Hasil untuk "Comparative law. International uniform law"

Della Delia, David Tan, Shenti Agustini

Kemajuan teknologi digital memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap sektor ekonomi dan hukum di Indonesia, terutama bagi pelaku bisnis digital dan startup. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE) dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi pelaku usaha digital, serta mengidentifikasi berbagai tantangan yang dihadapi startup dalam memenuhi ketentuan hukum tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan hukum normatif dengan analisis deskriptif berdasarkan bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa meskipun UU ITE telah menyediakan landasan hukum yang cukup kuat bagi aktivitas digital, masih terdapat sejumlah hambatan seperti rendahnya kesadaran hukum, tumpang tindih regulasi, serta keterbatasan sumber daya. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kolaborasi antara pemerintah, aparat penegak hukum, dan pelaku industri digital guna memperkuat penerapan serta kepatuhan terhadap hukum di sektor ekonomi digital.

A. Kussainova, B. Kulmukhanbetova

The purpose of this study is to conduct a legal analysis and develop a uniform interpretation of the concept of “interference with aircraft control” (Article 352-1 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan), introduced as an independent offence in 2025. The research examines the place of this act within the system of public safety, aviation safety, and flight safety, analyzes its correlation with classical acts of unlawful interference under international and national law, identifies a legislative gap, and formulates a legal definition. The methodological framework is based on comparative, formal-legal, and systematic analysis, allowing for the comparison of criminal and aviation legislation, international conventions (Tokyo, Hague, and Montreal), and scientific literature. The key problem addressed is the absence of a statutory definition of this concept, which creates risks of inconsistent interpretation and enforcement. The analysis shows that this offence is not included in the statutory list of acts of unlawful interference but constitutes an independent category of intentional actions directly affecting the crew’s work during flight. The main result is a proposed legal definition that can be used to qualify offences and distinguish them from related crimes, thereby strengthening air transport safety.

Equality’s Guardians: How Courts Conceptualize Equal Protection and Non-discrimination Guarantees offers an unparalleled comparative analysis of constitutional equality case law from apex courts across 18 jurisdictions worldwide, including key international human rights treaties. This groundbreaking book aims to map various courts’ diverse equality case law, revealing a richer comparative picture than the commonly discussed non-discrimination model prevalent in common law jurisdictions. By identifying four distinct models of equality, the book classifies each jurisdiction based on the level of deference courts grant to the legislature. The second aim of Equality’s Guardians is to delve into the reasons behind courts’ choices of specific equality models. Rather than providing a uniform answer, the analysis uncovers a range of cultural and institutional factors influencing these decisions. This nuanced approach highlights that the models of equality must be understood within the unique institutional and cultural contexts of each jurisdiction. Ultimately, Equality’s Guardians: How Courts Conceptualize Equal Protection and Non-discrimination Guarantees challenges the notion of a one-size-fits-all approach to equality. It emphasizes that the identified models are not to be normatively ranked but appreciated as products of their specific environments. This comprehensive study is essential for anyone interested in the complexities of constitutional equality and the varied ways it is interpreted and applied around the world.

Ana-Maria Coatu, Felix-Angel Popescu, Laurențiu Petrila

This study explores how socio-economic factors affect the effectiveness of public accountability frameworks in EU member states, with Romania as a case study. Using data from the World Bank, Eurobarometer, and cross-country comparisons, it identifies five key determinants: income inequality, education, healthcare access, political participation, and economic stability. Grounded in institutional theory, the research shows that inclusive institutions and lower disparities lead to stronger accountability, while weaker frameworks often reinforce inequality and corruption. For Romania, the study recommends boosting transparency, enforcing anti-corruption measures, improving rural-urban equity, and enhancing civic education to strengthen the link between citizens and institutions.

S. V. Khalipov

The paper examines public law regulators of foreign trade in goods, called special economic measures and measures of influence (counteraction) in Russian legislation. A comparative analysis of these measures is carried out with the uniform measures of non-tariff regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union. The fundamental difference between them is emphasized. Examples of special economic measures, measures of influence (counteraction), as well as the results of resolving an international dispute on the restriction of transit traffic through the territory of Russia are presented. The similarities and differences between special economic measures and measures of influence (counteraction) in by-laws are demonstrated. Attention is given to the terminology used in customs legal relations when monitoring compliance by individuals with prohibitions on the export of goods to unfriendly countries. The features of customs declaration of goods that create risks of violating established prohibitions are revealed. Regulatory clarifications are proposed that eliminate the possibility of circumventing measures of influence (counteraction) and preserve the rights of bona fide participants in foreign trade activities.

