Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Erica Camisa Morale

Through close reading and reference to the philosophies of the time, this paper demonstrates how the long poem Pentateugum (1690s) by Andrei Bialobotskii (ca. 1640-1720) offers us a dynamic picture of the tensions —between Classical and Orthodox cultures and between religious and secularized literatures—leading to the East Slavic Enlightenment. According to Andrei Bialobotskii, culture is vain because such is human knowledge. Simultaneously, culture triumphs because, through it, the subject acquires and expresses their consciousness in a summa that comprises the whole history of humankind. In this context, Classical culture provides a model for writing techniques and functions as the highest instance of punished vanity, while expressing the harmony between nature and the individual.

Vadim V. Serov

Within this research, the author considers the borrowing of decorative elements in the design of the first coins of the “European” type and their supposed foreign prototypes. From 1698 to 1704, Peter the Great carried out a large-scale reform, which radically modified the money circulation and coin production in Russia. This reform also changed the appearance of Russian coins. “New style” Russian coins had appearance of European ones (round form, denomination, date, a state emblem), but they did not copy the corresponding parameters and representational details of the foreign cointypes as a whole. All of the above, this reform allows us to raise some questions on particular borrowing from European coinage, namely: what details of coin design were adopted? Which countries were they borrowed from? The comprehensive study of the details of coin design led to the conclusion that Peter I borrowed from European coin design, along with their classic round shape and even the word “coin” itself, in addition to a number of key image details. However, when the tsar was choosing design details out of a huge number of options, he was guided by his personal preferences.

K. Aubakirova, Maksat Zhanibek, S. Aituganova et al.

Relevance. The relevance of this article is condtioned upon the study of the mechanism of censorship of the Soviet Union as a factor of distortion of the historical reality of Kazakhstan during the Soviet period and the need in the conditions of independence of Kazakhstan to restore its authentic history. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the mechanism of censorship of the Soviet Union in Kazakhstan. Methodology. The leading method to study this problem is the ideographic method, which allows reconstructing the phenomenon of censorship in the Soviet period and to investigate it comprehensively, studying the mechanism of censorship simultaneously in the Soviet Union as a whole, and in Kazakhstan as one of its republics, in particular. Both in the theoretical and empirical part of the study, analysis and synthesis were used as necessary general scientific methods. To organise the information obtained during the analysis of archival documents, the method of systematisation was used. Results. The article suggested a classification of censorship by the type of information to which it is applied; the penalties applied to "violators" of censorship in the USSR are determined; 578 documents from four archival collections of Russia and Kazakhstan containing data on the period of development of Soviet censorship in Kazakhstan are selected and examined; the main directions that fell into the hands of archival sources are established under the censorship of the Soviet Union in Kazakhstan. Conclusions. The materials of the article can become the basis for further research in the field of history, political science, etc., devoted to the study of censorship in Kazakhstan, both exclusively during the Soviet Union, and when comparing various historical stages. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used in universities of Kazakhstan in the preparation of classes in history, political science, etc. Keywords: total control; totalitarian regime; prohibition; state ideology; archival data

A. Whittington

As national movements coalesced across the Soviet Union in the late 1980s, ethnic Russians penned thousands of letters to Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin to complain about alleged discrimination and to demand protection and aid. Analyzing the contents of 650 public letters, this article interprets Russians’ complaints as a strategy for justifying and maintaining privilege, a discourse that is situated in the history of Russian privilege and non-Russian challenges to it. Under the guise of advocating equality, Russian letter writers demonstrated their understanding of ethnolinguistic and racial hierarchies, emphasized their paternalistic role in developing non-Russian republics, and sought to depart for Russia from non-Russian republics. In dialogue with scholarship on racial formation, whiteness, and privilege in the United States, this analysis highlights the discursive practices that shaped the Soviet social order, revealing citizens’ role in forming and maintaining interrelated racial, ethnolinguistic, economic, and spatial hierarchies. Problematizing US-centered frameworks, the article proposes privilege as a capacious analytical lens for describing the complex matrix of advantages and oppression built into societies founded on principles of equality. Soviet stability depended on tacit advantages afforded Russians and an emphasis on concepts like friendship and equality. In the Soviet context, privilege persisted in silences and informal practices. By encouraging citizens to address grievances openly, glasnost laid bare the systemic inequalities that had long structured society and contributed to the Soviet Union’s destabilization and collapse.

