Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Paulina Florjanowicz

Archaeology, a discipline devoted to reconstructing the past through meticulous study of fragmented evidence, paradoxically often neglects its own history. The evolution of archaeology as a field remains largely overlooked, dismissed as unimportant or irrelevant. This attitude extends beyond academia into public policy, where previous policies and their original objectives are seldom examined. Instead, policies tend to evolve gradually, with minor amendments and adjustments, while their foundational goals fade into obscurity. For archaeology, a discipline shaped by social and political contexts, this oversight is particularly problematic. Many of the challenges archaeologists face today were recognised over a century ago, yet they persist, largely because past experiences are ignored. In Poland, archaeological policies have been heavily influenced by shifting political landscapes, often in response to dramatic historical events. These influences have shaped not only the discipline itself but also public perceptions of archaeology, affecting its status and societal value. Understanding how these policies emerged, adapted, and sometimes lost their original intent, is crucial for making informed decisions about the future of archaeology. By revisiting the history of archaeological policy, we can gain valuable insights into contemporary challenges and ensure that policymaking is based on knowledge rather than inertia. A critical assessment of archival records and past decisions can help refine current approaches, leading to a more sustainable and well-integrated role for archaeology in society. Recognising where we come from is essential to shaping where we go next.

Maciej Zawistowski

Based on nine independently conducted oral history interviews, in this article I analyze the process of adaptation and assimilation of the descendants of the Czech Brethren in the area of Strzelin (formerly German Strehlen) in Lower Silesia between 1957 and 1989. The main objective is to answer the question how the descendants portray and value the process of assimilation into the new social reality after 1956 in their biographical narratives. First, I briefly present the state of the community in 1957 and outline the reasons why some of its members decided to remain in Lower Silesia. Then, I describe the various dimensions of how community members functioned during the period of People’s Poland: firstly, in a minority organization, the Social and Cultural Association of Czechs and Slovaks, and, secondly, in the parish community of the Evangelical Reformed Church, as well as in mixed families and the local community. The presented research contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of family, neighborhood and local government relations in a post-displacement region. The study adopts the approach known as rescue history (historia ratownicza) at the level of microhistory.

Tomasz Krzyżowski, Marek Stasiowski

A PATRIOT OR A REBEL?INDEPENDENCE ACTIVITIES OF THE PRIEST GRZEGORZ MOSZORA DURING THE SPRINGTIME OF THE PEOPLES IN THE LIGHT OF LVIV AND VIENNA ARCHIVES Abstract, Grzegorz Moszoro (1812-1881) was born in an Armenian family in Łysiec (Eastern Galicia). In 1838, he graduated in philosophy and theology from the University of Vienna and became a priest of the Archdiocese of Lwów within the Armenian rites. In 1839, he joined in Lwów a secret society called “Sons of the Fatherland”, for which he was accused of high treason, sentenced to death and deprived of his nobility. In 1845, the Emperor Ferdinand I pardoned him, ordering penance. In 1848, Moszoro became a vicar of the Armenian parish in Stanisławów, where he got involved in independence activities again. He participated in the work of the Regional National Council – an organisation striving for introduction of democratic changes and regaining independence by Poland. During sermons within the Armenian Church, he encouraged the faithful to rebel against the Austrian authorities. Gubernium in Lwów and starostvo in Stanisławów collected extensive material documenting the priest’s activity. On its basis, the activities of Moszoro were recreated – in the context of socio-political changes, occuring in Galicia at that time. In 1849, Moszoro became a rector of the Armenian parish in Tyśmienica, devoting himself exclusively to priestly work.

Agnieszka Kurzemska

The paper aims, firstly, to indicate what role acculturation plays in the consumer decisions of Polish migrants. To this end, it uses the example of the exploratory buying behavior tendency (EBBT) of contemporary Polish migrants in the United States. Secondly, it aims to show how important consumer behavior is in decisions to remain in a host country. Initially, we present the most important assumptions of consumer acculturation theory and review existing research on the Polish migrant consumer. Then, key consumption patterns are described using a survey of a sample of Polish migrants and Americans of Polish origin (n=247) and, for comparative purposes, samples of Americans (n=300) and Poles (n=300). The study considers the heterogeneity of the study population and divides the migrant group into three segments by degree of acculturation. According to their various levels of acculturation, the Polish migrants exhibit different habits and make different decisions. The study also highlighted the social importance of understanding consumer acculturation, as it may be dysfunctional and may be an expression of social inequalities. This understanding may thus help eliminate such inequalities.

Arkadiusz Zygmunt, Arkadiusz Zygmunt, Monika Pacocha et al.

IntroductionPseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a rare genetically determined disease with a wide range of symptoms related to target organs’ resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Lack or insufficient action of PTH on effector organs causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Some patients may have characteristic features of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO).MethodsWe estimated the prevalence and incidence of PHP using National Health Fund (NHF) data between 2013 and 2023.ResultsThe prevalence was 0.62-0.64/100,000 person-years for Poland and 1.11-1.47/100,000 person-years for the Lodz Voivodeship, depending on the analysis period, i.e., between 2013 and 2019, 2020 and 2021, and 2022 and Oct 2023. During these periods in Poland, PHP was diagnosed for the first time in 282, 32, and 29 patients, respectively, which means that the incidence was 0.19/1,000,000, 0.48/1,000,000, and 0.46/1,000,000 person-years, respectively. In all periods, there were more females in the adult group than in the pediatric group. The study also analyzed data on 19 patients with PHP who have been followed at the Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute (PMMH-RI), describing the clinical presentation of the disease, treatment, and difficulties in establishing the proper diagnosis.DiscussionIn order to quickly establish the correct diagnosis, it is crucial to collect detailed medical interviews with a family history of the disease. It is also essential to carefully perform a physical examination, looking for non-specific symptoms. It’s also important to check a broader panel of biochemical tests at the beginning of the diagnosis, characterizing calcium-phosphate homeostasis rather than just the concentration of total calcium in serum.

D. Wróbel-Dudzińska, Natalia Osial, P. Stępień et al.

Aim: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the prevalence and risk factors of dry eye symptoms (DES) among university students in Poland. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study survey was conducted among 312 Polish university students. The questionnaire consisted of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), the 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) and questions regarding medical history and risk factors. Results: According to the OSDI, more than half of respondents (57.1%) have symptoms of ocular surface disease. Time spent using electronic devices is correlated with scores gathered in both OSDI and DEQ-5 (p < 0.001). There is a statistically significant dependence between psychotropics (p = 0.002), glucocorticosteroids usage (p = 0.026), the presence of depression (p < 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.01) or allergy (p = 0.008) and dry eye symptoms proved in both questionnaires. Respondents with refractive errors and those living in metropolitan areas have a statistically higher symptom intensity(p < 0.022). Stress felt by students is associated with higher DES risk. No correlation between DES and smoking habits was observed. The history of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with the severity of DES (p = 0.036). Conclusion: Pathogenesis of DES is multifactorial and its severity depends on several factors, both genetic and environmental. Its prevalence among the young population is underestimated. Determining risk factors will enable the implementation of appropriate prophylaxis and early diagnosis.

M. Mazur, Janusz Grzywocz, W. Żyła

Aclees taiwanensis Kôno is an alien species in Europe, which originally came from Taiwan. In 2022, it was found for the first time in Poland as the result of an unintentional introduction from France, together with an ornamental specimen of Ficus microcarpa. In this paper, the history of the species’ appearance in Europe and its potential harmfulness to crops of ornamental plants are discussed.

Slobodan Koljević

Population-level life history research on humans has proven to be a fruitful research programme, establishing numerous socioeconomic and behavioral correlates of life history strategy. Herein, this research programme is extended to the Republic of Poland. Life history speed is estimated for 380 powiats and cities with powiat status. To investigate how life history associates with socioeconomic development, the general socioeconomic factor (S factor) is also extracted. Presidential election results are used to emulate differences in political behavior. In line with previous research, the data show negative correlation between fast life history strategy, the S factor, and percentage of votes for the conservative presidential candidate. Notably, powiats located within Western Borderlands (territories that were part of Germany prior to World War II) tend to have faster life history strategy. This pattern could be explained by forced population displacement of over 1.5 million people that were resettled from USSR into Western Borderlands, thus replacing prior German inhabitants. Forced population displacement can be understood as a disruptive life event that accelerates life history strategy. This can have long-lasting effects, and the present study provides additional insight into the detrimental consequences of population displacement.

Sonia Styrkacz

Kamil Łuczaj

Pierwszy cel artykułu wiąże się z metodologią migracyjnych badań jakościowych. Jest nim teoretyczna analiza metodologicznych wyzwań związanych z taką konstrukcją studium przypadku, która wymaga zbierania relacji więcej niż jednej osoby współuczestniczącej w badanym procesie lub wydarzeniu. Drugi cel to empiryczna egzemplifikacja tych rozważań na przykładzie badania relacji pomiędzy polskimi gospodarzami/gospodyniami a ukraińskimi gośćmi/gościniami (w latach 2022–2023). Zebrany materiał empiryczny pokazuje efektywność zastosowania – zaczerpniętej z badań biograficznych – techniki opowieści krzyżowych (récits croisés) oraz ontologiczno-epistemologiczne trudności, z którymi trzeba się zmierzyć. Artykuł, przytaczając explicite duże partie surowego materiału i wyjaśniając ich kontekst, oferuje więc nie tyle właściwą analizę fenomenu współzamieszkiwania, co stanowi przyczynek do niej. Jego wkład do studiów migracyjnych polega na wykazaniu, z perspektywy metodologicznej, że jednoczesne badanie wielości punktów widzenia i definicji sytuacji pozwala w pełni wykorzystać potencjał badań jakościowych. Dzięki narracjom krzyżowym możemy lepiej wczuć się w sposób rozumienia świata przez rozmówców, aby – w razie potrzeby – zakwestionować zdroworozsądkowe znaczenia niektórych kategorii oraz wskazać „przesłonięcia”, czyli luki w relacjach biograficznych.

