Tímea Rozsvai, Boglárka Pósfai, László Torday
et al.
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), though typically responsive to therapy, may rarely develop somatic-type malignancy (STM), a transformation associated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance. This study presents two cases of postpubertal-type teratoma with intestinal-type adenocarcinoma as STM, offering insights into their clinical, histopathological, immunophenotypic, and molecular profiles. The first patient, a 63-year-old male, presented with pulmonary and retroperitoneal metastases and underwent orchiectomy, revealing an intratesticular intestinal-type adenocarcinoma. Molecular testing confirmed 12p overrepresentation and pathogenic mutations in CTNNB1, STK11, and MDM2. The second patient, initially diagnosed at age 35 with a mixed TGCT, developed STM as a late recurrence 16 years post-orchiectomy, manifesting as a retroperitoneal mass with vertebral invasion. Histology again confirmed intestinal-type adenocarcinoma, and molecular testing revealed amplification of ERBB2, KRAS, along with mutations in TP53 and PIK3CA. Both cases were managed with capecitabine-oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab, followed by maintenance therapy, achieving disease stabilization for at least 9 months. These cases illustrate the diagnostic and therapeutic complexities of STM, particularly with adenocarcinoma morphology that may mimic primary gastrointestinal neoplasms. Accurate diagnosis required exclusion of alternate primary sites and demonstration of chromosome 12 aberrations using FISH and next-generation sequencing. Our findings emphasize the importance of long-term follow-up in TGCT patients, particularly those with teratomatous elements, and highlight the value of cytogenetic and molecular profiling in confirming STM and identifying potential therapeutic targets. Given the rarity of STM, especially in metastatic or recurrent settings, there is an urgent need for standardized diagnostic protocols and evidence-based treatment strategies. These cases support the use of tumor-specific chemotherapy regimens guided by the histological and molecular characteristics of STM.
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, Pathology
The transformation to Industry 4.0 has significantly revolutionized manufacturing and production processes, raising important questions about their impact on sustainability. This study aims to explore the interplay between Industry 4.0 and the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. The methodological approach includes advanced text-mining, sentiment analysis, and association rule-mining techniques to examine 6,759 abstracts from the Scopus database. The text mining highlighted frequent keywords related to Industry 4.0 and the three sustainability dimensions, characterized by “economic growth,” “circular economy,” “social responsibility,” “education 4.0,” “energy efficiency,” and “waste management.” Sentiment analysis revealed a predominantly positive perspective, with 2,608 positive sentiments out of 2,761 in the economic dimension, 1,604 out of 1,728 in the social dimension, and 1,352 out of 1,527 in the environmental dimension. The association rule mining uncovered the associations between Industry 4.0 and each sustainability dimension. The highest support was observed between Industry 4.0 and economic sustainability, with a support value of 0.444, confidence of 0.855, and a lift of 1.060. These findings highlight the role of Industry 4.0 in promoting resource efficiency and reducing waste through circular economy principles and advanced manufacturing technologies. For the social dimension, the analysis revealed a strong association with Industry 4.0 (support: 0.430, confidence: 0.831, lift: 1.030), emphasizing its role in enhancing worker safety and job satisfaction by automating hazardous tasks and creating new high-tech job opportunities. In the environmental dimension, a significant association was found (support: 0.380, confidence: 0.827, lift: 1.024), showing Industry 4.0′s contribution to sustainability through optimized energy consumption and emissions reduction as the integration of big data and IoT enables real-time monitoring of environmental impacts. The rule combining economic and social aspects with Industry 4.0 (support: 0.219, confidence: 0.87, lift: 1.078) highlights the interconnected nature of these dimensions, suggesting many studies consider economic and social dimensions together in the Industry 4.0 context.
