Hasil untuk "Analytical chemistry"

F. Pena-Pereira, Wojciech Wojnowski, M. Tobiszewski

Green analytical chemistry focuses on making analytical procedures more environmentally benign and safer to humans. The amounts and toxicity of reagents, generated waste, energy requirements, the number of procedural steps, miniaturization, and automation are just a few of the multitude of criteria considered when assessing an analytical methodology’s greenness. The use of greenness assessment criteria requires dedicated tools. We propose the Analytical GREEnness calculator, a comprehensive, flexible, and straightforward assessment approach that provides an easily interpretable and informative result. The assessment criteria are taken from the 12 principles of green analytical chemistry (SIGNIFICANCE) and are transformed into a unified 0–1 scale. The final score is calculated based on the SIGNIFICANCE principles. The result is a pictogram indicating the final score, performance of the analytical procedure in each criterion, and weights assigned by the user. Freely available software makes the assessment procedure straightforward. It is open-source and downloadable from https://mostwiedzy.pl/AGREE.

S. Maurer

A. Shishov, A. Bulatov, M. Locatelli et al.

Adrián Fuente-Ballesteros, Víctor Martínez-Martínez, A. M. Ares et al.

The violet innovation grade index (VIGI) is a pioneering metric designed to evaluate the degree of innovation in analytical methods. This study introduces the VIGI tool (https://bit.ly/VIGItool) and demonstrates its application in assessing the innovative potential of various analytical techniques. VIGI integrates ten distinct criteriasample preparation and instrumentation, data processing and software, white analytical chemistry and its derivatives, regulatory compliance, materials and reagents, miniaturization, automation, interdisciplinarity, sensitivity, and approachproviding a comprehensive evaluation that complements existing green, blue, and red metrics. Each method is assessed using a survey-based approach, resulting in a star-shaped decagon pictogram that visually represents its innovation score. The VIGI metric was successfully applied to five case studies, revealing insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each method in terms of innovation. Methods incorporating advanced materials, miniaturized devices, and automation scored highly, reflecting their cutting-edge contributions to analytical chemistry. Conversely, methods lacking advanced data processing or interdisciplinary applications scored lower, highlighting areas for potential improvement. This work underscores the importance of prioritizing innovative metrics like VIGI in the development and evaluation of analytical methods to ensure that analytical chemistry remains at the forefront of scientific advancement through more effective and sustainable practices.

Mohd. Azeem, Sneha Patel, Rishabh Ranjan et al.

Aim: Crestal reduction at implants occurs within the first year of pressure due beginning physiologic remodelling phase following surgical trauma and function loading of the crestal bone. Materials and Methods: Ninety-seven individuals were assessed for 4.1 mm bone-level implantation. Participants were separated onto three categories according to how much vertically gingival width: test T1, test T2, along with control C. A radiographic analysis was done afterwards implant placement, two months afterwards recovery, prostheses repair, and a follow-up appointment for one year. The Mann-Whitney U-test was employed, with a threshold of significance of 0.05. Results: While the variations among T2 and C hadn’t been relevant either mesially (P = 0.861) or distal (P = 0.827), the variations were substantial (P = 0.000) comparing T1/T2 and T1/C. Conclusion: The breakdown of bones may be significantly lowered when osteo-level prostheses are put in inherently dense tissue rather than thinner biotypes.

Bethany C. Gross, S. Y. Lockwood, D. Spence

Sung Ho Yun, Md Arif-Ur Rahman, Soo-Bin Nam et al.

Abstract The human norovirus (abbreviated as HuNV) is the most common agent responsible for acute viral gastroenteritis. Despite being recognized as a water-borne pathogenic virus for a long time, the cellular tropism of norovirus has not yet been clearly explained. The main reason is the lack of appropriate cell culture and animal model systems for HuNV infection. Murine norovirus (abbreviated as MNV) is often used as a proxy for human norovirus when trying to understand the expression profiles left behind by norovirus infection in a host. In the current study, the host response to MNV was examined using the macrophage Raw 264.7 in terms of the altered host proteomes. After MNV infection, host Raw 264.7 cell lysates were collected for proteome profiling at the time points of 0.5 hpi (early phase, control), 16 hpi (mid-phase), and 24 hpi (late phase). LC–MS analysis was employed for label-free shotgun proteomics on the host cell proteomes. The progression of MNV infection status was monitored using an immunofluorescence-conjugated noroviral capsid protein VP1 and a confocal microscope. The up-regulation of Ras GTPases such Rab5A and Rab6A was found to be implicated in norovirus gastroenteritis, as revealed by proteomic profiling. Consequently, the recognition of Ras-related proteins can lead to a better understanding of how noroviral infection affects the immune system of the host cell.