Ksenia Istomina

As a person living on the territory of the former Soviet space and engaged in the study of the Deaf community, I read Claire Shaw’s 2017 book Deaf in the USSR with great enthusiasm. I am a hearing clinical psychologist and a postgraduate student in the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University, currently doing research on the Deaf in the field of media. I am researching the role of the media in the process of inclusion of the Deaf in Russia, and this work is certainly an extremely valuable source of information, especially given the fact that there are no such publications in Russian. The history of the Deaf throughout the Soviet period and up to the present day, of course, is of great interest and a significant contribution to Deaf studies in contemporary times. What turned out to be incredible and significant for me personally was the fact that, as it turned out, I had learned Russian Sign Language from the same teachers with whom Shaw studied, which made reading this book touching for me, both personally and academically. This review has three main sections. The first focuses on the history of the Soviet Union with respect to deafness and deaf people. The second covers Soviet ideology and Marxist theory regarding deafness and education. The last one describes matters of definitions and terms—both historical and current. Throughout, I endeavor to illustrate core dialectic tensions at play through Shaw’s work and, more broadly, these tensions’ role in understanding deaf history in and beyond the borders of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

Екатерина Викторовна Байдалова

Статья обращается к истории и современному состоянию изучения топоса города в современном украинском литературоведении (2000–2010-е гг.). Город и городское пространство относительно поздно вошли в украинскую литературу (вместе с прозой И. Нечуя-Левицкого, П. Мирного, И. Франко, В. Винниченко). Это произошло под влиянием индустриализации государства и общества в конце XIX – начале ХХ в., однако «городской текст» украинской культуры продолжал формироваться на протяжении всего прошлого столетия. В исследованиях украинских ученых, обращающихся к урбанистической тематике, основное внимание уделяется противопоставлению городского и рустикального дискурсов, исследованиям топоса города в отдельных направлениях, явлениях, произведениях, творчестве того или иного писателя, а также главным национальным городским текстам – киевскому и львовскому, их связям с историей этих городов и развитием разных национальных литератур, обращающихся к данным текстам: австрийской, польской, еврейской, русской, украинской. Ведутся исследования «текстов» и других городов (Полтавы, Екатеринослава (Днепропетровска / Днепра), Одессы, Донецка, Харькова и др.), в том числе провинциальных городков, являющихся неотъемлемой частью украинской культуры. Теоретическим проблемам посвящено относительно небольшое количество работ. В основе методологии изучения топоса города, как правило, лежит структуралистский подход с опорой на достижения тартусско-московской семиотической школы. Статья поступила в редакцию 21.08.2023. Рецензирование завершено 01.09.2023. Статья принята к публикации 12.09.2023. Цитирование Байдалова Е. В. Топос города в украинской литературе в исследованиях современных украинских литературоведов // Славянский альманах. 2023. No 3–4. С. 410–427. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2023.3-4.21

A. Aref’ev

V. I. Sharonov

The article is the first part of the reconstruction of the circumstances of the post-war life of L.P. Karsavin and I.L. Karsavina in Vilnius from July 1944 to July 1949. On a strictly documentary basis, the author methodically shows how the initial distrust of security officials towards the former ideologist of Eurasianism Lev Karsavin took shape in a chain of successive attempts by Lev Platonovich and Irina Lvovna to find their place in post-war Soviet reality, but ended in life tragedies for every member of the Karsavin family. They were largely predetermined by the insurmountable contradictions between the Christian views of the thinker, the serious illness of his daughter and the stake of the extremely ideologized state power on the repressive, forceful elimination of any manifestations of dissent and disagreement with the political course, that were further aggravated by the most difficult post-war situation in Lithuania. The author introduces into the scientific circulation many previously unknown documents of great importance for the history of Russian philosophy.

R. Elamiryan

The article introduces the prospects of cooperative co-existence for Russia and the European Union in former Soviet republics within the current confrontation paradigm. It describes their foreign policies, strategies, and interests in the post-Soviet space. The author applied discourse and case-study analyses to the case of Armenia. The authentic idea of cooperative co-existence was projected on the relations between Russia and the European Union in post-Soviet countries. In Armenia, cooperative co-existence could be a win-win strategy, beneficial for all actors involved. The case of Armenia proved the possibility of a collaborative co-existence between Russia and the European Union in the post-Soviet space, the risk factors being the policies of small Caucasian states, the USA, China, and Turkey.

