Hasil untuk "Human anatomy"

S. Wakana, Hangyi Jiang, Lidia M. Nagae-Poetscher et al.

Gervaise H. Henry, A. Malewska, D. Joseph et al.

A cellular anatomy of normal human organs is essential for solving the cellular origins of disease. We report the first comprehensive cellular atlas of the young adult human prostate and prostatic urethra using an iterative process of single cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry on ~98,000 cells taken from different anatomical regions. Two previously unrecognized epithelial cell types were identified by KRT13 and SCGB1A1 expression and found to be highly similar to hillock and club cells of the proximal lung. It was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry that prostate club and hillock cells are similarly concentrated in the proximal prostate. We also optimized a new flow cytometry antibody panel to improve cell type-specific purification based on newly established cellular markers. The molecular classification, anatomical distribution, and purification methods for each cell type in the human prostate create a powerful new resource for experimental design in human prostate disease.

J. Abdo, N. Sopko, S. Milner

Abstract Autologous keratinocyte cultures and combinations of scaffolds, different cell types, solutions of macromolecules, or growth factors have contributed to the resurfacing of burns and large wounds. There are, however, significant limitations with these therapies. No tissue-engineered substitute can fully replace the split-thickness skin graft for permanent coverage of full-thickness skin loss in one step, and none contain a functional vascular plexus. Current research characterizes skin as more than a barrier with sensory function, but as an intricate biological factory participating in cell signaling, metabolism, and protein synthesis, and as a vital component of the nervous, immune and endocrine systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the structure and function of skin, highlighting the importance of regenerating an organ that will function physiologically.

Jae Hun Hur, Jovian Wan, Song Eun Yoon et al.

Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers offer a minimally invasive alternative for breast augmentation, appealing to young female patients seeking natural results and minimal recovery time. However, achieving optimal outcomes requires a thorough understanding of breast anatomy, filler properties, and safe injection techniques. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the anatomical considerations, techniques, and filler properties necessary for optimal breast augmentation using HA filler. It also explores patient selection, long-term safety and efficacy, and the management of complications. A review of key anatomical structures, including glandular tissue, fascial layers, vascular anatomy, and Cooper’s ligaments was conducted. Injection techniques, such as dual-plane and submuscular approaches, were analysed with a focus on pre-procedural imaging. Four cases of young female patients undergoing breast augmentation using HA filler (e.p.t.q. eve X, Jetema Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea) were analysed. The efficacy of HA fillers in achieving natural breast enhancement was demonstrated in all four cases. Ultrasound played a crucial role in ensuring accurate filler placement, reducing risks like vascular occlusion and filler migration. Patients reported high satisfaction and minimal complications, though periodic treatments were required for maintenance. HA filler-based breast augmentation is a safe and effective option for young female patients, delivering natural results with rapid recovery. Although the results can be temporary and maintenance treatment is required, HA fillers may offer a non-invasive alternative to silicone implants. Optimal outcomes can be achieved through a thorough understanding of anatomy, the use of highly cohesive fillers, and ultrasound-guided injection techniques.

Sadiq Maifata, Abdullahi Adamu Ja'e, Aminat Anura et al.

Oxidative stress and inflammation drive diabetes. Conventional treatments inadequately target these. Neocarya macrophylla shows preliminary antioxidant promise. This study aims to investigate its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a diabetic rat model to address this research gap. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomised into four groups (n=6 per group): Normal Control, Diabetic Control, Neocarya macrophylla Ethyl Acetate Fraction (120 mg/kg), and Metformin (200 mg/kg). Type 2 diabetes was induced using a 60% HFD for four weeks, followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg). Treatment was administered orally for four weeks. Post-treatment, oxidative stress biomarkers—Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and Malondialdehyde (MDA)—were quantified using spectrophotometric assays. Pro-inflammatory cytokines—Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)—were evaluated using ELISA, while Catalase mRNA expression was assessed via RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 9, applying One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, with p<0.05 considered significant.Treatment with the ethyl acetate fraction significantly increased SOD activity by 19% (p=0.007), GPx by 54% (p=0.04), and CAT by 136% (p<0.001) compared to diabetic controls, while reducing MDA levels by 41% (p<0.001), indicative of reduced lipid peroxidation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α levels were reduced by 58% and 62%, respectively, in the treatment group compared to diabetic controls. Catalase mRNA expression showed a 1.4-fold increase (p < 0.001). Notably, the ethyl acetate fraction’s effects were comparable to Metformin in modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory markers.This study demonstrates that the ethyl acetate fraction of Neocarya macrophylla leaves exerts significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats, supporting its therapeutic potential as an adjunctive natural remedy in managing oxidative stress and inflammation associated with diabetes.