The purpose of this study is to shed light on the possibilities of higher-level development policy involvement of the financial intermediary institutional system, with particular regard to regional development. The investigation was primarily based on the analysis of the Hungarian financial intermediary system of refundable subsidies from the European Union that operated from 2007 through 2013. The reason for this is that, in terms of the diversity of the institutional system, both concerning the preceding and the 2014-2020 development cycle, this period had the highest diversity of institutions mediating subsidies, which plays a crucial role in the development of solutions that are more precisely suited to the financing needs of the final beneficiaries. After reviewing the available literature and development policy documents, I applied a research method based on a Delphi analysis. The investigation revealed a new finding: the market experience of the institutions' experts was the key factor in the successful placement of intermediary institutions' resources. This aspect had not been previously highlighted in evaluations or literature findings. In addition, the research pointed out, among other things, that for more optimal use of financial instruments for cohesion purposes, an integrated policy mix should be created at a higher level, including primarily the social and financial sectors, as well as the territorial development policy. All this would enable the introduction of combined support products at the implementation level, linking financial instruments with other non-financial types of support. For example, loan or guarantee products could be supplemented with consultancy, education, or mentoring support (especially concerning management, organization development, and strategic planning).
Economic theory. Demography, Economic history and conditions
Julianna Szulamit Szapu, József Lanszki, Péter Pongrácz
et al.
Abstract The common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) occupies a controversial position among mammals inhabiting agricultural areas, as it is possibly the only critically endangered species that is legally targeted by lethal control methods, making it a conflict‐generating pest. We surveyed various stakeholders, agrarian consultants, wildlife rangers, and residents for the first time in Hungary, with two interrelated questionnaires to obtain accurate information about hamster populations, and to learn about the participants knowledge of, and attitude toward hamsters in order to provide fundamental information for planning and strengthening social embeddedness. Additionally, we prepared the current distribution map of the hamster. Based on the relatively wide distribution and locally high abundance of the species, Hungary has a key role in hamster conservation. We identified several factors, which can contribute to successful species protection. The results indicated that more than 60% of the respondent's liked hamsters. In contrast, only a few residents considered hamsters in their settlement to be beneficial. Our results suggest that the hamster's reputation is disproportionately negative due to vaguely known perceptions of harm as compared with actual reported damage. This imbalance could be rectified through enhanced communication efforts. Improving the species' reputation is integral to effective species conservation initiatives. Current pest control practices (poisons and snap traps) kill the hamsters, even though 82% of the residents would prefer to keep the hamsters alive, conforming to conservation efforts. The results also indicated that the hamster could be a flagship species in Hungary. Knowledge of the protected status of the hamster predicted a positive attitude toward the species and related to nature conservation consciousness. We conclude that requirements of residents should be included in the species action plan along with the experts' knowledge, as this could contribute to successful, long‐term conservation of the hamster.
Ecology, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution
The dense neuropil of the central nervous system leaves only limited space for extracellular substances free. The advent of immunohistochemistry, soon followed by advanced diagnostic tools, enabled us to explore the biochemical heterogeneity and compartmentalization of the brain extracellular matrix in exploratory and clinical research alike. The composition of the extracellular matrix is critical to shape neuronal function; changes in its assembly trigger or reflect brain/spinal cord malfunction. In this study, we focus on extracellular matrix changes in neurodegenerative disorders. We summarize its phenotypic appearance and biochemical characteristics, as well as the major enzymes which regulate and remodel matrix establishment in disease. The specifically built basement membrane of the central nervous system, perineuronal nets and perisynaptic axonal coats can protect neurons from toxic agents, and biochemical analysis revealed how the individual glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan components interact with these molecules. Depending on the site, type and progress of the disease, select matrix components can either proactively trigger the formation of disease-specific harmful products, or reactively accumulate, likely to reduce tissue breakdown and neuronal loss. We review the diagnostic use and the increasing importance of medical screening of extracellular matrix components, especially enzymes, which informs us about disease status and, better yet, allows us to forecast illness.
A Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság 2023 januárjában „Szabadság és biztonság a digitalizálódó világban” címmel közzétett aktuális stratégiája értelmében a hatóság egyebek között a digitális szolgáltatásokról, valamint a digitális piacokról szóló európai uniós rendeletek alkalmazásából eredő és azokat kiegészítő hazai szabályozási igények vizsgálatát, szabályozási javaslatok előkészítésének szabályozási és szakértői támogatását határozta meg egyik kiemelt feladataként. A Gazdasági Versenyhivatal 2023 márciusában tagságot nyert abban a magas szintű nemzetközi munkacsoportban, amely az Európai Bizottságot segíti a digitális piacokról szóló rendelet szabályainak betartatásában. A jelen tanulmány a Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság, a Gazdasági Versenyhivatal és egyéb érintett hazai döntéshozók, ágazati szereplők stratégiájához és feladatköreik ellátásához oly módon kíván szakmai támogatást nyújtani, hogy részletesen bemutatja a német jogrendszerben körvonalazódó változásokat, gyakorlatokat a digitális szolgáltatásokról és a digitális piacokról szóló jogi aktusokkal kapcsolatban. A kutatást a német piac mérete és az ebből fakadó számos jogeset indokolja. Fontos tényező továbbá, hogy a német társadalom hagyományosan érzékeny az adatvédelem, a média és a demokrácia, továbbá a fenntartható gazdaság közötti kapcsolatokra, így a digitális szolgáltatásokról és a digitális piacokról szóló rendeletek végrehajtása során sok impulzusra számíthatunk Németország részéről, amely – a kevés ilyen tagállam egyikeként – már az uniós jogalkotást megelőzve, saját nemzeti jogszabályokban foglalt versenyjogi vagy médiaszabályozási eszközökkel beavatkozott a digitális piacok folyamataiba.
Kim Stanley Robinson A Jövő Minisztériuma (The Ministry for the Future) című regénye 2020-ban jelent meg. A mű a szerző korábbi, New York 2140 című tudományos-fantasztikus disztópiájának továbbgondolása és egyben konceptuális folytatása. Míg azonban a New York-regény figyelme a kapitalizmus vég nélküli növekedésében érdekelt és ennek következtében fenntarthatatlan működésmódjára irányul, addig A Jövő Minisztériuma immár az externáliák folytán jelentkező klímaváltozásra, továbbá annak a társadalmakra, illetve az egyénekre gyakorolt hatásaira összpontosít. A tanulmány a tőkés rendszerrel, a tömegtermeléssel és -fogyasztással kapcsolatos kritikai attitűd kialakításának, illetve felerősítésének fontosságát hangsúlyozza, miközben rámutat a regényben jelentkező technooptimista vonatkozásokra. A klímaváltozás regénybeli megjelenését tágabb interdiszciplináris, az éghajlatváltozásra irányuló természettudományos-empirikus diskurzus összefüggésében tárgyalja.
The causal relationship between human interference in both climate change and decrease in biodiversity is unquestionable. This fact supports the need to act effectively against those illegal activities affecting wildlife. Hungary is also involved in wildlife crimes, but there is a noticeable deficit in the processes of uncovering these actions, gathering proof and punishing those responsible. In this study the Authors examine what role forensics may play in the fight against wildlife crime.
Aim: Present the characteristics of wildlife crimes and outline the main features of wildlife forensics.
Methodology: The current national and international legal background and norms and guidelines for professional conduct are surveyed. The Authors also reviewed the most important relevant Hungarian and international scientific literature.
Findings: One of the most important and vital tasks of modern civilization is the preservation and protection of the environment – with an emphasis on life on Earth. As part of this process there is a place for law enforcement to detect, punish and prevent further criminal activity connected with illegal activities involving wildlife. In Hungary the major barriers to effective punishment of those responsible for wildlife crimes are primarily: the lack of forensic technicians with sufficient specialized knowledge and practice; missing specialized standard operational protocols; insufficient knowledge of biology within law enforcement; insufficient funding of non-human genetic laboratories and the lack of adequate non-human (genetic) databases.
Value: For the first time in Hungary, the Authors outline the basic characteristics of wildlife forensics.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
The last three years were characterized by a climate of drastic change due to a
cumulus of disturbances and crises, namely the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation, energy
crisis, military conflicts, banking fragilities, populism, disinformation, and the idea of
deglobalization. These types of events may be interpretated either as antecedents of new
and complex categories of risks or as stimulus for certain risks that have long been ignored.
