Hasil untuk "Public law"

Geraldo Willson Fernandes, Gabriel Arvelino de Paula, Mariana G. Bender et al.

Brazil’s General Environmental Licensing Law (No. 15,190/2025) redefines environmental governance under the banner of “simplification” but effectively dismantles preventive safeguards. The law introduces self-declared licensing, automatic license renewals, and broad exemptions for agriculture and livestock, while restricting public participation. Although partial presidential vetoes removed some unconstitutional provisions, these vetoes may still be overturned by Congress. Key omissions, such as the absence of vetoes on Articles 7 and 9, preserve mechanisms that weaken oversight and accountability. Within Brazil’s decentralized system, where most authorizations are issued by state agencies, the law consolidates existing permissive practices and deepens regulatory asymmetry. This new framework lowers the national baseline for environmental protection, threatens biodiversity, and jeopardizes Brazil’s ability to meet international climate and biodiversity commitments. Instead of modernizing procedures or strengthening institutional capacity, the law normalizes shortcuts that externalize environmental costs and undermine democratic participation.

Piotr Merks, Urszula Religioni, Régis Vaillancourt et al.

Introduction: Minor digestive ailments are a common reason for individuals to visit pharmacies, and can be efficiently managed through structured pharmaceutical advice. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of advice provided by pharmacists in community pharmacies from the perspectives of both patients and pharmacists. The primary focus of the study was not on assessing the effectiveness of a specific medication, but rather on the pharmaceutical advice provided. Materials and Methods: This prospective multicenter observational study was conducted between January and March 2025 in community pharmacies across Poland among adult patients with dyspepsia without alarm symptoms and included two visits: an initial visit and a follow-up phone call after 7–14 days. Symptom severity across seven domains was assessed using a GSRS-based tool, and data on adherence, treatment regimen, patient satisfaction, and acceptable costs of the two-visit service were collected. Statistical analyses (<i>p</i> < 0.05) using both parametric and non-parametric tests were performed on data from 100 participants who completed the study, with cost data serving as a proxy for willingness to pay. Results: Most patients (92.7%) reported symptom improvement, with a median time to relief of 3 days and good treatment adherence. The greatest benefits were observed for abdominal pain and flatulence, and higher baseline symptom severity was consistently associated with greater improvement. Service acceptability was high, and patients’ reported willingness to pay suggests perceived value and potential economic feasibility of the service. Conclusions: Structured pharmaceutical advice for digestive ailments (including triage, education, management plans, and monitoring of effects) led to rapid and clinically significant improvements in most patients. This approach demonstrates high adherence rates and positive acceptability. The stability of effects across different demographic groups, along with a predictable pattern of changes in various domains, supports the expansion of this service and customization of educational messages.

Kazimierz Dullak, Łukasz Pniewski

Separation leads out from the Latin term separation, which means separation, disconnection and isolation. In Polish civil law it depends on canceling the matrimonial community and separation from the community of Home (table and bed). Arising as an effect of serious crisis separation doesn’t cause a solution of the legal relationship existing between parties. It also doesn’t authorize them to get married again. The legislator releases parties only from obligation to the common life, but does not give them full freedom. Also Catholic Church gives possibility for spouses who want to certainly part from each other with sanction of separation. But it’s an exception which is supposed to mitigate the way out of hard life situations. This regulation, lead out from the canonic law, was introduced into the Polish statutory recently in 1999, as a realization of the Constitution and Concordat. Below elaborate approximates institution of separation, its sense, aim and functions. It presents appearing similarities between these two systems of law in the fields of premises, orders and effects. This way it shows useful and public meaning of separation.

Linnet Ongeri, Miriam Nyawira, Symon M. Kariuki et al.

Background Little is known about the reasons for suicidal behaviour in Africa, and communities’ perception of suicide prevention. A contextualised understanding of these reasons is important in guiding the implementation of potential suicide prevention interventions in specific settings. Aims To understand ideas, experiences and opinions on reasons contributing to suicidal behaviour in the Coast region of Kenya, and provide recommendations for suicide prevention. Method We conducted a qualitative study with various groups of key informants residing in the Coast region of Kenya, using in-depth interviews. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and translated from the local language before thematic inductive content analysis. Results From the 25 in-depth interviews, we identified four key themes as reasons given for suicidal behaviour: interpersonal and relationship problems, financial and economic difficulties, mental health conditions and religious and cultural influences. These reasons were observed to be interrelated with each other and well-aligned to the suggested recommendations for suicide prevention. We found six key recommendations from our thematic content analysis: (a) increasing access to counselling and social support, (b) improving mental health awareness and skills training, (c) restriction of suicide means, (d) decriminalisation of suicide, (e) economic and education empowerment and (f) encouraging religion and spirituality. Conclusions The reasons for suicidal behaviour are comparable with high-income countries, but suggested prevention strategies are more contextualised to our setting. A multifaceted approach in preventing suicide in (coastal) Kenya is warranted based on the varied reasons suggested. Community-based interventions will likely improve and increase access to suicide prevention in this study area.

