Abstract Background Perceptual load is a major determinant of visual attentional selection patterns, and dynamic stimuli are salient bottom-up distractors. The present study investigated how dynamic stimuli, presented under different perceptual loads, impact the process of visual attentional selection. Methods Fourteen participants (8 females and 6 males) were measured on task performance (reaction time and correctness) and event-related potentials while searching for visual exploratory task in a perceptual load paradigm. Results In terms of behavioral performance, longer reaction times were required for the visual exploratory task under high perceptual load, whereas a trend suggestive of attentional capture reversal emerged under low perceptual load. Regarding ERP components, the P1 amplitude was more positive in the response to dynamic stimuli, while the N1 amplitude was more negative when dynamic stimuli were absent. The P3 amplitude was more positive in the presence of dynamic stimuli than in their absence and was also more positive under low perceptual load than under high perceptual load. Conclusions This study found that N1 and P1 components were more sensitive to dynamic stimuli and insensitive to perceptual loads, while the P3 component effectively assessed both perceptual loads and dynamic stimuli. These variations reflect differential attentional allocation. Based on these findings, adapting interface displays according to gaze direction and perceptual load level can inform the design of user interfaces, such as those in navigation systems, educational materials, and assistive devices. Trial registration This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chiba University Graduate School of Engineering (acceptance number: R4-20, Acceptance date: March 22, 2023).
Pollen deposition in small lakes and peatlands is composed of local pollen deposition arriving from the nearby vegetation and of regional pollen deposition arriving from farther away. The LOVE model aims to reconstruct past vegetation on a small local scale by extracting only the local pollen signal. To this end, pollen deposition from small sites is related to pollen deposition from large lakes with predominantly regional pollen deposition. We here present a new implementation of the LOVE model in the R environment for statistical computing that is more user friendly than existing implementations. It allows more readily application with fossil pollen data and facilitates extensive testing of the approach in simulated landscapes. The LOVE model derives from critical mathematical assumptions that strongly limit its application. We additionally present LOVEoptim as an adjusted approach to local-scale reconstructions. Other than in LOVE, past local plant abundances are approximated using numerical optimization. Tests in a simulated landscape, which is based on true landscape patterns from digital maps, show that both approaches are valid. Due to fewer mathematical assumptions, LOVEoptim is more widely applicable. The modeling results help to better interpret the spatial scale of vegetation reflected in LOVE/LOVEoptim reconstructions.
Введение. На склонность к развитию избыточной массы тела влияют многие генетические и средовые факторы (особенности питания, уровень физической активности, социального благополучия и другие), а также сложные взаимодействия этих факторов. Изучение генетических факторов ожирения может помочь в разработке индивидуальных стратегий профилактики и лечения этого распространенного заболевания. Одним из важнейших наследственных факторов является полиморфизм генов нейромедиаторных систем, в том числе серотониновой системы. Цель работы – изучение ассоциаций однонуклеотидного полиморфизма локуса rs6295 гена серотонинового рецептора 1A HTR1A с морфофункциональными особенностями и избыточной массой тела.
Материал и методы. В работе использованы материалы комплексного антропогенетического обследования 386 мужчин и 418 женщин в возрасте от 17 до 30 лет. Было измерено более 20 морфофункциональных показателей по традиционной антропометрической методике. Материалом для генетического анализа послужила геномная ДНК, выделенная из буккального эпителия. Достоверность межгрупповых различий оценивалась при помощи критерия Манна-Уитни; для изучения особенностей межгрупповой изменчивости был применён канонический дискриминантный анализ.
Результаты. Выявлена значимая корреляционная связь полиморфизма гена серотонинового рецептора 1-го типа HTR1A с морфофункциональными особенностями: индивиды с генотипом G/G при большей массе тела обладают меньшими (по сравнению с носителями генотипов C/C и C/G) значениями показателей уровня метаболических процессов и удельного обмена веществ.
