Hasil untuk "Highway engineering. Roads and pavements"

Shreya Gokul Bhise, Patil B.S, Riddhi Ramesh Mhashilkar et al.

Abstract The construction zones on the highways require a balanced situation that is inclusive of feasibility, safety, environmental accountability and long term efficiency in the maintenance. The current research creates a united approach of feasibility management within highway construction areas through the synthesis of case-based evaluation, life cycle cost analysis and the use of Artificial Neural Networks to predict future maintenance assistance. The research assesses the existing feasibility management as well as evaluates the environmental and safety implication and studies the maintenance strategies that are meant to enhance long-term infrastructure sustainability. The analytical stage involves two highway contexts which include the section of the Aurangabad Highway to Kolwadi Road and the Mumbai-Pune Expressway section. The rigorous and flexible pavements are evaluated comparatively over 30 years with a discount rate of 12 percent and 5 percent inflation rate. The results demonstrate that rigid pavement is more expensive in its initial construction but becomes cost-effective in the long run due to the reduced maintenance needs, and the break-even point is reached in 2029. In one instance, rigid pavement will be 10.39% less expensive than in another, 2048. ANN component will be implemented in MATLAB as a backpropagation feed-forward network with the TRAINLM, LEARNGDM, Mean Squared Error, and 10 neurons in the first layer to help in the future prediction of maintenance cost. The research comes up with a conclusion that a comprehensive approach to sustainable highway maintenance planning includes feasibility assessment, lifecycle economics, safety considerations, and predictive analytics. Keywords: Feasibility Management, Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Artificial Neural Network, Highway Maintenance, Sustainable Infrastructure

Bahman Zarazvand, Jana Frankovska

This paper presents a comprehensive case study on the numerical analysis of stone columns as a ground improvement technique for an expressway embankment. The primary objective is to assess the effectiveness of stone columns in enhancing the performance of predominantly fine-grained soils using Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. To achieve the objective, detailed numerical models are developed in both three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) plane strain configurations to simulate embankment conditions accurately. Key geotechnical parameters, including the modulus of elasticity and hydraulic conductivity of the stone column material, are incorporated to account for the improved stiffness and drainage effects. The installation process considers critical factors such as vibration-induced changes and horizontal displacement to capture the evolution of soil stress conditions. A staged construction approach is implemented to realistically simulate the sequential embankment construction process and its impact over time. To ensure model reliability, validation is performed by comparing numerical results with field measurements obtained from horizontal inclinometers installed beneath the embankment. The analysis focuses on key performance indicators such as settlement behaviour, the generation and dissipation of excess pore water pressure, and overall stability assessments. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between numerical predictions and field observations, confirming the accuracy of the developed models. This study provides valuable insights into the performance of stone column-reinforced embankments, highlighting significant improvements in load-bearing capacity, reduction in settlement, and overall ground stability. By evaluating the role of stone columns in accelerating consolidation and enhancing the stiffness, strength, and stability of fine-grained soil layers, the research contributes to the optimisation of design and construction methodologies for ground improvement. Additionally, a comparative assessment of 3D and 2D plane strain numerical models is conducted to evaluate their predictive capabilities in representing real embankment behaviour. The findings support the advancement of safer and more resilient infrastructure solutions.

Anastasiia Bielohrad, Artem Pryymachenko, Tikholaz E.

Introduction. The post-war reconstruction of Ukraine is one of the most important stages in the restoration of a state that has suffered significant destruction and losses. Reconstruction requires a comprehensive approach to the problem of destroyed infrastructure and housing stock, in addition to financial investments. The solutions needed today are construction and production of building materials based on the principles of sustainable development. The best European practices and experience should be incorporated. Problems. The European integration of the construction materials industry has been in the process of implementation in the form of Regulation (EU) no. 305/2011 [1], and from January 1, 2023, the Law of Ukraine "On placing construction products on the market" [2], implementing the provisions of Regulation (EU) no. 305/2011 [1]. At the same time, the previous national standards - the State Standards of Ukraine - are still in force in parallel with the newly introduced European standards. This makes it difficult for manufacturers, customers, construction companies and designers to use the regulatory documentation. This situation fully applies to producing concrete and cement used in general construction. Objective. To review the current Ukrainian standards that regulate the selection of the required type of concrete mixtures by designers and manufacturers of concrete mixtures cement to meet the durability requirements of concrete structures.