A. V. Miklyaeva, Yu. L. Proekt, V. V. Khoroshikh

Social informatization and virtualization are changing the living environment and life values. The article introduces a meta-analysis of the axiological identity of Russian students at various stages of the social digitalization. The authors selected sources, defined their relevance based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and performed their qualitative and quantitative analysis. The sample included 90 publications, 53 of which featured Russian students. The resulting trends in the axiological identity of Russian students were compared with foreign studies. The research revealed the following developmental trends in the life values of Russian students: individualistic values are giving way to collective ones, and conservative values are becoming more and more significant.

V. I. Mikhaylenko

Until today, the European Union (EU) has associated its foreign policy with normative power, which is the main instrument of soſt power. However, the crisis of global governance has affected the global strategy of the EU. The article explores the most pressing of these changes. The research was based on official publications made by various European think tanks and individual analysts. The EU has an effective mechanism for interaction between think tanks and political leaders. As a result, the European analytics can justify various concepts and approaches that later acquire legislative forms. Also, the scientific analytics makes it possible to test the decisions being made. The article focuses on the following EU issues: new strategic culture; geopolitics and normative power in strategic documents; strategic autonomy; differentiation and fragmentation as policy tools; the end of unanimity in making responsible decisions; the concept of pragmatic federalism; military development; the so-called Strategic Compass; the Russian military special operation and the concept of world order, etc.

Сергей Сергеевич Скорвид

В статье на материале островных чешских и польских говоров на территории России обсуждаются проблемы, связанные с вычленением в них русских лексических калек, в том числе с разграничением таких калек и адаптированных заимствований. Существует обширная переходная область на стыке лексического калькирования и адаптации заимствований; в ее рамках следует различать гибридные образования, в которых заимствуется русская аффиксальная морфема (префикс), формально совпадающая с имеющейся в данном идиоме; образования, в которых русская аффиксальная и/или корневая морфема преобразуется исходя из регулярных соответствий между идиомами; случаи образования носителями идиома-реципиента новых лексических единиц по русской модели с опорой на семантику соотносимых морфем при различии их звукового облика. Проблемы разграничения лексических калек и адаптированных заимствований порождает близкое родство русского языка и рассматриваемых идиомов как славянских. Автор намечает пути их решения, принимая во внимание размытость границ между анализируемыми феноменами при частой закрепленности русских лексических и семантических калек в изучаемых говорах за определенными устойчивыми коллокациями. В целях адекватного описания таких явлений предлагается ввести более общее понятие «сочетаемостные кальки». Статья поступила в редакцию 15.10.2020. Цитирование Скорвид С. С. Русские лексические и сочетаемостные кальки в чешских и польских островных говорах в России // Славянский альманах. 2021. No 1–2. С. 291–309. DOI: 10.31168/2073- 5731.2021.1-2.3.01

Jovana Perišić

The article examines the attempt of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to organise a breakthrough of the sports sanctions imposed on the country on 30 May, 1992. As a result of these sanctions, the country’s athletes were forced to participate in sports competitions without national emblems and flags. The next step was to be a complete ban on the participation of Yugoslav sport organisations in international competitions. In order to break through the international information blockade, the leadership of the FR of Yugoslavia tried to organise a commercial match between Robert Fischer and Boris Spassky, two veteran chess players, who played in the 1972 “Match of the Century.” The conference was organised by Jezdimir Vasiljević, a businessman who combined the cigarette and oil trade with the banking business. The results of this costly adventure were dubious. With the complete domination of huge international media corporations, positive results were almost impossible. However, the episode itself remains a bright page not only in the gloomy history of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, but also in the history of chess.