Eduardo Anitua, Mar Zalduendo, Mohammad H. Alkhraisat

<i>Background and Objectives</i>: Corneal opacity is the fifth global cause of blindness and moderate-to-severe visual impairment due to scar tissue formation. The purpose of this study is to provide an integrated overview of the current state of corneal engineering strategies focused on the comparison with healthy corneas. It aims to identify engineering strategies that would result in functional corneas, providing real alternatives to donor corneal transplants. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and according to the protocol with the ID: CRD420250654641 at the PROSPERO database. The focus question, prompted by considering the shortage of human corneal grafts, was: what is the performance of bioengineered corneal grafts in experimental animal models when compared with healthy eyes in the restoration of corneal anatomy and function? <i>Results</i>: Incorporating human corneal epithelial cells w/ or w/o human corneal stromal stem cells into a gelatin methacrylate and polyethylene glycol diacrylate matrix emerges as the leading option for epithelial layer regeneration. Human and bovine decellularized corneas, porcine corneal ECM in Gelatin methacrylate, dual layered collagen vitrigel and tissue-engineered human anterior hemi-corneas have shown promise for simultaneous regeneration of the corneal stromal and epithelial layers. Corneal stromal tissue regeneration could be positively impacted by transplantation with grafts derived from aligned self-lifting analogous tissue equivalents and collagen-based hydrogels. Finally, scaffolds of silk fibroin and human purified type I collagen represent promising approaches for corneal endothelial regeneration, though their effectiveness is contingent upon integration with endothelial cells. <i>Conclusions</i>: Collectively, these findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the potential of tissue-engineered corneal substitutes as viable therapeutic options for corneal blindness and vision impairment. Assessing the optical and functional properties of the regenerated cornea should be a cornerstone in all studies aiming to evaluate their clinical effectiveness.

Abed Kareem Musaffar, Anand Gokhale, Sirui Zeng et al.

As artificial intelligence (AI) assistants become more widely adopted in safety-critical domains, it becomes important to develop safeguards against potential failures or adversarial attacks. A key prerequisite to developing these safeguards is understanding the ability of these AI assistants to mislead human teammates. We investigate this attack problem within the context of an intellective strategy game where a team of three humans and one AI assistant collaborate to answer a series of trivia questions. Unbeknownst to the humans, the AI assistant is adversarial. Leveraging techniques from Model-Based Reinforcement Learning (MBRL), the AI assistant learns a model of the humans' trust evolution and uses that model to manipulate the group decision-making process to harm the team. We evaluate two models -- one inspired by literature and the other data-driven -- and find that both can effectively harm the human team. Moreover, we find that in this setting our data-driven model is capable of accurately predicting how human agents appraise their teammates given limited information on prior interactions. Finally, we compare the performance of state-of-the-art LLM models to human agents on our influence allocation task to evaluate whether the LLMs allocate influence similarly to humans or if they are more robust to our attack. These results enhance our understanding of decision-making dynamics in small human-AI teams and lay the foundation for defense strategies.

Qi Gao, Wei Xu, Hanxi Pan et al.

In the intelligent era, the interaction between humans and intelligent systems fundamentally involves collaboration with autonomous intelligent agents. Human-AI Collaboration (HAC) represents a novel type of human-machine relationship facilitated by autonomous intelligent machines equipped with AI technologies. In this paradigm, AI agents serve not only as auxiliary tools but also as active teammates, partnering with humans to accomplish tasks collaboratively. Human-centered AI (HCAI) emphasizes that humans play critical leadership roles in the collaboration. This human-led collaboration imparts new dimensions to the human-machine relationship, necessitating innovative research perspectives, paradigms, and agenda to address the unique challenges posed by HAC. This chapter delves into the essence of HAC from the human-centered perspective, outlining its core concepts and distinguishing features. It reviews the current research methodologies and research agenda within the HAC field from the HCAI perspective, highlighting advancements and ongoing studies. Furthermore, a framework for human-centered HAC (HCHAC) is proposed by integrating these reviews and analyses. A case study of HAC in the context of autonomous vehicles is provided, illustrating practical applications and the synergistic interactions between humans and AI agents. Finally, it identifies potential future research directions aimed at enhancing the effectiveness, reliability, and ethical integration of human-centered HAC systems in diverse domains.

David Porfirio, Vincent Hsiao, Morgan Fine-Morris et al.