Mohammad Hosein Dehnad, Mohammed Hussein Alwan, Alireza Noory et al.

The elevated temperatures adversely affect the durability and lifespan of pavement. Understanding the factors that influence asphalt pavement temperature offers valuable insights for creating climate-friendly cities with cooler pavement surfaces. In this study, three aggregates of varying types and colors, two types of bitumen (one without pigment and one with the addition of red pigment, Fe2O3), and two levels of mean texture depth (MTD), high and low, were utilized to create asphalt samples using Marshall's method. A total of 38 thermocouple sensors were employed to simultaneously record temperatures in three areas within the samples, as well as the temperatures in shaded and sunlit conditions over a period of 17 days. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted to assess the impact of each factor on the solar reflectance index (SRI). Twelve general linear models (GLMs) were developed using a full factorial design of experiment, and five models with an R2 greater than 95% were evaluated and analyzed. The analysis, based on the coefficients derived from the GLMs, indicates that the mean MTD is the most significant parameter affecting surface temperature. Pigment color emerged as the second most influential factor affecting both surface and bottom temperatures. Additionally, the findings revealed that MTD has the greatest impact on the SRI, followed by pigment color and aggregate color. It was also determined that the interaction between density, pigment color, and aggregate color plays a crucial role in determining the temperatures of both the surface and bottom of the specimens.

Alla Kononenko, Liudmila Nahrebelna, Olha Belenchuk

Introduction. Compared to European countries, the state of road safety in Ukraine and the level of traffic violations are extremely high. Improving road safety by enhancing the driving culture is one of the crucial social challenges of today, directly related to preserving human life and health. Problem statement. The problem of traffic violations in Ukraine is evident in the number of fatalities and injuries on the roads, as traffic accidents cause significant social losses, burdening both the healthcare system and the national economy. Reducing injuries and fatalities due to RTAs is one of the state's most pressing priorities. Purpose. This article conducts a theoretical study of key strategies and concepts that contribute to raising awareness about the importance of driving culture and adherence to traffic rules. Materials and methods. The article employs a theoretical research approach and analytical methods. Results. The study identifies key aspects essential for fostering a culture of responsible driving and compliance with traffic regulations within society to reduce road accidents.

OLUSESAN OLUWAFEMI ODUNAYO, JOSHUA EMEGHAI, IGE HAKEEM ADEYEMI et al.

The serious degradation of road infrastructure and the demand for green pavement materials and lifecycle cost-effective solutions have prompted the embracing of green pavement materials and lifecycle cost-effective practices. The research explores optimization of blends of sustainable road materials through an approach having a materials engineering method with no application of artificial intelligence strategies. Five asphalt mixes with various percentages (0%–40%) of industrial by-products and recycled materials like Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Fly Ash, and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) were tested as part of a systematic experimental program. A range of laboratory tests including Marshall Stability, Indirect Tensile Strength, Rutting Resistance, and Fatigue Life for determining mechanical properties and durability were conducted. In addition to the mechanical testing, Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCA) and an Environmental Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) were performed to identify long-term economic and environmental effects. Outcomes indicate 30% sustainable content blends with improved balance when performance, cost, and environmental performance metrics are taken into account. The use of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) identified the 30% mix as the most suitable composition that facilitated up to 22% cost saving and 35% CO₂ reduction against the control blend. This study provides data-based, reproducible framework for highway authorities to make infrastructure more sustainable without using AI software, advancing global sustainable development objectives.