Artem Galushko

S. Ahn

This account of Koreans in the former Soviet Union describes important discoveries concerning a key hidden story of the Korean people and identity. The paper describes important aspects of Korean life in Central Asia that have been relatively undermined by many scholars in international relations and anthropology. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the history and meaning of the settlement of Korean people in Russia and Central Asia from a multitude of perspectives. Despite the size of the Korean population and its significant contributions to the building of Soviet society, very little has been written about Koreans in the former Soviet Union. In fact, the ethnic Korean group has been one of the largest minority groups in the former Soviet Union, representing an important element of both Soviet and post-Soviet political, social, ethnic, and economic history. This study revealed, once again, the tragic story of Stalin’s deportation of Kan people in Russia and explored an intriguing analysis of the re-encounter of Korean and Turkish people after a millennium and their long, intimate cultural bond. In particular, this study demonstrated that the historical and cultural affinities between Koreans and Central Asians existed long before Stalin’s deportation. Political, economic, social, and linguistic exchanges between Korean people and Turkic people are deeply rooted in the same mythology of Dangun, the legendary founder of the first Korean kingdom of Gojoseon. This reflects the dynamics of success of the Korean people in the former Soviet Union as well as their mutual interest in enhancing relations between Korea and the Turkic states and Siberian region.

L. B. KHAVZHOKOVA, Zh. Yu. KUANTOVA

The article explores the novels of one of the founders of the novel genre in Adyghe (Kabardino-Circassian) literature Z.M. Naloev. For the first time, the author’s individual and authorial skill is examined his contribution to the development of national prose is determined. In general, the content and compositional features of the writer's prose are determined. The main focus is on observing genre preferences and the compliance of architectonics of Z. Naloev’s works with the canons of the novel genre. A comprehensive detailed analysis is made of a number of novels: “The Lone Crane”, “Musa and Musa’s awl”, “Murat and Guaziza”, “Wooden Doll of Khabala”, etc. Genre signs of the novel are revealed: mono-event, anecdotal core, fabulous, mystical, mythological motifs, elements of fiction, the severity of the conflict, sharp and unexpected plot twists, etc. Special attention is paid to individual authoring – the use of a philosophical summary that completes most of Z. Naloev’s novels. The research involved the method of artistic analysis, which allows to identify the features of the structurally-meaningful organization of short stories. The role and significance of individual works in the general process of the formation and evolution of national novel is determined. The results of the study can be a theoretical aid in the study of Adyghe prose, in particular, small forms of the prosaic genre, as well as find practical application in special courses, research works of teachers, graduate students and students.

Александра Игоревна Чиварзина

Обозначение синего цвета в названиях растений встречается крайне редко по сравнению с другими цветообозначениями. Диалектные словари сербского, болгарского и македонского языков фиксируют немногочисленные примеры таких наименований. В рамках данного исследования привлекался также материал цветообозначений в названиях грибов как близких растениям в наивной картине мира. Синий цвет может быть передан по-разному в зависимости от объекта наименования: в названиях цветов и плодов синий фиксируется преимущественно в конкурирующих лексемах, образованных от корней +модар и +син, а в названиях грибов встречаются формы от корней +модар, +виолет-, а также от корня +плав-, характерного для сербского языкового континуума. При анализе общего состава лексем очевидно преобладание номинаций с элементом +модар по сравнению с основными и наиболее распространенными лексемами болг., мак., серб. син и плав. Корень +модар имеет значение пограничного цвета между синим и фиолетовым и, соответственно, используется для наименования растений и грибов, расцветка которых может варьировать в оттенках и по интенсивности. Цитирование Чиварзина А. И. Особенности обозначения синего цвета в названиях растений и грибов в южнославянских диалектах // Славянский альманах. 2020. Вып. 3–4. С. 211–224. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.2.04

Svetlana A. Aleshina, Larisa V. Petrich

This article examines the education of the Orenburg regions non-Russian adults from the end of the 19th century until the end of the 1930s. It begins with a brief review of the relevant historiography and the sources. It goes on to analyse the data of the First General Census of 1897, which sheds light on the scope of the task of schooling that remained to be done among the provinces non-Russian nationalities. Already before the Revolution of 1917, local authorities and private individuals were active in cultural and educational work among this population by opening libraries as well as arranging readings and evening classes. At the same time, Zemstvos also strove to train the necessary teachers. During the early Soviet era, educational work was politicized. All educational activities were carried out using emergency methods, since the new government urgently needed a literate population. Due to the exigencies of the Civil War and famine, the authorities had no funds to spare and transferred the tasks entire financial burden to public organizations and private individuals, although in the early 1920s, education in the province practically stopped. However, as the national economy recovered by the mid-1920s, schools reopened. The next important step in eradicating of illiteracy among the non-Russian population came around 1937. The author concludes that in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, educating Orenburgs minorities faced major obstacles, namely the lack of funds, qualified personnel, as well as popular resistance.