. The important norms of rights and working conditions for police servants weren’t displayed. Although the nature and the content of the Regulations demand such norms. Speaking about encouragements and punishments, the authors weren’t able to indicate their list, so they referred to other regulatory acts. Overall, the regulations of ethical conduct of police servants gave a positive impression on the author. However, there is still feeling of the definite incompleteness and crudity of this deontological document.

Sadia IMTIAZ, Malik Fahim BASHIR

The risk related to any overseas investment is polygonal which reflects numerous features that are appropriate for investor, such as rule of law, transparency, governance, level of international trade, business and financial conditions etc. All such components combine to form domestic investment climate of an economy, which influence the inflows of foreign capital in a country. This study analyzed the role of domestic investment climate (measured by Heritage Foundation economic freedom index) along with other macroeconomic variables in attracting FDI in South Asia covering 20 years from 1995 to 2014 by applying panel data techniques. Results revealed that overall economic freedom is an important determinant of FDI. Disaggregated analysis of economic freedom suggests that only fiscal and trade freedom has statistically significant influence on FDI. Therefore, Study recommends south Asian Nations to improve domestic investment environment to attract more foreign capital.

Mikhail M. Birukov

In the European Union the highest standards in the field of personal data protection were established two decades ago. Going forward, in a number of European legal sources, these standards have been developed and supplemented, and now the protection of personal data in accordance with EU law is among the fundamental Human Rights. The EU is dominated by the trend of a universal approach to the protection of personal data, the harmonization and unification of the relevant rules of EU law for all 28 Member States. In comparison, the United States has been adopting laws restricting the use of personal data in certain narrow areas (in the medical records, credit reports, video records, etc.) In Russia an extensive regulatory framework has been developed in the field of personal data protection taking into account the principles of the Council of Europa Convention №108 as of 28.01.1981. Due to the escalating and aggravating global issue of terrorism many countries have enhanced the security measures that increase the ability of law enforcement to access personal information without notifying the users.

Allan R. Brewer-Carias

Este estudio analiza el régimen constitucional establecido en Venezuela para la elección indirecta de los titulares de los Poderes Judicial, Electoral y Ciudadano por la Asamblea Nacional, actuando como cuerpo elector, con una mayoría calificada de votos de las 2/3 partes de sus miembros, y su violación por la Asamblea nacional y por el Tribunal Supremo en diciembre de 2014, con lo cual dieron un golpe de Estado.

seyd ghasem Zamani, Ali Navari

The overwhelming view concerning the unilateral secession under contemporary international law is that, in international law, there is no rule in regard to secession. some international lawyers concentrate upon the principle of respect to territorial integrity of independence and sovereign states and maintain that unilateral secession is unlawful. Meanwhile a moderate and relatively new approach has been proposed by some international lawyers so called “Remedial Secession Doctrine” that according to it, although international law supports territorial integrity of independence and sovereign states in international community, in special circumstances, a state cannot rely on its territorial integrity. The principle of Self-Determination of peoples prevails over Territorial Integrity and so, secession of a part of territory of a state by a people comprising a part of the population of the territory would be possible. Basis and foundation of such argument is relies on inverted reading of the “safeguard clause” embodied in the United Nations General Assembly resolution 2625 that repeated in 1993 Vienna declaration and program of action. this characterize the existence of the Right to Remedial Secession in National and Regional Judicial Decisions.

R. Cooter, H. Schäfer

Stephen Legg

Abstract This paper will address an often-neglected agenda of the much-derided League of Nations: its ‘social’ and ‘technical’ works. These targeted human security through regulating different forms of international mobility, including the fight against trafficking in women and children. The League used conventions and conferences to commit nation-states, in a legal model, to standardized anti-trafficking measures. It also, however, worked to educate and inform states, voluntary organizations, and the general public about the nature of trafficking and the ways of combating it. The latter techniques are here interpreted using Foucault's governmentality writings, which encourage us to look beyond the juridical epistemologies of international relations and international law, but not beyond the interlacing of laws and norms, here explored through interwar League governmentalities.

S. Wertheim