Audrey Grandjean, Anaïs Becker, Mathilde Mascles et al.

In environments with elevated air pollution, highly reactive aldehydes pose significant health concerns. This study proposes a simultaneous analysis of 13 carbonyl compounds, according to the ISO 16,000–3 reference method, adapted for a novel transportable High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) system. The transportable HPLC system consists of a reinforced analytical suitcase and a computer suitcase, each equipped with spring systems to fortify them against impact. The system features a straightforward isocratic pump, ensuring reliability and ease of operation, while sample delivery is managed by a piston pump coupled to a multiplexing valve. Derived carbonyl compounds with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine were separated in isocratic mode using water and acetonitrile with a reverse-phase column in less than 20 min. Out of the 13 hydrazones, only 2-butanone-2,4-DNPH (BO-DNPH) and butanal-2,4-DNPH (BA-DNPH) were fully coeluted, and separation of the other critical pairs containing 3 and 4 carbons was achieved. The method was applied to the transportable HPLC equipped with a UV or light-emitting diode (LED) detector. These results were compared with the ones obtained on two benchtop laboratory HPLCs equipped with a diode array detector (DAD). The limit of detection (LOD) for the hydrazones of the carbonyl compounds ranged from 0.12 to 0.38 mg L–1 with the UV detector and 0.45 to 1.04 mg L–1 with the LED detector. Precision was determined from consecutive injections of the analytes to yield RSD<11.5% (UV) and RSD<14.1% (LED). Performances were close to that of the laboratory HPLCs, either in sensitivity, resolution, or repeatability with overall more accurate and robust results with the UV than with the LED detector. Despite the LED system not fully meeting the standard method requirements with linearities correlation coefficients lower than 0.999, both systems and methods were validated for the isocratic analysis of hydrazones for aldehydes and ketones quantification. An additional comparison was made with the literature regarding both the isocratic method developed and the transportable system.

Ahmed. E. Suliman, Ahmed H. Mangood, Naema S. Yehia et al.

Abstract The petroleum industry, characterized by the significant investment in costly equipment and devices utilized in the extraction, production, or processing of crude oil, can result in the loss of valuable assets or the crude itself. This research involved the synthesis of a Schiff base from substituted gallic acid derivatives through an intermediate reaction known as N-(2-{2-[2-(2-amino-ethylamino)-ethylamino]-ethylamino}-ethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzamide (AEET). The synthesized compound was characterized using FTIR and 1HNMR spectroscopy to evaluate its effectiveness in inhibition. The performance of the inhibitors was assessed through an electrochemical process that included Tafel and EIS. This evaluation was supported by theoretical mechanisms involving density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). To validate the findings from the electrochemical studies, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was employed to examine the topographic anisotropy characteristics between the treated and untreated samples of mild steel species. The bioassay diluted serial technique was utilized to assess the AEET as effective biocides for managing bacterial growth issues. This evaluation included an analysis of the AEET’s efficiency in inhibiting sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Additionally, computational methods were described, demonstrating optimal scores, RMSD values, and binding interaction energies associated with the formation of hydrogen bonds with specific receptor residues to investigate the biological activity.

Pradnya S. Jadhav, Siddhi Hathiwala, MR Arjun et al.

Background: Tobacco use remains a significant public health concern in both rural and urban populations, contributing to a wide array of oral and systemic health complications. Dental professionals play a pivotal role in identifying and educating patients about the risks of tobacco use and facilitating cessation. However, awareness levels and accessibility to cessation support may vary between rural and urban populations. This study aims to assess and compare the awareness of tobacco cessation among dental patients in rural and urban settings. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted over a period of three months across two dental clinics—one located in an urban setting and the other in a rural area. A total of 400 patients were recruited (200 urban, 200 rural). A structured and validated questionnaire assessed awareness regarding the health risks of tobacco, knowledge of cessation methods, and attitude towards quitting. Data were analyzed using SPSS software Version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were employed to determine significant differences between groups, with a significance level set at P < 0.05. Results: Out of the total 400 participants, 58% of urban patients demonstrated high awareness of tobacco-related health risks compared to 34% in the rural group. Knowledge of cessation aids like nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and counseling was reported in 42% of urban respondents and only 18% of rural respondents. Willingness to quit tobacco use within the next six months was significantly higher among urban participants (64%) than rural participants (39%) (P = 0.002). The difference in awareness and readiness to quit between the two groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: The study reveals a considerable disparity in tobacco cessation awareness between urban and rural dental patients. Targeted educational and cessation interventions tailored to rural populations are essential to bridge this gap and promote healthier behaviors across all demographics.