Naoki Igarashi, Yukihiko Okada, Hiroki Sayama et al.

Abstract Public memories of significant events shared within societies and groups have been conceptualized and studied as collective memory since the 1920s. Thanks to the recent advancement in digitization of public-domain knowledge and online user behaviors, collective memory has now become a subject of rigorous quantitative investigation using large-scale empirical data. Earlier studies, however, typically considered only one dynamical process applied to data obtained in just one specific event category. Here we propose a two-phase mathematical model of collective memory decay that combines exponential and power-law phases, which represent fast (linear) and slow (nonlinear) decay dynamics, respectively. We applied the proposed model to the Wikipedia page view data for articles on significant events in five categories: earthquakes, deaths of notable persons, aviation accidents, mass murder incidents, and terrorist attacks. Results showed that the proposed two-phase model compared favorably with other existing models of collective memory decay in most of the event categories. The estimated model parameters were found to be similar across all the event categories. The proposed model also allowed for detection of a dynamical switching point when the dominant decay dynamics exhibit a phase shift from exponential to power-law. Such decay phase shifts typically occurred about 10 to 11 days after the peak in all of the five event categories.

Dominik Kubacki

The purpose of this article. The purpose of this study is to identify the occurrence of misselling in the process of offering and selling corporate bonds of GetBack SA. Methodology. The study included a literature review, analysis of secondary data derived from official documents such as decisions issued by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, reports of the Supreme Audit Office, and studies by the Financial Ombudsman. The result of the research. The area where the phenomenon of misselling occurred is undoubtedly the case regarding the process of offering and selling bonds of GetBack SA. The circumstances of the case indicate that there were irregularities in the sales process, which consisted in misleading the customers about the offered products, which were not adapted to their needs and carried a high investment risk, disregarding their investor knowledge. Furthermore, in the opinion of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection and the Financial Ombudsman.

Saleha Fatma Lubis, Syafri Gunawan, Khoiruddin Manahan Siregar

This thesis discusses the implementation of Law No. 36 of 2009 Article 115 paragraph 1 letter E concerning a smoke-free area on public transportation in Panyabungan District, Mandailing Natal Regency. This research is motivated by the existence of problems that often occur and are found in the Panyabungan sub-district, Mandailing Natal district, namely the habit of smoking in public transportation facilities as well as in village transportation carried out by the community, both the community as a public transport driver and the community as a passenger so that the habit What the community does is clearly violates law number 36 of 2009 precisely in article 115 paragraph 1 letter E which in that article prohibits smoking in non-smoking areas, namely on public transportation. The type of research used by the researcher is descriptive qualitative research. The data used are primary and secondary data. Data collection methods include observation, interviews, and documentation. The data collected were analyzed using editing, verification, and analysis methods. In this study the researchers found the results that the implementation of a smoke-free area in village transportation in the Panyabungan sub-district, Mandailing Natal district, had been implemented but it was still far from the maximum, this was due to the inhibiting factors of its implementation such as: lack of socialization carried out by the government with the community, lack of information and knowledge of the community, its human resources, the narrowness of people's thinking both as passengers and transport drivers, the absence of a special team, the absence of a budget, the absence of supervision, and the lack of support from the local government.

Annagiulia Di Trana, Jeremy Carlier, Jeremy Carlier et al.

Ildikó Wieland, Levente Kovács, Taras Savchenko

The article is devoted to the research of theoretical principles of development of such components of the financial market as the money market and the capital market, identification of key differences between them on the basis of the analysis of scientific professional literature and key provisions of the legislative framework, substantiation of the general interpretation of their essence that could be used in international practice. The article analyzes the peculiarities of formation and functioning of each type of markets, traditional differences between them, examines international practice and statistics on the use of these terms by economic agents, defines the legal basis for understanding their essence and the legal basis for the delineation of these two types of markets. It is proved that a thorough analysis of the peculiarities of the functioning of individual markets, the frequency and popularity of the use of their definitions in economic practice, the definition of users of these types of markets and their functions, form the prerequisites for clarifying the definitions of the essence of each of these markets, with their further global harmonization. The result of the research is the authors’ own interpretations of the concepts of “money market” and “capital market”. The money market offers an understanding of the transaction system for the purchase and sale of liquid cash or other short-term financial assets, which typically include short-term financial liabilities (up to one year), the purpose of which is usually to provide financing for current operations, short-term profit or financial risk management in the short-term. The capital market is defined in the article as a system of transactions for the purchase and sale of financial assets, which include securities, derivatives or financial transactions, which usually involve long-term financial liabilities, the purpose of which is to satisfy capital requirements or increase capital.