Заключение. Полученные статистически значимые результаты могут помочь в разработке индивидуальных стратегий профилактики и лечения избыточной массы тела, а также дополняют сведения об ассоциации полиморфизма генов серотониновой системы с морфофункциональными особенностями и способствуют расширению представлений о причинах формирования особенностей телосложения человека и их взаимосвязях с наследственной предрасположенностью.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Physical anthropology. Somatology
The objective of our work was to reconstruct transgressive-regressive events in the Northern Caspian Sea during the Khazarian epoch of its Pleistocene history to determine the natural conditions of the development of the basins and to assess their response to climate change. This work is based onstudies of the sedimentary formations of the upper part of the Quaternary sequence in the Northern Caspian Sea. The borehole was drilled in the eastern part of the depression Shirotnaya, the sea depth was 11.9 m, and the depth of drilling was 56.4 m. The core was subjected to lithological, malacological, and palynological analysis. This paper discusses the results related to the interval 56.0–26.6 m. The structure, facies-lithological, and malacological composition of the core capture three transgressive stages of the Caspian, namely the Early Khazarian, Late Khazarian, and Hyrcanian stages, separated by regressive phases. The representative spore-pollen assemblages made it possible to carry out the climatic and stratigraphic subdivision of the studied Khazarian deposits and to suggest a provisional version of the history of climatic and phytocenotic events during the sedimentation period. The results of our studies have introduced new discussion points into the paleogeography of the Northern Caspian Sea.
The Late Cretaceous theropod fauna of South America is composed of Abelisauridae, Noasauridae, Spinosauridae, Carcharodontosauridae, Megaraptora, and Coelurosauria. These groups include mostly small (Noasauridae and Coelurosauria) and medium- to large-sized taxa (Carcharodontosauridae, Abelisauridae, and Megaraptora). Some of these lineages are predominantly Gondwanic (Abelisauridae, Noasauridae, Carcharodontosauridae, Megaraptora) and poorly represented in Laurasian landmasses. Particularly, several theropods have been reported from Patagonia, known either due to distinct anatomical features or due to their high degree of preservation, such as Carnotaurus, Skorpiovenator, Giganotosaurus, Megaraptor, Alvarezsaurus, and Unenlagia. here we describe a new incomplete tibia (MAU-PV-CM-653) from the Sierra Barrosa Formation (middle Coniacian, Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. MAU-PV-CM-653 shows an anteroposteriorly reduced cnemial crest that is strongly curved laterally. Finally, the tibia lacks a proximal extension of the fibular crest. These traits are reminiscent of tetanuran morphology and, together with the stratigraphic provenance of MAU-PV-CM-653, they allow us to assign it to an allosauroid theropod, thus improving the Allosauroidea global record for the middle Late Cretaceous.
Margaux Giovanna, Robert Solsona, Anthony M. J. Sanchez
et al.
Abstract This study compared the effects of a brief repeated sprint training (RST) intervention performed with bilateral blood flow restriction (BFR) conditions in normoxia or conducted at high levels of hypoxia on response to exercise. Thirty-nine endurance-trained athletes completed six repeated sprints cycling sessions spread over 2 weeks consisting of four sets of five sprints (10-s maximal sprints with 20-s active recovery). Athletes were assigned to one of the four groups and subjected to a bilateral partial blood flow restriction (45% of arterial occlusion pressure) of the lower limbs during exercise (BFRG), during the recovery (BFRrG), exercised in a hypoxic room simulating hypoxia at FiO2 ≈ 13% (HG) or were not subjected to additional stress (CG). Peak aerobic power during an incremental test, exercise duration, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and accumulated oxygen uptake (VO 2) during a supramaximal constant-intensity test were improved thanks to RST (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the groups (p > 0.05). No further effect was found on other variables including time-trial performance and parameters of the force-velocity relationship (p > 0.05). Thus, peak aerobic power, exercise duration, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and VO 2 were improved during a supramaximal constant-intensity exercise after six RST sessions. However, combined hypoxic stress or partial BFR did not further increase peak aerobic power.
Daniel Madzia, Tomasz Szczygielski, Andrzej S. Wolniewicz
Marine reptiles from the Upper Jurassic of Central Europe are rare and often fragmentary, which hinders their precise taxonomic identification and their placement in a palaeobiogeographic context. Recent fieldwork in the Kimmeridgian of Krzyżanowice, Poland, a locality known from turtle remains originally discovered in the 1960s, has reportedly provided additional fossils thought to indicate the presence of a more diverse marine reptile assemblage, including giant pliosaurids, plesiosauroids, and thalattosuchians. Based on its taxonomic composition, the marine tetrapod fauna from Krzyżanowice was argued to represent part of the “Matyja-Wierzbowski Line”—a newly proposed palaeobiogeographic belt comprising faunal components transitional between those of the Boreal and Mediterranean marine provinces. Here, we provide a detailed re-description of the marine reptile material from Krzyżanowice and reassess its taxonomy. The turtle remains are proposed to represent a “plesiochelyid” thalassochelydian (Craspedochelys? sp.) and the plesiosauroid vertebral centrum likely belongs to a cryptoclidid. However, qualitative assessment and quantitative analysis of the jaws originally referred to the colossal pliosaurid Pliosaurus clearly demonstrate a metriorhynchid thalattosuchian affinity. Furthermore, these metriorhynchid jaws were likely found at a different, currently indeterminate, locality. A tooth crown previously identified as belonging to the thalattosuchian Machimosaurus is here considered to represent an indeterminate vertebrate. The revised taxonomy of the marine reptiles from Krzyżanowice, as well as the uncertain provenance of the metriorhynchid specimen reported from the locality, cast doubt on the palaeobiogeographic significance of the assemblage.