Hui Chen, Yun Zhao

This article examines theories of legal convergence and the practice of rule harmonization for online dispute resolution (ODR) in the Greater Bay Area (GBA). The ODR platforms in the GBA employ collaborative mechanisms, institutional alliances, international standards, and multi-jurisdiction remote hearings to promote the convergence of ODR rules. However, to date, the efforts made to promote ODR rule harmonization have not resolved the fundamental issue of a lack of uniform ODR legislation within the GBA. It is posited here that an independent model of legal convergence would be more applicable in the GBA context. The article calls for the GBA Legal Department Joint Conferences to provide general ODR standards and principles, with specific laws and regulations then formulated in the respective jurisdictions. Public and private ODR providers are found to play distinct roles in legal convergence, and specialized procedural rules should be formulated to ensure due process and cybersecurity in remote hearings.

Jannik Woxholth, D. Zetzsche, Ross P. Buckley et al.

At the height of the ‘crypto winter’, with several crypto intermediaries filing for insolvency and subjected to schemes of arrangement, who owns what and who has a claim on what becomes all important. At the same time, distributed ledger technologies are frequently presented as a digital solution to these perennial problems of competing claims to the same asset. This article makes two contributions to the literature. First, we show that neither current technology nor law solves the competing claims issue. Second, we suggest policy solutions based on a comparative legal analysis. In essence, the law must: (i) recognize property rights in crypto-assets; (ii) protect bona fide purchasers that receive crypto-assets from a transferor who exerts control over private keys; and (iii) facilitate the enforcement of titles in crypto-assets by the interplay of private and financial law. While full harmonization of national private laws is out of reach, some level of international consensus around these three principles would strengthen the impact of private law in the proper ordering and enforcement of claims to crypto-assets.

Phillip J. Haubrock, Ismael Soto, Irmak Kurtul et al.

Abstract Background Long-term biomonitoring of macroinvertebrates is a popular and valuable approach for assessing the status of freshwater ecosystems, identifying the impact of stressors, and evaluating ecosystem health. Although macroinvertebrate-based biomonitoring can be effective in detecting changes in distribution patterns and community trends over time, crayfish often remain undetected or unreported by biomonitoring efforts despite their importance in maintaining the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Results By analyzing a comprehensive database of long-term macroinvertebrate time series, we found that most sampling methods and assessment schemes can detect both native and non-native crayfish in running waters if sites are continuously sampled. However, native crayfish were detected to a lesser extent and by fewer methods. Kick-net sampling and assessment techniques prevailed as the most efficient methods for capturing crayfish. However, the substantial number of time series lacking crayfish data calls into question whether these methods are sufficiently comprehensive to encapsulate crayfish populations accurately. The use of other targeted methods such as baited traps or hand catching may provide a more reliable estimate of their presence. Conclusions Given the detrimental impacts of non-native crayfish and the decline in native crayfish populations, we strongly recommend that stakeholders and managers incorporate a combination of these approaches into their monitoring efforts. The use of different taxonomic levels (family vs. genus vs. species level) in estimating biological indices and biomonitoring tools can cause delays in identifying new non-native specie’s occurrences, hindering effective water quality assessment and ecosystem management by governments and stakeholders. Therefore, whenever possible, we call for standardized taxonomic levels for biomonitoring studies and management strategies to accurately address these issues and make recommendations going forward.

Бодров Н. Ф., Лебедева А. К.