One central focus for worldwide policymakers is presently the country risk with all its
components (sovereign risk, political risk, market risk, or systemic risk). Furthermore, due
to the increase in public and private debt, the risks to which economies are exposed have
multiplied. Is this the end of an era or just a temporary disequilibrium? This is one of the
key questions among economists, academics, and policy makers around the world. The main
purpose of this research is to analyse whether the Russian invasion of Ukraine negatively
impacted the country risk of countries situated in the geographical proximity of the conflict
area (Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Czechia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and
Slovakia), as well as to determine whether relevant macroeconomic indicators such as
debt/GDP, GDP/capita, inflation, or trade openness were deteriorated due to the war. The
findings of this research reveal that all the analysed macroeconomic indicators deteriorated
as a consequence of the high degree of uncertainty concerning the future economic
prospects of these countries, especially inflation and debt/GDP. The results also indicate
that the country ratings of the investigated group of countries were severely impacted by
the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Although data corresponding for year 2023 show a slight
improvement, the existing uncertainty continues to generate a disruptive effect on the
markets.
Eszter Mihalov-Kovács, Ákos Gellért, S. Marton
et al.
We identified unusual rotavirus strains in fecal specimens from sheltered dogs in Hungary by viral metagenomics. The novel rotavirus species displayed limited genome sequence homology to representatives of the 8 rotavirus species, A–H, and qualifies as a candidate new rotavirus species that we tentatively named Rotavirus I.
BackgroundFor a better differential diagnosis of eating disorders, it is necessary to investigate their subtypes and develop specific assessment tools to measure their specific symptoms. Orthorexia nervosa is an alleged eating disorder in which the person is excessively preoccupied with healthy food. The ORTO-15, designed by Donini and colleagues, is the first and only at least partially validated instrument to measure this construct. The aims of the present study were to examine the psychometric properties of its Hungarian adaptation (ORTO-11-Hu), and to investigate its relationship to food consumption and lifestyle habits in order to contribute to a better description of the phenomenon.MethodsThe ORTO-11-Hu, a lifestyle habits questionnaire, a food choice list indicating foods the participants choose to consume, and ten additional orthorexia-related questions were administered to a group of 810 Hungarian participants (89.4% female) aged between 20 and 70 (M = 32.39 ± 10.37 years).ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis suggested a single factor structure for the 11-item shortened version of the instrument. Internal consistency of the measure was adequate (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.82). No significant differences were found between males and females on the ORTO-11-Hu. Age and body mass index were significantly associated with a tendency towards orthorexia nervosa. Additional orthorexia-related features were significantly correlated with ORTO-11-Hu scores: orthorexia nervosa tendency was associated not only with healthier food choices (eating more whole wheat cereals, less white wheat cereals, more fruit and vegetables) but with shopping in health food stores, as well as with some healthy lifestyle habits (more sports activity, specific dietary behaviors, and less alcohol intake). Individuals with higher orthorexia nervosa tendency also reported a greater tendency to advocate their healthy diet to their friends and family members.ConclusionsThese results provide evidence for the reliability of ORTO-11-Hu and some support for the construct validity of the instrument. The present study also contributes to the establishment of (diagnostic) criteria for this new subtype of eating disorders.
Verica Takač, Viola Tóth, Marianna Rakszegi
et al.
The unique rheological properties of bread wheat dough and the breadmaking quality of its flour are the main factors responsible for the global distribution and utilization of wheat. Recently, interest in the production and expansion of spelt wheat has been boosted due to its significance in the production of healthy food, mostly originated from organic production. The aim of this study was to examine and compare quality parameters (gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume, farinograph dough properties), protein content and composition (by the Dumas method, Size Exclusion (SE) and Reversed Phase (RP) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses) of five bread and five spelt wheat varieties grown under conventional and organic production in Hungary and under conventional production in Serbia. Most of the analyzed traits showed significant differences between varieties, wheat species and growing sites. Total protein content was significantly higher in spelt than in bread wheat and under conventional than under organic production. In comparison to spelt, bread wheat showed better breadmaking quality, characterized by a higher amount of glutenins (in particular high molecular weight glutenin subunits) and unextractable polymeric proteins. The proportion of the gliadins was also found to be different under conventional and organic systems. Spelt Ostro and Oberkulmer-Rotkorn and bread wheat varieties Balkan, Estevan and Pobeda proved suitable for low input and organic systems.