Nikhil Dixit

One of the most frequently used waste materials is reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). The use of RAP can help reduce the cost of a project and ensure that the project is eco-friendly. Therefore, the aim of this study is to give a detailed description of the production of RAP to ensure that the rehabilitation and maintenance of pavements as well as the construction of pavements are environmentally friendly and cost effective. Previous works have shown the benefits of using RAP with regard to its ability to produce equally good or even superior results compared to the use of virgin or original mixes if they are properly produced and applied. Among the benefits of RAP mixes are good moisture resistance and higher density. This review also demonstrate the critical importance of using RAP in asphalt mixtures. A well-developed road network is vital for swift economic growth as it links remote areas, provides access to markets, schools, and hospitals, and promotes trade and investment in underdeveloped regions. Roads facilitate inter-modal transport, connecting airports, railway stations, and ports. India's road network spans approximately 4.2 million kilometers, making it the secondlargest in the world after the United States. This extensive network handles around 65% of freight traffic and 87% of passenger traffic. National Highways (NH), covering about 70,934 kilometers or just 2% of the total network, carry nearly 40% of the road traffic. State Highways (SH) and Major District Roads (MDR) make up the secondary road transport system, playing a significant role in the rural economy and industrial growth of the country. The traditional method of applying bituminous surfacing on flexible pavements requires a substantial amount of energy, as it involves producing bituminous binder from crude petroleum, drying aggregates, and producing the bituminous mix at a hot mix plant (HMP). Hot mix recycling involves combining reclaimed asphalt pavement materials with new materials, often along with a recycling agent, to create hot mix asphalt mixtures. Properly designed recycled mixtures can perform as well as or better than new conventional hot mix asphalt mixtures. Recycling or rejuvenating agents are organic materials with chemical and physical characteristics chosen to restore aged asphalt properties to desired specifications. The viscosity characteristics of the combined aged asphalt binder and recycling agent determine the choice of recycling agent, which can also be called softening agents, reclaiming agents, modifiers, fluxing oils, extender oils, and aromatic oils. The grade of Recycling Agent (RA) used depends on the amount and hardness of the asphalt in the aged pavement. Lower viscosity RA types can restore aged asphalts with high viscosity, and vice versa. Laboratory studies on asphalt mixes with RAP material and rejuvenating agents compared their performance to virgin asphalt mixes

S. Chowdhury, M. Hasan

—Bangladesh’s highway network is predominantly composed of flexible pavements, yet their durability is frequently undermined by premature failures driven by heavy axle loading and harsh climatic conditions. This research focuses on recurrent pavement distress along the Dhaka–Sylhet Highway (N2), a critical corridor for both domestic transportation and international trade. A mixedmethods approach was employed, combining field surveys, photographic evidence, and stakeholder consultations. Visual assessments of a 40 km segment identified widespread surface and structural defects, including rutting, alligator cracking, potholes, corrugation, bleeding, raveling, and localized depressions. Feedback from engineers, contractors, consultants, and road users highlighted dissatisfaction with existing maintenance practices, particularly deficiencies in drainage management and patch repairs. Analytical findings suggest that the principal causes of deterioration are axle overloading, inadequate drainage infrastructure, poorquality construction materials, insufficient site supervision, and reliance on reactive rather than preventive maintenance. To address these challenges, the study recommends enforcing axle load regulations, modernizing drainage systems, implementing proactive maintenance programs, strengthening construction quality assurance, and adopting digital asset monitoring tools. Overall, the results emphasize the necessity of shifting toward a sustainable and data-driven pavement management system to enhance highway performance, safety, and long-term cost efficiency in Bangladesh.