Jędrzej Bujny, Mikołaj Maśliński

Social rental housing is one of the possible instruments which are applied to ensure the satisfaction of housing needs. However, public funds which are transferred to entities that operate within this area should be usually classified as State aid. The analysis presented in this paper concerns the following question: is it possible to consider the operation of a social rental housing program as services of general economic interest. This question seems to be a topical issue because of a new legislative initiative aiming at establishing a governmental housing program that was implemented by the Act of 10 September 2015 which amended the Act on certain forms of supporting housing construction. The aforementioned program stipulates the legal frames for refundable and preferential financing that may be granted to specific entities in order to realise investments in social rental housing. The governmental housing program complements earlier local housing policies in force. What is significant is that the Polish legislator decided to qualify support granted as services of general economic interest, as referred to in Commission Decision 2012/21/UE of 20 December 2011 on the Application of Article 106(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to State aid in the form of public service compensation granted to certain undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest. Applying Commission Decision 2012/21/UE to this situation raises some doubts as to the lack of clarity of a term “social housing”. Due to a certain controversy over the abovementioned issue, the authors have attempted to examine whether the application of preferential provisions of Commission Decision 2012/21/UE to the social housing program is in accordance with the relevant provisions of EU competition rules.

Omnia Farouk Abd El-Samia Mohamed El-Sokhary

The Objective of the Study: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the risks and challenges that may face external auditors while adopting the online auditing to determine the extent of auditors' risks and responsibilities in such environment.           The Methodology of the Study: inorder to achieve this objective, the researcher used an experimental study to test the study's hypotheses,theresearcher selected a sample of (75) specialists from different categories to explore their opinion about the research's subject including:  External Auditors, Financial Managers and Academics.            The Findings of the Study: The study's findings indicated that applying online auditing becomes imperative, there are some risks associated with online auditing practices and there is an ambiguity surrounding the auditors' role in respect to online auditing.

Doinița CIOCÎRLAN

Even though, from a theoretical standpoint, professional management (considered authentic management) is a truism, the economic practice often proves the opposite. We need to admit that, in recent years, we have witnessed an alarming increase in the number of conjectural managers, of conjectural leaders, a phenomenon with negative effects on the economic, financial and managerial performance of the organizations they run, whether they operate in the public or the private sector. The negative effects are certainly not limited to the respective organizations, but propagate at society level. An authentic manager is a person who has managerial competences both in the domain they manage, proven by means of having graduated from specialized educational programs of certain higher education institutions (certified by means of graduation diplomas in compliance with the law, which warrants that their owners acquired the respective program’s general and specialized competences), and, also, by means of the results of their exerting managerial prerogatives in actual practice (managerial performance indicators and implicitly the economic, financial and managerial performance indicators of the organization/management structure they run, the supporting documentation mainly being the management agreement, the respective manager’s institutional assessments, the management reports, the audit reports and the organization’s financial-accounting documents during the management term/agreement). The objective of the research is to create a tool which makes it possible to quantify managerial performance and to design a new situational management based on correlating result indicators with organizational and managerial competence.

Aneta Michalska-Warias

The commentary refers to the problem of the minimal time of participation in a criminal organised group. The author agrees with the Appellate Court in Wrocław that the lawmaker establishes no minimal period of such participation and – since the perpetrator needs not assume any specific activities in the organised structure – the time of his participation may indeed be quite short. It is stressed, however, that the minimal time of an offender’s participation should be distinguished from the minimal time of a group’s existence. The last one, though again no formal limits are set by the lawmaker, should in most cases, for evidence reasons, be longer. It is stressed that the existence of an organised criminal group ought not to be deduced from the fact that numerous offenders committed an offence together. The author approves the opinion expressed in the commented sentence that an organised criminal group may intend to commit only one offence.

Shannon E. Majowicz, E. Jane Parmley, Carolee Carson et al.

Abstract Objective Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical public health issue that involves interrelationships between people, animals, and the environment. Traditionally, interdisciplinary efforts to mitigate AMR in the food chain have involved public health, human and veterinary medicine, and agriculture stakeholders. Our objective was to identify a more diverse range of stakeholders, beyond those traditionally engaged in AMR mitigation efforts, via diagramming both proximal and distal factors impacting, or impacted by, use and resistance along the Canadian food chain. Results We identified multiple stakeholders that are not traditionally engaged by public health when working to mitigate AMR in the food chain, including those working broadly in the area of food (e.g., nutrition, food security, international market economists) and health (e.g., health communication, program evaluation), as well as in domains as diverse as law, politics, demography, education, and social innovation. These findings can help researchers and policymakers who work on issues related to AMR in the food chain to move beyond engaging the ‘traditional’ agri-food stakeholders (e.g., veterinarians, farmers), to also engage those from the wider domains identified here, as potential stakeholders in their AMR mitigation efforts.