S. Ražić, J. Arsenijević, Svetlana Đogo Mračević et al.

More environment-friendly solvents in analytical chemistry are almost inevitable in both sample preparation and analysis to meet the high standards of sustainable chemistry and human welfare. In this review paper, a critical look at the advantages and still unsolved problems of most potential classes of green solvents is presented to give an overview of the current state-of-the-art in this field. Replacing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by ecofriendly and benign solvents in extractions/separations in sample preparation, as the most tedious and demanding step in analysis, is one of roads toward sustainable chemistry. Water under sub- and supercritical conditions, carbon-dioxide, ionic liquids (ILs), deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and those of natural origin (NADES) belong to the most promising classes of solvents in green analytical chemistry. Basic theory and mechanisms of their use illustrated by representative but not exhaustive list of examples related to complex matrices (environmental and natural food products) from analytical practice are presented in this review. Perspectives of QuEChERS, in line with GAC principles, are highlighted, in line with current trends of "going green" for quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe analytical methods. Compliance with green chemistry (GC), especially green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles, is not a fashionable issue but, more the trend toward a sustainable future with greener chemistry; thus, green metrics are an unavoidable tool to measure how green the applied method or procedure is. Herein, the most common tools will be presented and discussed, such as national environmental method index (NEMI), analytical ecoscale, green analytical procedure index (GAPI), analytical greenness calculator (AGREE), complementary green analytical procedure index (ComplexGAPI), and analytical greenness metric for sample preparation (AGREEprep). The future trends for research and development in this still expanding field are presented in a critical view of advantages and disadvantages as well as improvement of the validation of analytical procedures. The creation of new certified reference materials (CRMs) and validated methods for specified analytes in complex matrices is a demanding task in the coming years. Tailor-made solvents with physicochemical properties for intended use are required for the selective extraction and separation and open numerous possibilities and huge potential for future research and industrial applications.

M. J. Trujillo-Rodríguez, He Nan, Marcelino Varona et al.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are a highly unique class of non-molecular solvents that possess melting points below 100 ºC.1 ILs that have melting points below room temperature are often referred to as room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). ILs possess a wide variety of unique physico-chemical properties, including low or negligible vapor pressure at room temperature, high thermal and electrochemical stability, and high conductivity.2.

Emmanouil D. Tsochatzis, Helen Gika, Georgios Theodoridis et al.

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) pervade both the environment and the food chain, originating from the degradation of plastic materials from various sources. Their ubiquitous presence raises concerns for ecosystem safety, as well as the health of animals and humans. While evidence suggests their infiltration into mammalian and human tissues and their association with several diseases, the precise toxicological effects remain elusive and require further investigation. MPs and NPs sample preparation and analytical methods are quite scattered without harmonized strategies to exist at the moment.A significant challenge lies in the limited availability of methods for the chemical characterization and quantification of these contaminants. MPs and NPs can undergo further degradation, driven by abiotic or biotic factors, resulting in the formation of cyclic or linear oligomers. These oligomers can serve as indicative markers for the presence or exposure to MPs and NPs. Moreover, recent finding concerning the aggregation of oligomers to form NPs, makes their analysis as markers very important.Recent advancements have led to the development of sensitive and robust analytical methods for identifying and (semi)quantifying these oligomers in environmental, food, and biological samples. These methods offer a valuable complementary approach for determining the presence of MPs and NPs and assessing their risk to human health and the environment.

Nessreen S. Abdelhamid, Huda Salem AlSalem, Faisal K. Algethami et al.