Khachik Chkolyan

The maintenance and rehabilitation of road networks remain among the most critical challenges in the global road construction sector, as increasing traffic volumes and pavement deterioration demand efficient solutions. Road repair and maintenance are essential not only for ensuring traffic safety but also for optimizing economic expenditures. Full-Depth Reclamation (FDR) is a pavement rehabilitation method in which the existing pavement—comprising the asphalt concrete surface, the base layer, and in some cases, additional base and subbase layers—is uniformly pulverized and blended to a predetermined depth, producing an improved, homogeneous base material. FDR is carried out entirely on-site without the application of heat. The treatment depth depends on the structure of the existing pavement and typically ranges from 100 to 300 mm. Compared to other technologies for rehabilitating flexible pavements, FDR significantly reduces the need for importing new materials, lowers energy consumption, and decreases harmful atmospheric emissions. The implementation of FDR in road construction began several decades ago, initially involving various mechanisms for pavement treatment, including pulverizers, scarifiers, mixers, and a range of additives. However, the adoption of high-powered self-propelled reclaimers provided significant momentum to the use of FDR, enabling deeper processing, higher productivity, and more reliable control of the stabilization process when additives are introduced. This article examines the impact of applying Full-Depth Reclamation (FDR) technology with cement and basalt fibers as additives on the strength and crack resistance of road pavements. The km 93+880 section of the M2 Yerevan–Goris–Meghri highway in the Republic of Armenia was selected as the experimental test site.

M. Çodur, Halis Bahadır Kasil, Emre Kuşkapan

Hot mix asphalt, which is frequently used in road pavements, contains bitumen in certain proportions. This bitumen ratio varies according to the layers in the road pavements. The bitumen ratio in each pavement is usually estimated by the Marshall design method. However, this method is costly as well as time-consuming. In this study, the Naive Bayes method, which is a machine learning algorithm, was used to estimate the bitumen ratio practically. In the study, a total of 102 asphalt concrete designs were examined, which were taken from the wearing course, binder course, and asphalt concrete base course and stone mastic asphalt wearing course layers. Each road pavement layer was divided into three different classes according to the bitumen ratios and the algorithm was trained with machine learning. Then the bitumen ratio was estimated for each data set. As a result of this process, the bitumen ratios of the layers were estimated with an accuracy between 75% and 90%. In this study, it was revealed that the bitumen ratio in the road pavement layers could be estimated practically and economically.

Swapnil Saha, M. Hossain, Shekh Nibir

To assist researchers in solving challenging structural mechanics engineering problems, finite element modeling (FEM) has grown to be a very popular technique. The several layers of various materials that make up a pavement's complicated structure and affect how it responds to stress have an impact on how it behaves. In this study, finite element analysis is done on a real existing road which is named Nowhata-Chowmasia road, situated in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. FEM is used to study this flexible pavement, which consists of 7 layers (surface, binder, base type-1, base type-2, sub-base, enhanced subgrade, and subgrade). The effect of the depth of the base layer on vertical stresses and displacements is examined using the ABAQUS/CAE 2017 modeling and simulation program. The base layer of the real existing road is 150 mm provided by the Roads and Highways Department (RHD) Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The analysis is done by measuring stress and displacement under wheel load by decreasing the base layer thickness to 100 mm and further increasing it to 200 mm. The modeling approach assumes that all materials function in a linear elastic manner. The Poisson's ratio, layer thickness, and material elastic modulus are the major inputs used in the modeling procedure. In this work, flexible pavement is simulated using a conventional axle load of 100 kN, which corresponds to a single four-wheeled axle. Finally, FEM analysis showed that the maximum stresses are 0.35 MPa, 0.27 MPa, and 0.21 MPa and maximum displacements are 0.52 mm, 0.34 mm, and 0.21 mm for 100 mm, 150 mm, and 200 mm base layer thickness respectively. So, for the increase of base layer thickness the stress and displacement are decreased.