Robot end users increasingly require accessible means of specifying tasks for robots to perform. Two common end-user programming paradigms include drag-and-drop interfaces and natural language programming. Although natural language interfaces harness an intuitive form of human communication, drag-and-drop interfaces enable users to meticulously and precisely dictate the key actions of the robot's task. In this paper, we investigate the degree to which both approaches can be combined. Specifically, we construct a large language model (LLM)-based pipeline that accepts natural language as input and produces human-like action sequences as output, specified at a level of granularity that a human would produce. We then compare these generated action sequences to another dataset of hand-specified action sequences. Although our results reveal that larger models tend to outperform smaller ones in the production of human-like action sequences, smaller models nonetheless achieve satisfactory performance.

Vijay Keswani, Vincent Conitzer, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong et al.

A growing body of work in Ethical AI attempts to capture human moral judgments through simple computational models. The key question we address in this work is whether such simple AI models capture {the critical} nuances of moral decision-making by focusing on the use case of kidney allocation. We conducted twenty interviews where participants explained their rationale for their judgments about who should receive a kidney. We observe participants: (a) value patients' morally-relevant attributes to different degrees; (b) use diverse decision-making processes, citing heuristics to reduce decision complexity; (c) can change their opinions; (d) sometimes lack confidence in their decisions (e.g., due to incomplete information); and (e) express enthusiasm and concern regarding AI assisting humans in kidney allocation decisions. Based on these findings, we discuss challenges of computationally modeling moral judgments {as a stand-in for human input}, highlight drawbacks of current approaches, and suggest future directions to address these issues.

Uri Menkes, Assaf Hallak, Ofra Amir

Consider a setting where a pre-trained agent is operating in an environment and a human operator can decide to temporarily terminate its operation and take-over for some duration of time. These kind of scenarios are common in human-machine interactions, for example in autonomous driving, factory automation and healthcare. In these settings, we typically observe a trade-off between two extreme cases -- if no take-overs are allowed, then the agent might employ a sub-optimal, possibly dangerous policy. Alternatively, if there are too many take-overs, then the human has no confidence in the agent, greatly limiting its usefulness. In this paper, we formalize this setup and propose an explainability scheme to help optimize the number of human interventions.

Aleksandra Gawlikowska-Sroka, Łukasz Stocki, Jacek Szczurowski et al.

BACKGROUND: Dynamic advances in dentistry, especially in implantology has inspired researchers to carry out many studies investigating the topography of the mandibular canal and its ethnic differences. The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of variations in the position and topography of the mandibular canal based on radiographic images of human mandibles originating from modern and medieval skulls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Morphometric examination of 126 radiographs of skulls (92 modern and 34 medieval skulls) was included. The age and sex of individuals were determined based on the morphology of the skull, the obliteration of cranial sutures, and the degree of tooth wear. To define the topography of the mandibular canal on X-ray images, we took 8 anthropometric measurements. RESULTS: We observed significant differences in several parameters. The distance between the base of the mandible and the bottom of the mandibular canal, the distance between the top of the mandibular canal and the crest of the alveolar arch, and the height of the mandibular body. Significant asymmetry was found for two parameters of mandibles from modern skulls: the distance between the top of the mandibular canal and the crest of the alveolar arch at the level of the second molar (p < 0.05), and the distance between the mandibular foramen and the margin of the anterior mandibular ramus (p < 0.007). There were no significant differences between measurements taken on the right and left sides of the medieval skulls. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed differences in the position of the mandibular canal between modern and medieval skulls, confirming the presence of geographical and chronological differences between populations. Knowledge of variability in the position of the mandibular canal between different local populations is fundamental for the correct interpretation of findings from diagnostic radiological studies used in dental practice and in forensic odontology or analysis of archaeological bone materials.

Tim Schreiter, Andrey Rudenko, Martin Magnusson et al.

The human gaze is an important cue to signal intention, attention, distraction, and the regions of interest in the immediate surroundings. Gaze tracking can transform how robots perceive, understand, and react to people, enabling new modes of robot control, interaction, and collaboration. In this paper, we use gaze tracking data from a rich dataset of human motion (THÖR-MAGNI) to investigate the coordination between gaze direction and head rotation of humans engaged in various indoor activities involving navigation, interaction with objects, and collaboration with a mobile robot. In particular, we study the spread and central bias of fixations in diverse activities and examine the correlation between gaze direction and head rotation. We introduce various human motion metrics to enhance the understanding of gaze behavior in dynamic interactions. Finally, we apply semantic object labeling to decompose the gaze distribution into activity-relevant regions.