Pascal Abel, Jahn J. Hornung, Benjamin P. Kear
et al.
The record of Cretaceous pterosaur remains from Germany is sparse. The material recovered to date includes the fragmentary holotypes of Targaryendraco wiedenrothi and Ctenochasma roemeri, as well as a few isolated pterodactyloid teeth and some indeterminate skeletal elements, together with a plaster cast of a large Purbeckopus manus imprint. Here, we report the discovery of a pterodactyloid pterosaur mandible from lower Valanginian strata of the Stadthagen Formation in the Lower Saxony Basin of Northern Germany. Based on the size and spacing of its alveoli, this fossil is attributable to the cosmopolitan Early Cretaceous pteranodontoid clade Anhangueria. Moreover, it represents the first and only known pterosaur from the Valanginian of Germany and is one of only a handful Valanganian pterosaur occurrences presently recognized worldwide. In addition to the approximately coeval Coloborhynchus clavirostris from the Hastings Bed Group of southern England, the Stadthagen Formation pterosaur mandible is among the stratigraphically oldest identifiable anhanguerians.
FEDERICO J. DEGRANGE, CLAUDIA P. TAMBUSSI , MATÍAS L. TAGLIORETTI
et al.
We describe a new species of a large buzzard (Accipitridae), Buteo dondasi sp. nov. from the late Pliocene of Buenos
Aires Province, Argentina represented by an incomplete left hind limb, including a distal fragment of tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus,
fragment of os metatarsale I, and toes I and II. The new taxon exhibits characteristics of the crown group
Accipitridae and the shape of the tarsometarsus allows its assignment to the genus Buteo. The new species represents
the very first record of a representative of a non-scavenging diurnal bird of prey for the Chapadmalalan and one of the
largest accipitrids (~ 2.3 kg) known for Argentina.
When I wrote my analysis of van Gennep’s rites of passage (Wiseman 2019), I introduced conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) to expose the conceptual foundations on which this class of rituals is built. Metaphors are pervasive in the formation of concepts, so analyzing them provides rich insights into people’s thought processes, both past and present. However, CMT has seen little use in archaeology and, indeed, fairly limited application in anthropology at large. Although my article included an annex on identifying conceptual metaphors in the archaeological record, the treatment was brief and discussed only some of the surface layers of this theory. Here Gibbs (2020) exposes much deeper strata. “Embodied simulation” is one of the basic ways humans think and the foundation on which many conceptual metaphors are built. “Simulation” in this context refers to the creation of mental experiences of action and perception without external stimuli. Conscious mental images—such as imagining a loved one’s face, or a melody, or the warmth of a fire—are one familiar type of simulation, but most are unconscious. Neuroimaging experiments have found that simulations are carried out in the parts of the brain that would normally process the real stimuli: a simulated face would be processed in the visual centers, simulated music in the auditory centers, and so on. Unsurprisingly, as a lot of the brain’s work is concerned with moving and sensing the body as well as monitoring the world around us, the simulations that are easiest for the brain to create are those physical actions and experiences that the body has performed before. It is in this sense that simulation is embodied. (For recent experimental evidence for the embodied simulation hypothesis, see Bergen [2012] and also Gibbs [2005].) Simulation is not, however, tied to experiences that people have already had: it is also used to project future events, or see alternative perspectives, or empathize with others’ feelings—all of which lie outside people’s direct experience. Mental simulation is also an important component of problem-solving— such as the types of problems that Gibbs poses in the experi-
Repatriation is the return of persons, material heritage, and/or associated knowledge to its place of origins. Within anthropology, this frequently refers to the return of items collected and held within museums or other institutional collections to originating communities. Origins and originating communities are variously identified as nation-states, Indigenous or ethnic groups, kin groups, cities or villages, or sites of removal. It is repatriation from cultural institutions, as opposed to battlefield repatriation or repatriation of displaced persons, that the bibliography focuses on. Anthropology is well into its second generation of focused repatriation scholarship, whereas the material culture and human remains at the heart of repatriation requests have frequently had a much longer place in anthropological research. Many items now returning through repatriation processes were