Hubert Kryszk, K. Kurowska, R. Marks-Bielska et al.

Europe is currently facing the potentially biggest energy crisis in history. There are many reasons for this, and the current geopolitical situation makes it clear that we are being forced to take immediate action to ensure sufficient energy supplies to consumers. Until recently, the European Union was dependent on Russian energy resources (mainly oil and gas). For many years, the EU countries had been shutting down their own production and importing much cheaper raw material from Russia. The threat of a blackout is becoming increasingly possible. European governments are preparing businesses and households for the energy crisis in various ways, but there is also a great deal of mobilization to accelerate the development of renewable energy sources (RES). The aim of this study was to identify the barriers and prospects for RES development in Poland in the current geopolitical conditions. The reasons for insufficient grid HC were analyzed. Additionally, the article aimed to assess the prospects for solar energy development in Poland. Wind power was discussed only in general terms because the development of wind farms is inhibited by the regulatory framework. Particular attention was paid to hosting capacity (HC) and the condition of the power infrastructure as the main determinants of RES development in Poland. Numerous documents developed by power companies and government agencies responsible for implementing and managing energy in Poland were analyzed. Special attention was paid to legal regulations and the need for legislative changes. As a country, Poland has one of the highest growth rates in photovoltaic (PV) installations. The forecasts for increasing HC, as a prerequisite for RES development in Poland, are not promising.

Muhammad Zubair Khan, Oleg E. Peil, Apoorva Sharma et al.

In the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional materials, magnetic monolayers show great promise for the future applications in nanoelectronics, data storage, and sensing. The research in intrinsically magnetic two-dimensional materials mainly focuses on synthetic iodide and telluride based compounds, which inherently suffer from the lack of ambient stability. So far, naturally occurring layered magnetic materials have been vastly overlooked. These minerals offer a unique opportunity to explore air-stable complex layered systems with high concentration of local moment bearing ions. We demonstrate magnetic ordering in iron-rich two-dimensional phyllosilicates, focusing on mineral species of minnesotaite, annite, and biotite. These are naturally occurring van der Waals magnetic materials which integrate local moment baring ions of iron via magnesium/aluminium substitution in their octahedral sites. Due to self-inherent capping by silicate/aluminate tetrahedral groups, ultra-thin layers are air-stable. Chemical characterization, quantitative elemental analysis, and iron oxidation states were determined via Raman spectroscopy, wavelength disperse X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry measurements were performed to examine the magnetic ordering. These layered materials exhibit paramagnetic or superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature. At low temperature ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordering occurs, with the critical ordering temperature of 38.7 K for minnesotaite, 36.1 K for annite, and 4.9 K for biotite. In-field magnetic force microscopy on iron bearing phyllosilicates confirmed the paramagnetic response at room temperature, present down to monolayers.

Joanna Szczepanik

Czy w obrębie polskiego systemu szkolnictwa wyższego sztuka jest nauką? Choć w oficjalnych dokumentach mowa o „poziomie artystycznym prowadzonej działalności naukowej”, kluczowa instytucja narodowa promująca badania naukowe nie finansuje działalności artystycznej. Rodzi się zatem pytanie o obecność sztuki i kryteria jej ewaluacji nie tylko w ramach dyscyplin artystycznych, lecz również nauk humanistycznych i społecznych. Mowa tu o praktykach opartych na sztuce (Art Based Research), przekraczających konwencje zarówno sztuki, jak i badań naukowych. Włączenie sztuki w obszar nauki jest bowiem równoznaczne z wyborem sposobu, poprzez który świat ma być opisywany i doświadczany, wpływa na dobór tematów i pytań badawczych. Wzbudzając emocje, kwestionuje dominującą rolę słowa, podważa pozytywistyczną dychotomię fakt–fikcja, racjonalne–emocjonalne. Jednocześnie otwiera się na otoczenie społeczne, dążąc ku generowaniu wiedzy społecznie i politycznie zaangażowanej. Nowe formy przedstawienia wymagają nie tylko wypracowania przez badaczy nowych kompetencji, lecz również ustalenia nowych kryteriów oceny badań naukowych, a być może również redefinicji podstawowych pojęć, takich jak nauka, wiedza czy badanie. Ustalenie i wdrożenie tych kryteriów jest zależne od decyzji państwowego systemu szkolnictwa, od władzy ewaluacyjnej kształtującej również sektor nauki.