Rahul Raj Singh, Syed Waqar Haider, James Bryce

The calibration of transfer functions is essential for accurate pavement performance predictions in the Pavement-ME design. Several studies have used the least square approach to calibrate these transfer functions. Least square is a widely used simplistic approach based on certain assumptions. Literature shows that these least square approach assumptions may not apply to the non-normal distributions. This study introduces a new methodology for calibrating the transverse cracking and international roughness index (IRI) models in rigid pavements using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). Synthetic data for transverse cracking, with and without variability, are generated to illustrate the applicability of MLE using different known probability distributions (exponential, gamma, log-normal, and negative binomial). The approach uses measured data from the Michigan Department of Transportation's (MDOT) pavement management system (PMS) database for 70 jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) sections to calibrate and validate transfer functions. The MLE approach is combined with resampling techniques to improve the robustness of calibration coefficients. The results show that the MLE transverse cracking model using the gamma distribution consistently outperforms the least square for synthetic and observed data. For observed data, MLE estimates of parameters produced lower SSE and bias than least squares (e.g., for the transverse cracking model, the SSE values are 3.98 vs. 4.02, and the bias values are 0.00 and −0.41). Although negative binomial distribution is the most suitable fit for the IRI model for MLE, the least square results are slightly better than MLE. The bias values are −0.312 and 0.000 for the MLE and least square methods. Overall, the findings indicate that MLE is a robust method for calibration, especially for non-normally distributed data such as transverse cracking.

Siyuan Zheng, Jiaming Zhu, Yuanyuan Wu et al.

In recent years, asphalt concrete has been commonly used for construction in highway engineering in China. In actual construction, asphalt concrete construction technology has a serious impact on the quality of highway engineering. Therefore, in order to strictly control quality and effectively avoid safety accidents during highway engineering construction. This requires relevant personnel to strengthen the analysis and research of asphalt concrete road construction technology, in order to meet the latest requirements for the quality of concrete pavement construction in the context of rapid urbanization in China. The following article will analyze the construction technology of asphalt concrete engineering in highway engineering, hoping to have a certain effect on improving the quality of highway engineering construction in China.

Yanfeng Wang

With the development of the times and the progress of society, people's requirements for quality of life have become increasingly high. The number of private cars has increased, and road construction projects have also continued to increase. Asphalt pavement has been widely used in road engineering due to its advantages such as high durability, convenient material extraction, and road smoothness. However, the complexity of asphalt pavement construction has brought many difficulties to the construction unit. Strict control over the construction technology and quality of asphalt pavement can not only ensure the normal operation of construction, but also reduce costs. This article focuses on the construction technology and related quality control measures of highway asphalt pavement.

Najib Mukhtar, Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan, Hanizah Osman et al.

The filler-bitumen interaction mechanism is one of the most essential phases for comprehending the asphalt mixture's performance. However, despite numerous studies, in-depth knowledge of filler-bitumen reciprocity at a microscale level is yet to be ascertained. The goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of the filler-bitumen microscale interaction in terms of the synergy and coaction between the physicochemical and rheological performance of mastics due to filler inclusions. The rheological properties of two sustainable mastics, dolomite powder (DP) and lime kiln dust (LKD), together with a neat PEN 60/70 binder, were analysed based on a temperature sweep at elevated temperature conditions. Meanwhile, frequency sweep and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests were also conducted at pavement serviceability temperature using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Physicochemical tests using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) were conducted to analyse the impact of parameters such as particle shape, grain size, texture, and chemical compositions. The DSR test results showcased how the incorporation of fillers in asphalt binder considerably improved the performance of the binder in terms of rutting and fatigue. Likewise, its strain and non-recoverable compliance parameters were substantially reduced at higher filler and binder concentrations. Physical filler attributes of low rigden voids (R.V), high fineness modulus (FM), and high specific surface area (SSA) led to greater interfacial stiffness and elasticity in LKD mastics compared to DP mastics at different loading frequencies and temperature levels. The SEM/EDX results also indicated that the elemental calcium and carbon composition of each filler component, together with its grain morphology, strongly influenced its rheological performance.

Yanhai Yang, Liang Yue, Ye Yang et al.