Введение: статья посвящена анализу механизмов правового регулирования генеративного контента в Российской Федерации, алгоритма его маркирования. Анализ действующего законодательства показывает, что возрастание роли технологий искусственного интеллекта в современном обществе диктует необходимость совершенствования существующих, а также разработки новых норм для правового регулирования оборота генеративного контента. Российский законодатель предпринимает первые попытки разработки законодательных мер контроля за оборотом генеративного контента, однако в настоящее время отсутствует даже унифицированное определение дипфейка как основополагающего понятия данной сферы. Цель: на основе существующей классификации видов генеративного контента описать существующие виды его маркировки, представить определение дипфейка. Методы: сравнительно-правовой, эмпирические методы описания, интерпретации, теоретические методы формальной и диалектической логики, юридико-догматический и метод толкования правовых норм. Результаты: анализ видов генеративного контента, целей его распространения демонстрирует необходимость создания эффективных правовых и технологических механизмов регулирования. Разработаны теоретические положения о структуре субъектов создания и распространения генеративного контента, предложены рекомендации по установлению их правовых обязанностей и ответственности. Выводы: механизмы правового регулирования генеративного контента на данном этапе сводятся к следующему: закрепление обязанности технологических компаний и пользователей, создающих генеративный контент, использовать водяные знаки для маркирования контента в целях информирования иных лиц о генеративной природе контента; установление ответственности за отказ от маркировки или удаление какого-либо вида маркировки, неправомерное использование биометрических персональных данных для создания дипфейка; учет общественной опасности деяний, совершаемых с использованием дипфейка в качестве средства.

Wiwit Pratiwi, Sherly Nelsa Fitri

This research examines inheritance law in Indonesia which is very pluralistic and not uniform, consisting of civil inheritance law regulated in the Burgerlijk Wetboek (WB), customary inheritance law regulated in their respective customary inheritance laws based on the existing kinship system (patrilineal, matrilineal, and parental), and Islamic inheritance law regulated in Islamic law. In heading towards the unification of inheritance law in Indonesia, there are challenges and opportunities that must be faced due to the diversity of religions and cultures that exist in Indonesia. This research uses normative research methods. The subject matter will be studied juridically normative and juridically philosophical with a systemic and comparative juridical approach. The nature of this research is descriptive, namely describing the overall object that is explored and collected systematically. The approaches used in this research are statute approach and conceptual approach. In this research, library materials in the form of secondary data are used as the main source. Secondary data includes primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. These various data can be obtained through literature studies or online data searches. Data collection provides verification, correction, supplementation, and itemization of each other. Will be analyzed qualitatively after being collected. The results of this study, to unify inheritance law in Indonesia can be done by adjusting the elements of the applicable legal order within the framework of the legal system. In each legal system consists of 3 (three) sub-systems, namely legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture. Furthermore, to create opportunities for the unification of inheritance law in Indonesia, the steps that can be taken are studies and research related to the inheritance law system that applies in Indonesia; dialogue and discussion between stakeholders; submitting proposals and discussions at the legislative level to make rules for the unification of inheritance law in Indonesia; conducting socialization and education to the public about the importance of unification of inheritance law; and after the unification of inheritance law is passed, implementation and evaluation of its implementation are carried out.

Aurel Baiesu

This article analyses the arbitration clauses, called in doctrine and in international commercial jurisprudence "pathological" clauses, which are drafted poorly, being likely to impede the proper conduct of international commercial arbitration due to incomplete, imprecise, unclear or contradictory stipulations. The remedies for the affected clauses depend on the nature and severity of the pathology affecting each clause, and, often, the deficiencies of these clauses are removed, as far as possible, by applying the various methods of interpretation of the contractual clauses, which have crystallized in national legislations, uniform law and comparative jurisprudence. The courts and arbitral tribunals give various decisions, depending on the legal regulations and the international commercial customs that they consider applicable in the case, the jurisprudence in this field being different.

Sharon Weill

Transnational legal research often tends to overlook the local management of justice. It often moves too quickly from the local to the trans/global level, without taking the necessary time to investigate local practices. In addressing this research gap, my aim is to “re-localize“ studies within their geographical context and analyze the trans/national dynamics from within, using a bottom-up approach based on ethnography. This article presents a prolonged ethnography carried between 2017 and 2022 within French terrorism courts by a multidisciplinary team. The article provides an overview of the methodology, highlights the key finding, and offers a methodological framework for future empirical court studies, with the intention of supporting researchers in their future studies. La investigación jurídica transnacional a menudo tiende a pasar por alto la gestión local de la justicia. A menudo pasa demasiado rápido del nivel local al trans/global, sin tomarse el tiempo necesario para investigar las prácticas locales. Al abordar esta laguna en la investigación, mi objetivo es “relocalizar” los estudios dentro de su contexto geográfico y analizar las dinámicas trans/nacionales desde dentro, utilizando un enfoque ascendente basado en la etnografía. Este artículo presenta una etnografía prolongada llevada a cabo entre 2017 y 2022 dentro de los tribunales de terrorismo franceses por un equipo multidisciplinar. El artículo proporciona una visión general de la metodología, destaca el hallazgo clave y ofrece un marco metodológico para futuros estudios empíricos de tribunales, con la intención de apoyar a los investigadores en sus futuros estudios.