Consumer protection, as a substantive law at the border between public and private law, seeks to enforce consumer rights through two sets of instruments: the maintenance and operation of consumer protection institutions as part of the executive branch, and the provision of judicial and extra-judicial enforcement. In this paper, we will examine the development and transformation of consumer protection 'administration', with a particular focus on the cardinal changes in the organisational system that have fundamentally reshaped the organisational, operational and procedural issues of domestic consumer protection as we approach the present day.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Public law
Translation of Romanian institutional names to Hungarian in Transylvania
The study examines the translation methods used in the translation of institutional names and their common language use within the context of Hungarian-Romanian bilingualism in Transylvania, noting the language planning tasks that arise from minority status and the results of corpus design so far. The presented translation and language use phenomena emphasize that translating institutional names in minority status is a task for (professional) translation, terminology, and language planning. Within translation, it presupposes practical skills and a high level of bilingualism. In the technical and terminological context, the translation of the name of an institution presupposes an adequate knowledge of the individual fields and languages, in the absence of which unprofessional and ambiguous translations may be created. As a language planning problem, it primarily concerns corpus planning and presupposes the expansion of language rights related to status planning and expanding the scope of using vernacular languages.
Over 2000 surface, ground and raw drinking water samples have been analyzed in the frame of different monitoring projects in Hungary and watercourses in neighboring countries between 1990 and 2015. Effects of pesticide contamination on ecological farming and drinking water supply have been assessed. Main water pollutant ingredients of agricultural origin in Hungary are herbicides related to maize production. After EU pesticide re-registration, diazinon, atrazine, and trifluralin gradually disappeared as contaminants. High levels of water soluble pollutants (e.g., acetochlor) in surface water result in temporarily enhanced levels in raw drinking water as well. Extreme levels observed for herbicide residues were of agrochemical industrial origin.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the boundary layer of ferrofluid flow induced by a permeable stretching sheet. Fluid is electrically non-conducting in the presence of non-uniform magnetic field. The governing non-linear partial differential equations are reduced to non-linear ordinary differential equations by applying a similarity transformation. Numerical solutions are obtained by using Maple. The effects of the magnetic field, the Reynolds number and the porosity on the velocity and thermal fields are investigated. The impact of the parameters on the skin friction and the local Nusselt number is numerically examined. The skin friction and heat transfer coefficients are decreasing with enhancing the stretching, the values of porosity and the ferromagnetic parameter.
In many countries around the world, the development of national infrastructures for science either has been implemented or are under serious consideration by governments and funding bodies. Current examples include ARDC in Australia, CANARIE in Canada and MTA Cloud in Hungary. These infrastructures provide access to compute and storage to a wide swathe of user communities and represent a collaboration between users, providers and, in some cases, industry to maximise the impact of the investments made. The UK has embarked on a project called IRIS to develop a sustainable e-infrastructure based on the needs of a diverse set of communities. Building on the success of the UK component of the WLCG and the innovations made, a number of research institutes and universities are working with several research groups to co-design an infrastructure, including support services, which take this to a level applicable to a wider use base. We present the preparatory work leading to the definition of this infrastructure, showing the wide variety of use cases which require to be supported. This leads us to a definition of the hardware and interface requirements needed to meet this diverse set of criteria, and the support posts identified in order to make best use of this facility and sustain it into the future.
András Kelemen, Bálint Katona, Szilvia Módra
et al.
In our current research, sucrose palmitate (SP) was applied as a possible permeation enhancer for buccal use. This route of administration is a novelty as there is no literature on the use of SP in buccal mucoadhesive films. Films containing SP were prepared at different temperatures, with different concentrations of SP and different lengths of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) chains. The mechanical, structural, and in vitro mucoadhesive properties of films containing SP were investigated. Tensile strength and mucoadhesive force were measured with a device and software developed in our Institute. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD) were applied for the structure analysis of the films. Mucoadhesive work was calculated in two ways: from the measured contact angle and compared with direct mucoadhesive work, which measured mucoadhesive force, which is direct mucoadhesion work. These results correlate linearly with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. It is also novel because it is a new method for the determination of mucoadhesive work.