The road performance decay law of EACRM under freeze-thaw cycles was studied using laboratory tests on the macroscopic scale in order to comprehensively analyze the serious performance damage mechanism of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture (EACRM) in cold regions during the service period. The surface cracking behavior, internal void evolution characteristics, and asphalt mortar morphology damage of EACRM under freeze-thaw cycles were studied by means of digital speckle, industrial CT, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) on the mesoscopic and microscopic scale. The results show that along with the increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, the road performance of EACRM decreases significantly. The surface of EACRM obviously cracks, and the width and number of main cracks increase significantly. The fatigue times of the maximum horizontal strain in the whole field gradually decrease. Air voids and the average volume of meso-void visibly increase. The microcracks of cement-emulsified asphalt mortar constantly emerge at the interface. The serious damage of the “three-dimensional network structure” is the fundamental reason for the performance decay of EACRM in cold regions. The performance damage of EACRM in cold regions is aggravated by water seeping into voids from cracks. Eventually, EACRM shows serious freeze-thaw inflicted damage.

Marek Stolarski

Abstract: In order to effectively warn wild animals of the danger posed by a fast-moving train, knowledge of ethology—that is, the natural behavior of animals—is necessary. Understanding how animals’ senses function and the instincts that guide their behavior allows for the selection of stimuli that will be interpreted as a warning of impending danger and will prompt the animals to move away from the tracks. This is how the acoustic system for protecting animals on railway tracks, developed in Poland, works. Keywords: Railway lines; Wild animals; Prevention of train–wild animal collisions; Acoustic animal protection devices

Volodymyr Kaskiv, Оleksii Sokolov

Introduction. The properties of a bituminous material are determined by the peculiarities of the bonds that arise between individual mineral grains and depend on the properties of bitumen, the thickness of the bitumen layer covering the mineral grains, as well as on the processes of interaction between mineral materials and bitumen on their common interface. To ensure a strong and stable bond between the grains, bitumen should evenly cover the surface of the mineral materials with a thin layer. To increase the strength of the pavement constructed from bituminous material, it is necessary that the maximum amount of bitumen is adsorbed by the mineral material, and the content of free bitumen is reduced to a minimum value. Problem Ыtatement. Depending on the nature of the mineral material and the chemical composition of the bitumen, the properties of its thin layers change in different ways. The strength of bitumen in a thin layer on an active mineral surface increases with decreasing thickness, while on an inactive surface the strength of bitumen changes little with decreasing layer thickness.

Serhii Zavhorodniy, Vasyl Redchenko

Introduction. This article deals with the practice of applying the method of dynamic testing of bridges, namely, modal control using impulse loading. The possibilities of this method for determining the technical condition of a bridge span structure by determining its natural characteristics: actual stiffness and parameters of natural vibration forms are shown. Problem Statement. The article is devoted to the problem of practical implementation of the latest theoretical developments in the field of diagnostics of the technical condition of road bridges by conducting full-scale dynamic tests. Purpose. The main purpose of the article is to demonstrate the effectiveness of dynamic impulse testing as a method for assessing the technical condition of bridges. The method involves the excitation of vibrations of bridge structures by means of pulse loads, recording the response of the structure and analyzing the data obtained. Materials and methods. The material for this article is the results of field tests of a curved overpass made of monolithic reinforced concrete located near Kyiv. The following research methods were used: information analysis, mathematical modeling, and general methods of theoretical research. Results. The full-scale parameters of the overpass span structure obtained from the results of dynamic tests allowed us to assess the impact of existing defects on its integral stiffness and determine its technical condition. Conclusions. In practice, it has been confirmed that the use of pulse loading allows obtaining good results in the modal control of a span structure of complex geometry and static scheme.

Lee Leon, Jovanca Smith, Annabella Frank

The sustainable alternative of blending natural limestone aggregates (NAs) with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) was investigated in this research in order to encourage the utilization of recycled concrete in heavy traffic paving applications. The Marshall Mix design method was used to optimize mix designs containing 0%, 10%, 35% and 50% RCA. Single-edge notched beam (SENB) and semi-circular bending (SCB) tests were then applied and the fracture energy and fracture toughness determined. The tests were conducted at intermediate temperatures (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C) and varying notch depths (0.2H, 0.3H and 0.4H). Fracture energy and toughness did not consistently follow the behaviour of mixes with only NA; however, it was determined in this study that a RCA content between 10% and 35% would achieve peak loads, fracture energies and fracture toughness values comparative to a virgin mix.