Li-Chen Cheng, Wei-Ting Lu, Benjamin Yeo

Abstract In 2021, the abnormal short-term price fluctuations of GameStop, which were triggered by internet stock discussions, drew the attention of academics, financial analysts, and stock trading commissions alike, prompting calls to address such events and maintain market stability. However, the impact of stock discussions on volatile trading behavior has received comparatively less attention than traditional fundamentals. Furthermore, data mining methods are less often used to predict stock trading despite their higher accuracy. This study adopts an innovative approach using social media data to obtain stock rumors, and then trains three decision trees to demonstrate the impact of rumor propagation on stock trading behavior. Our findings show that rumor propagation outperforms traditional fundamentals in predicting abnormal trading behavior. The study serves as an impetus for further research using data mining as a method of inquiry.

Novita Putri Yunardi

The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the implementation of the execution of the fiduciary guarantee, the obstacles encountered in the implementation of the execution of the fiduciary guarantee after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 in Jambi City and the countermeasures carried out in overcoming the obstacles encountered. Research Methods, the research used is empirical juridical. First, the results of the research are that the execution of fiduciary guarantees in Jambi City is still not in accordance with the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019. This can be seen from the three cases that the author raised in this study, it was stated that only one case carried out parate execution in accordance with the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019, and two other cases did not comply with the Court's decision. This means that there are still creditors who immediately carry out executions before submitting an Application for Confiscation of Execution to the District Court. Second, the obstacles encountered in implementing the execution of fiduciary guarantees after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 and the countermeasures made to overcome the obstacles faced, namely the obstacle since the entry into force of this decision is very difficult to collect from customers due to regulations -rule of law. Which if the rule of law is violated, PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance will bear the consequences. In addition, the debtor insists on not letting go of his unit and violates the payment deadline. The countermeasures carried out in overcoming the obstacles faced by PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance, namely if the debtor defaults, namely does not pay the installments that have been determined properly and has been given a subpoena, if the debtor becomes bankrupt, and the debtor dies and the heirs are absent. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pelaksanaan parate eksekusi, kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU-XVII/2019 di Kota Jambi dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi. Metode Penelitian Penelitian yang digunakan bersifat yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian Pertama, pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia di Kota Jambi masih belum sesuai dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari tiga kasus yang Penulis angkat dalam penelitian ini dinyatakan hanya satu kasus saja yang melakukan parate eksekusi sesuai dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019, dan dua kasus lainnya tidak sesuai Putusan Mahkamah tersebut. Artinya, masih terdapat pihak kreditur yang langsung melakukan eksekusi sebelum pengajukan Permohonan Sita Eksekusi ke Pengadilan Negeri. Kedua, kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019 dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi, yakni kendalanya sejak berlakunya putusan ini sangat sulit untuk melakukan penagihan terhadap nasabah karena adanya aturan-aturan hukum. Yang mana jika aturan hukum tersebut dilanggar, PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance yang menanggung konsekuensinya, selain itu debitur bersikeras untuk tidak mau mepaskan unitnya dan melanggar batas waktu pembayaran. Adapun upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance yaitu jika debitur melakukan wanprestasi, yaitu tidak membayar angsuran telah ditentukan sebagaimana mestinya dan telah diberi somasi, jika debitur jatuh pailit, dan Debitur meninggal dunia dan ahli warisnya tidak ada.