For the first time, two direct and eco-friendly chromatographic approaches were adapted for the simultaneous estimation of pheniramine maleate (PAM) and its major toxic impurity, 2-benzyl pyridine (BNZ). Method A used reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography; separation was achieved within 4 min using a C₁₈ column with a developing system of methanol/water (60:40 <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) with a 0.1 mL/min flow rate. Photodiode array detection was adjusted at 215 nm. The method was linear in the ranges of 5.0–70.0 and 0.05–10.0 µg/mL for PAM and BNZ, correspondingly. Method B used thin-layer chromatography; separation was applied on silica gel TLC F₂₅₄ using ethanol/ethyl acetate/liquid ammonia (8:2:0.1, in volumes) at room temperature, at 265 nm. Linearity was assured at concentration ranges 0.5–8.0 and 0.1–3.0 µg/band for the two components, respectively. Generally, the new UPLC and TLC methods outperform the old ones in terms of quickness, greenness, and sensitivity. Concisely, the greenness features were partially achieved using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and the Analytical Greenness (AGREE) pictograms. In contrast, the usefulness of the novel approaches was assured via the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) tool.

Shuaihua Zhang, Qian Yang, Chun Wang et al.

Porous organic frameworks (POFs), a general term for covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs), covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), etc., are constructed from organic building monomers with strong covalent bonds and have generated great interest among researchers. The remarkable features, such as large surface areas, permanent porosity, high thermal and chemical stability, and convenient functionalization, promote the great potential of POFs in diverse applications. A critical overview of the important development in the design and synthesis of COFs, CTFs, and PAFs is provided and their state‐of‐the‐art applications in analytical chemistry are discussed. POFs and their functional composites have been explored as advanced materials in “turn‐off” or “turn‐on” fluorescence detection and novel stationary phases for chromatographic separation, as well as a promising adsorbent for sample preparation methods. In addition, the prospects for the synthesis and utilization of POFs in analytical chemistry are also presented. These prospects can offer an outlook and reference for further study of the applications of POFs.

Rano Mamadalieva, Vahobjon Khujaev, Michal Šoral et al.

The genus <i>Allochrusa</i> (Caryophyllaceae) comprises nine species, which are native to Central Asia, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus. They have been used in folk medicine and in the preparation of various sweets and detergents, especially in Asian countries. A diversity of secondary metabolites has been reported from the genus <i>Allochrusa</i>, including triterpene glycosides, ecdysteroids, flavonoids, volatile compounds, fatty acids, polysaccharides, pectins, hemicelluloses, and other phytochemicals. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on isolated compound fractions and extracts from <i>Allochrusa</i> species showed anti-inflammatory, adjuvant, hemolytic, cytotoxic, antifungal, analgesic, antioxidant, and other activities. In this review, the chemical compounds and diverse biological activities of the <i>Allochrusa</i> genus are summarized.

Niharika Patel, Zeeshan Heera Ahmad, Shahzad Ali Shah et al.

Objectives: This research was done to evaluate how the root canal taper affects the Endodontically Treated Teeth (ETT) prepared with the TruNatomy and Protaper Next file systems in terms of fracture resistance. Materials and Method: Forty recently extracted mandibular premolar teeth were used in this research, which was classified into four groups at random. Groups 1a and 1b used TruNatomy 4% and 6%, respectively, while groups 2a and 2b used the Protaper Next 4% and 6% file systems, respectively. The root canals were cleaned, shaped, and sealed using cold lateral compaction. The root canals were then fixed in standardized autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks and tested for vertical root fracture using a universal testing machine. Newtons were used to measure the forces needed to cause fractures. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: In comparison with other groups, group 1a (TruNatomy 4%) displayed greater fracture resistance (423.322.43 Newtons), and group 2b (Protaper Next 6%) displayed the least fracture resistance (264.512.76 Newtons). Conclusion: Protaper Next file system had lower fracture resistance than TruNatomy file system. With the use of greater taper instruments, a notable decrease in the fracture resistance of ETT was observed.

Ayşe ŞAP, Mehmet YAMAN, Emine AKYÜZ TURUMTAY

Curcuminoids are the active ingredients of Curcuma longa L. and are one of the most researched subjects owing to their biological activities. This study focuses on the structural analysis of curcuminoids isolated from turmeric roots using NMR spectroscopy. Turmeric rhizomes were extracted with methanol and hexane. Curcuminoids were isolated using column chromatography, and preparative HPLC-UV. The structures of the isolated compounds were characterized using FT-IR, UV-Vis, and GC-MS as well as NMR. Spectral and physicochemical data showed that isolated curcuminoids (ar-turmeron, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin) were obtained entirely from the turmeric rhizomes. When both isolation methods are compared, it was concluded that the prep-HPLC method is efficient and practical, while column chromatography is cheap and easy. In both methods, efficient and pure curcuminoids could be easily obtained by using the solvent mixtures specified in this study.

P. Oliveri

R. Brereton, Jeroen Jansen, J. Lopes et al.