Yue Li, Koen V Hindriks, Florian Kunneman

In this paper, we study how well human speech can automatically be filtered when this overlaps with the voice and fan noise of a social robot, Pepper. We ultimately aim for an HRI scenario where the microphone can remain open when the robot is speaking, enabling a more natural turn-taking scheme where the human can interrupt the robot. To respond appropriately, the robot would need to understand what the interlocutor said in the overlapping part of the speech, which can be accomplished by target speech extraction (TSE). To investigate how well TSE can be accomplished in the context of the popular social robot Pepper, we set out to manufacture a datase composed of a mixture of recorded speech of Pepper itself, its fan noise (which is close to the microphones), and human speech as recorded by the Pepper microphone, in a room with low reverberation and high reverberation. Comparing a signal processing approach, with and without post-filtering, and a convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) approach to a state-of-the-art speaker identification-based TSE model, we found that the signal processing approach without post-filtering yielded the best performance in terms of Word Error Rate on the overlapping speech signals with low reverberation, while the CRNN approach is more robust for reverberation. These results show that estimating the human voice in overlapping speech with a robot is possible in real-life application, provided that the room reverberation is low and the human speech has a high volume or high pitch.

Mariangela Mastrapasqua, Roberta Rossi, Lucrezia De Cosmo et al.

The autophagy process recycles dysfunctional cellular components and protein aggregates by sequestering them in autophagosomes directed to lysosomes for enzymatic degradation. A basal level of autophagy is essential for skeletal muscle maintenance. Increased autophagy occurs in several forms of muscular dystrophy and in the merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy 1A mouse model (dy3k/dy3k) lacking the laminin-α2 chain. This pilot study aimed to compare autophagy marker expression and autophagosomes presence using light and electron microscopes and western blotting in diagnostic muscle biopsies from newborns affected by different congenital muscular myopathies and dystrophies. Morphological examination showed dystrophic muscle features, predominance of type 2A myofibers, accumulation of autophagosomes in the subsarcolemmal areas, increased number of autophagosomes overexpressing LC3b, Beclin-1 and ATG5, in the merosin-deficient newborn suggesting an increased autophagy. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, nemaline myopathy, and spinal muscular atrophy the predominant accumulation of p62+ puncta rather suggests an autophagy impairment.

Mohammad Tahaei, Marios Constantinides, Daniele Quercia et al.

In recent years, the CHI community has seen significant growth in research on Human-Centered Responsible Artificial Intelligence. While different research communities may use different terminology to discuss similar topics, all of this work is ultimately aimed at developing AI that benefits humanity while being grounded in human rights and ethics, and reducing the potential harms of AI. In this special interest group, we aim to bring together researchers from academia and industry interested in these topics to map current and future research trends to advance this important area of research by fostering collaboration and sharing ideas.

Anubrata Das, Houjiang Liu, Venelin Kovatchev et al.

Misinformation threatens modern society by promoting distrust in science, changing narratives in public health, heightening social polarization, and disrupting democratic elections and financial markets, among a myriad of other societal harms. To address this, a growing cadre of professional fact-checkers and journalists provide high-quality investigations into purported facts. However, these largely manual efforts have struggled to match the enormous scale of the problem. In response, a growing body of Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies have been proposed for more scalable fact-checking. Despite tremendous growth in such research, however, practical adoption of NLP technologies for fact-checking still remains in its infancy today. In this work, we review the capabilities and limitations of the current NLP technologies for fact-checking. Our particular focus is to further chart the design space for how these technologies can be harnessed and refined in order to better meet the needs of human fact-checkers. To do so, we review key aspects of NLP-based fact-checking: task formulation, dataset construction, modeling, and human-centered strategies, such as explainable models and human-in-the-loop approaches. Next, we review the efficacy of applying NLP-based fact-checking tools to assist human fact-checkers. We recommend that future research include collaboration with fact-checker stakeholders early on in NLP research, as well as incorporation of human-centered design practices in model development, in order to further guide technology development for human use and practical adoption. Finally, we advocate for more research on benchmark development supporting extrinsic evaluation of human-centered fact-checking technologies.

Kamil Winnicki, Anna Ochała-Kłos, B. Rutowicz et al.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the anatomical, histological, and biomechanical aspects of the Achilles tendon. METHODS A comprehensive search on the relevant aspects of the Achilles tendon was performed through the main electronic databases up to October 2019. Data from relevant articles was gathered, analyzed, and included in this review. RESULTS This review outlines crucial topics on the anatomy, histology, and biomechanics of the Achilles tendon. The first part, focusing on clinically relevant anatomy, describes the tendon as well as its surrounding structures. Particular focus is made on anatomical divisions. The second part discusses histologic features, contrasting normal morphology with pathologic changes. The third part summarizes various biomechanical aspects of the Achilles tendon, especially those crucial to understanding the key functionality of the tendon. These components make up this review aimed to aggregate relevant information regarding the Achilles tendon to provide an up to date assessment of current knowledge, as well as visions for future directions of Achilles tendon research. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive knowledge regarding the Achilles tendon is crucial whilst rates of injury continue to be relevant. A proper understanding of the anatomy, histology, and biomechanics is vital for clinical perception as well as establishing the direction of further research in new therapies.