Rakhyun E. Kim, Catherine Blanchard, Louis J. Kotzé

V. Malichenko

The subject of the research is the legal regulation of public relations in the process of circulation of healthcare technologies. The purpose of the research is to analyze the features of convergence of legal regulation of the circulation of healthcare technologies in order to develop theoretical and practical proposals to counter modern challenges and threats in this area. The article is prepared using general scientific methods of cognition, including formal-logical and situational, and private-legal methods, such as comparative-legal, historical-legal and formal-legal. The novelty of the research lies in revelation of legal convergence in the system of international law as an important mechanism for the formation of access to safe, high-quality and effective technologies for healthcare and human security. The article summarizes the main threats in the sphere of circulation of healthcare technologies that require the introduction of uniform regulatory standards. The author analyzes the features of the harmonization and integration on the example of the activities of regional integration associations in order to form recommendations for the development of legal regulation of the circulation of healthcare technologies within the common market of the EAEU countries. The novelty of the article lies in the systematic consideration of legal convergence in the system of international law as an important mechanism for the formation of access to safe, high-quality and effective healthcare technologies and ensuring human safety. Justifying the lack of a systematic approach to the convergence of international legal regulation of the circulation of healthcare technologies, the author suggests considering the possibility of preparing a normative legal act of a universal nature in this area, by analogy with codifying conventions in other branches of international law. The author analyzes the features of the harmonization and integration on the example of the activities of regional integration associations in order to form recommendations for the development of legal regulation of the circulation of healthcare technologies within the framework of the common market of the EAEU countries

Tinaye Chivizhe

The core requirement of a demand guarantee is to receive payment through the delivery of documents or a call for payment that meets the requirements of the demand guarantee. The call for payment may be accompanied by a declaration alleging a breach of the underlying agreement or a statement with full particulars of the breach. However, the extent to which the data in the supporting statement or statement of breach must comply with the guarantee requirements is not always entirely clear. Over the years, a strict standard of compliance of the statement with the terms of the guarantee has been employed. This has threatened the commercial use of demand guarantees due to demands for payment being rejected. This article draws upon the approach in resolving the problems related to the conformity of a statement accompanying the call for payment through an analysis of international instruments applicable to demand guarantees (the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (URDG758); the International Standby Practices (ISP98); the United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit (UNCITRAL Convention); the Supreme Court of the People's Republic of China Letter of Credit Rules (Chinese LC Rules); the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Disputes Over Independent Guarantees (Chinese IGP), the recently issued International Standard Demand Guarantees Practice (ISDGP) and international case law in an attempt to find the most feasible approach for South African law. A supporting statement accompanying a call for payment is conforming if it indicates the event triggering the guarantor's obligation to pay as specified in the demand guarantee. Furthermore, in ascertaining whether a supporting statement is compliant, a technical interpretation of the terms of the guarantee should be avoided in favour of one that advances the common intention and purpose of the guarantee.

Since the 1968 Brussels Convention EU civil procedure law has grown largely both in numbers of legal instruments and in intensity. However, the existing EU Regulations have an EU-internal focus. Relations with third countries are dealt with in a disparate manner. This is suboptimal for cooperation with non-EU countries. Therefore, the EU has concluded the Lugano Convention with some European countries, but this is not a globally suitable approach. Based on comparative analyses and country-specific reports (EU member countries as well as non-EU countries), the book develops a structured approach for future action, be it by modification of existing EU regulations, passing new regulations, negotiating new multilateral or bilateral treaties (e.g. in the framework of the Hague Conference on Private International Law), developing soft law or passing national legislation, preferably on a uniform or coordinated basis together with third countries. The book deals also with Brexit issues.

Benjamin J. Appel

Sara Mitchell and Andrew Owsiak's examination of the impact of UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Article 287 declarations on the peaceful resolution of maritime disputes significantly advances the literature on the relationship between international law/international courts and maritime issues. To their credit, the authors employ a wide range of empirical tests in the article to provide readers with confidence in the empirical results. Nonetheless, there are some important limitations in their approach. Drawing on insights from the causal inference literature, I argue that Mitchell and Owsiak's empirical analyses suffer from two biases that both (1) raise concerns about the causal relationships identified in the article, and (2) suggest some important scope conditions in its empirical findings. I investigate the biases and propose suggestions for legal scholarship to produce more credible results.

A. Garro, J. M. Rodríguez