Szymon Lenarczyk, Zofia Kowarska

The paper presents preliminary results of the archaeological research conducted in quarter 1 at the Jewish Cemetery at 49/51 Okopowa Street in Wola in Warsaw in the years 2020-2021, which was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Rabbinical Commission for Jewish Cemeteries in Poland, as well as respect for tradition and halakhic law. The results of archaeological work contribute to a better understanding of the history of the entire Warsaw necropolis from the time of its foundation, with a particular emphasis on the late 19th and early 20th century, to the times of the battles fought at the necropolis during World War II.

Busko Małgorzata, Balawejder Monika, Kovalyshyn Oleksandra et al.

Since the early days, cadastral data represent the geographic extent of the past, current, and future rights and interests in real property. Thus, these data are extremely important for the proper development of statehood and society. The article analyses the process of formation of the real estate cadastre in two countries – Poland and Ukraine – from the time of its establishment to the present. Both countries were in the past (and Ukraine still is) victims of various historical events that deprived them of statehood, stability and opportunities for development; therefore, it affected the development of the cadastre and its accessibility to all stakeholders. The authors attempt to answer the question of if and how geographic location and historical conditions can affect the quality and availability of open cadastral data (OCD). After all, our perception of reality is a direct result of processes originating in history. This paper contains comparisons between a post-Soviet (Ukraine) and a post-communist country (Poland) and their path from early cadastral maps to OCD.

Albina F. Noskova

At the request of the editorial board of the journal Slavic World in the Third Millennium, Albina Fedorovna Noskova (born 1936), Doctor of Historical Sciences and chief researcher of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, recounts her life and career path in science. She graduated from the Department of Southern and Western Slavs of the History Faculty of Moscow State University in 1959 and then studied at the graduate school of the Institute from 1961 to 1964. Albina Fedoovna is the recognised specialist in both the modern history of Poland and the problems in the history of Soviet-Polish relations. The principal lines of her investigations included the history of Poland and other Eastern European countries during and after World War II, the problems of Slavic-German relations, and the policy of Moscow in Eastern Europe. A. F. Noskova is the author of several hundred academic works, as well as the organiser of and a participant in many international projects and conferences. Albina Fedorovna discusses her childhood, her parents and teachers, her studies at the Department of Southern and Western Slavs of the History Faculty of Moscow State University, and her work in archives and at the Institute of Slavic Studies, as well as her business trips abroad.

Xinliang Fu, Bo Fang, Jingyun Ma et al.

Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly identified circovirus from swine in the USA, China and Poland. This novel circovirus has been associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), reproductive failure and multisystemic inflammation; moreover, PCV3 poses a potential threat to the swine industry. In this retrospective study, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted to address the epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of this novel circovirus. The total positive sample rate of PCV3 was 26.7% (76/285) and has increased gradually over the past 3 years. Of these PCV3-positive samples, 22.3% (17/76) were coinfected with PCV2. PCV3 can be detected in multiple sample types with different positive rates, and the positive rate is highest among stillborn. We also divide PCV3 into three clades (PCV3a, PCV3b and PCV3c) based on two amino acid mutations (A24V and R27K) on the cap protein in this study. In addition, the origin of PCV3 was approximately 1966 and may have originated from a bat-associated circovirus. Our results suggested that PCV3 is widely distributed in southern China and has been circulating in swine herds for nearly half a century. PCV3 has evolved into different clades caused by mutations in cap proteins; thus, further research on PCV3 epidemiology should be conducted.

Michał Błaż, K. Banaszkiewicz, M. Michalski et al.

Arnaud Mazier, Alexandre Bilger, Antonio E. Forte et al.

In this paper, we develop a framework for solving inverse deformation problems using the FEniCS Project finite element software. We validate our approach with experimental imaging data acquired from a soft silicone beam under gravity. In contrast with inverse iterative algorithms that require multiple solutions of a standard elasticity problem, the proposed method can compute the undeformed configuration by solving only one modified elasticity problem. This modified problem has a complexity comparable to the standard one. The framework is implemented within an open-source pipeline enabling the direct and inverse deformation simulation directly from imaging data. We use the high-level Unified Form Language (UFL) of the FEniCS Project to express the finite element model in variational form and to automatically derive the consistent Jacobian. Consequently, the design of the pipeline is flexible: for example, it allows the modification of the constitutive models by changing a single line of code. We include a complete working example showing the inverse deformation of a beam deformed by gravity as supplementary material.

Galina Sinkevich

A short history of Russian researches in Chinese astronomy in 19-20 centuries