Yusdianto Yusdianto

Abstrak Hubungan antara kewenangan pusat dengan daerah di Indonesia mengalami pasang surut sesuai rezim penyelenggaraan negara. Sejak reformasi, telah terdapat beberapa kali perubahan format otonomi daerah. Dalam Pasal 18 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 sebagai landasan konstitusi dan dasar instrumen pemerintahan daerah dalam pelaksanaannya selalu tidak konsisten mengenai dekonsentrasi, desentralisasi, dan medebewind. Setelah dilakukan penelaahan terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah dapat diketahui beberapa pokok dalam undang-undang tersebut. Pertama, perumus dan pelaksana undang-undang berusaha menyeimbangkan kontekstualitas dan eksistensi pemerintah daerah lebih prudent atau sebaliknya kembali dalam skema shadow sentralisasi. Hal ini didukung dalam Pasal 9 menyebutkan urusan pemerintahan dibagi menjadi 3 (tiga) yang terdiri atas urusan pemerintahan absolut, konkuren, dan umum. Bentuk negara kesatuan (unitary state) diartikan sebagai penyeragaman daripada perbedaan. Kedua, lebih digunakannya konsep otonomi daerah melalui sistem rumah tangga materiil daripada sistem rumah tanggal formal dan nyata (riil). Sehingga, dengan dekonsentrasi maka suatu sistem pemerintah memiliki kewenangan luas dalam melaksanakan isu strategis di daerah. Ketiga, pemerintah pusat dengan provinsi diberikan kewenangan besar untuk mengawasi kotamadya atau kabupaten. Provinsi yang sebelumnya memiliki daya tawar lemah dan terbatas, diperkuat dengan penambahan fungsi dan kewenangan kepada gubernur. Keempat, efisiensi dan efektifitas lebih diutamakan dengan menggerus otonomi daerah yang luas, nyata dan bertanggung jawab. Prinsip-prinsip demokrasi, peran-serta masyarakat, pemerataan dan keadilan, serta memperhatikan potensi dan keanekaragaman daerah terabaikan. Abstract The relationship of central and local authorities in Indonesia have ups and downs in accordance regime implementation of the State. Since the reform, has many times changed the format of regional autonomy. Article 18 of the Constitution as the basis and instrument of local government in the implementation is not always consistent between deconcentration, decentralization, and medebewind. The Results of study Law 23, 2014, can be seen: First, the drafting and implementing legislation to be attempting to balance-the contextuality and the existence of local government more prudent or otherwise returned in the schema shadow centralization. Due to Article 9, said government affairs were divided into three (3) consisting of government affairs absolute, concurrent, and the public. A unitary state (unitary state) is defined as ‘harmonization’ instead of ‘difference’. Second, using the concept of regional autonomy through a system of household material rather than formal date home system and real (real). So with deconcentration, the government has broad authority to implement the strategic issues in the regions. Third, the central and provincial governments are given substantial authority to oversee the district/municipality. Provinces that previously weak and limited is reinforced by the addition of functions and powers to the governor. Fourth, efficiency and effectiveness are preferred to grind the broad regional autonomy, real and responsible. The principles of democracy, community participation, equity and justice, as well as considering the potential and diversity Regions neglected.

Jadranko Jug, Inga Vezmar Barlek

This paper analyses the possibility of success in claims for damages as accessory demands in administrative dispute resolution. Substantive law presumptions for determining responsibility for loss due to illegal or incorrect activity of public legal bodies and the procedural legal aspect for fulfilling this demand are also presented.

Essam Saeed Abd Ahmed

Edurne Terradillos, Igone Altzelai

<p>A socially responsible company complies not only with the law, but makes a commitment to grant a greater protection to the interests of workers, suppliers, customers, public authorities or organizations advocating for local communities and environment. In this paper we will analyse the reasons behind this modus operandi, its objectives and impact in the market and we will also make an approach to the case of Mondrag&oacute;n Corporaci&oacute;n Cooperativa.</p> <hr /><p>La empresa socialmente responsable es aqu&eacute;lla que no s&oacute;lo cumple estrictamente sus obligaciones legales, sino que se compromete a otorgar una mayor protecci&oacute;n a los intereses de trabajadores, proveedores, clientes, consumidores, autoridades p&uacute;blicas o a organizaciones defensoras de la comunidad local y del medio ambiente. En el presente trabajo analizaremos las razones que motivan este <em>modus operandi</em>, sus objetivos y sus repercusiones de mercado y realizaremos una aproximaci&oacute;n al caso de Mondrag&oacute;n Corporaci&oacute;n Cooperativa.</p> <p><strong>DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN</strong>: <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2033690" target="_blank">http://ssrn.com/abstract=2033690</a></p>

Peter Lindström

See abstract in article.