Agian Jeffilano Barinda, Wawaimuli Arozal, Ni Made Dwi Sandhiutami et al.

Purpose: Ovarian carcinoma is one of the gynaecological malignancies that have the highest mortality rates due to its progressivity. Endothelin signalling plays a leading role in the progression of ovarian cancer through Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Cisplatin commonly used as potent chemotherapy; however, its application hindered by its nephrotoxic effect. Curcumin, a turmeric-derived compound, has an anticancer property, as well as a renal protective effect. Moreover, curcumin augments the affinity of the antioxidant enzyme, while inhibits endothelin-1 (ET-1) signalling. The effects of curcumin on ovarian cancer progression and cisplatin-induced kidney injury remain unknown. Methods: Curcumin was used as a supplementary therapy together with cisplatin in Human Ovarian Cancer Cell line (SKOV3) and also in rodent-induced ovarian cancer. The kidney phenotype in the ovarian cancer rat model after cisplatin ± curcumin administration will also be analyzed Results: Co-treatment of cisplatin with curcumin enhanced the expression of a gene involved in apoptosis in association with NRF2 enhancement, thus activated ETBR-mediated ET-1 clearance in SKOV3 cell and ovarian cancer model in rat. Moreover, curcumin treatment improved mitochondria biogenesis markers such as PGC-1α and TFAM and prevented the elevated of ET-1-mediated renal fibrosis and apoptosis in kidney isolated from cisplatin-treated ovarian cancer rat. Conclusion: Curcumin could be potentially added as an anticancer adjuvant with protective effects in the kidney; thus, improves the efficacy and safety of cisplatin treatment in the clinical setting.

Jay J. Byrd, Travis L. McCumber, Ethan L. Snow

Introduction: The bilateral sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle is a contralateral rotator and ipsilateral flexor of the head and neck that typically consists of one sternal head (SH) and one clavicular (CH) head. Variations in SCM muscle topography, attachments, existence, and number of muscle bellies have been reported with clinical considerations but accompanying mechanical analyses and three-dimensional modeling are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate a case of bilateral SCM accessory clavicular heads (ACH) discovered in an adult human cadaver and determine the biomechanical implications with three-dimensional modeling. Materials and methods: Left and right SCMs were dissected, photographed, and eviscerated. Fascicle bundle lengths, attachment site locations, pennation angles, and muscle belly masses were recorded for each head. Sarcomere lengths were measured from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging to normalize fascicle lengths from current post-mortem state to that of optimal human skeletal muscle sarcomeres. Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) was calculated to determine each head's maximal isometric force (Fmax) generating capacity. SCM specifications were modeled virtually in three dimensions for broader visualization of ACH in anatomical position and calculation of ACH and CH torques the clavicle. Results are discussed as averages of the left and right heads. Results: SH, CH, and ACH fusiform muscle bellies weighed 18.03 g, 9.30 g, and 3.41 g with PCSAs of 1.24 cm2, 0.65 cm2, and 0.25 cm2, respectively. TEM examination of the SCM tissue revealed a mean sarcomere length of 3.19 μm, 0.55 μm more than the optimal human sarcomere length. Fascicle bundle lengths for SH, CH, and ACH were normalized and determined to be able to generate 27.84 N, 14.56 N, and 5.57 N, respectively. Despite only being able to generate 38.3% the Fmax of CH, the ACH effectively doubles the SCM torque on the distal clavicle (31.01 N⋅cm plus 32.32 N⋅cm) due to its further distal attachment from sternoclavicular joint (5.6 cm vs. 2.3 cm) and more perpendicular angle of attachment (83.8° vs. 74.8°, respectively). Conclusions: Presence of a smaller but more laterally located ACH can generate considerably more force from the distal clavicle on posteroinferior skull than a typical SCM. Gross imaging, biomechanical analysis, and three-dimensional modeling of the SCM with ACH as presented in this study may serve as a new and important resource for healthcare providers, massage therapists, myofascial workers, and medical educators when considering musculoskeletal anomalies of the head and neck.