originally collected and made objects of study by anthropologists and archaeologists. During the formation of anthropology and archaeology as disciplines, museums, material culture (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Material Culture), and physical anthropology were central. Collecting, documenting, and measuring the physical bodies and material heritage of cultural groups were understood by anthropologists to generate data, while museums were sites where comparative analysis could occur, training of students happened, and emerging theories could be presented to scholars and the public alike. Given this history, it is unsurprising that anthropologists have been actively engaged in scholarly debate about the repatriation of materials (whether ethnographic or otherwise), as well as participants in the development of institutional policies, national legislation, and public understanding. In the contemporary moment, anthropologists frequently find themselves working with Indigenous peoples who are vying to hold colonial and settler nations to account for injustice, and who are asserting the viability and legitimacy of their cultural practices into the future. Repatriating ancestral remains and material heritage is one form of redress and expression of sovereignty for many nations and cultural groups. Thus, repatriation is increasingly understood as an expression of contemporary Indigeneities and nationalisms, pushing anthropologists to ask what roles repatriation—and museums more broadly—play in processes of decolonization, reconciliation, indigenization, and nation-building.
Cyler Conrad, Laura Pagès Barceló, Jeffrey A. Seminoff
et al.
Historical and archaeological evidence documents the importation of sea turtles from the eastern Pacific Ocean (Baja California) to California during the Gold Rush (1848–1855) and through the end of 19th century, but it is unknown whether these 19th century sea turtles foraged in similar ways to their modern counterparts. To identify the species of two Gold Rush-era sea turtle specimens recovered from archaeological deposits in San Francisco, California, we first analyze ancient DNA (aDNA). We then analyze carbon (d13Ccol), nitrogen (d15N), and hydrogen (dD) stable isotopes of bone collagen and carbon (d13Cap) and oxygen (d18Oap) stable isotopes of bone apatite to test if eastern Pacific sea turtle diets have changed over the past 160 years. Ancient DNA confirms that both archaeological specimens are green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). The stable isotope values from the 19th-century specimens are statistically indistinguishable from the modern comparatives in both d13Ccoland d15N, suggesting that green sea turtle dietary intake has remained relatively unchanged since the 1850s. However, the values are unclear for dD and d18Oapand require additional research. Social Media: Ancient DNA and isotopic analysis of 1850s sea turtles suggest stability in sea turtle foraging through time despite environmental changes.
Vladimir N. Makarkin , Sonja Wedmann, Thomas Weiterschan
Pseudosencera baltica gen. et sp. nov. of Chrysopinae (Chrysopidae, Neuroptera) is described from Baltic amber. Additionally, another species, Nothochrysa? sp. (Nothochrysinae), is left in the open nomenclature. Pseudosencera baltica gen. et sp. nov. represents the oldest confident record of Chrysopinae. The new genus lacks the apparent forewing intramedian cell, and possesses three character states not found in other Chrysopinae: the simple AA1, the short basal crossvein between M and Cu, and 5‒6 rings of setae on the antennal flagellomeres. This genus is probably a specialised form in a basal branch of Chrysopinae, that could not be attributed to any of the known tribes. The specimen of Nothochrysa? sp. consists only of fragments of the forewings. The late Eocene Baltic amber represents the oldest horizon where Chrysopinae and Nothochrysinae are found to coexist. It is highly likely that Chrysopidae were extremely rare in these forests.
Between 1922 and 1950, a growing interest in mechanical principles led to the emergence of a range of non-anatomic dentures that aimed to eliminate the disadvantages of their anatomic counterparts in favour of better mastication efficiency, stability, comfort, and durability. This paper investigates why the development of these non-anatomic prostheses came to a halt. In doing so, it analyses a range of cultural and anthropological factors concerned with dental morphology, and concludes that the concept of who we are and what makes us human—our identity, personality, language, culture, or technology—no longer rests within the bounds of our material body, but in the non-material world we have created. And that the social, cultural, and technological systems we have built outside of us have as much influence over our physical and anatomical attributes as we did in shaping them.
Gregory F. Funston, Philip J. Currie, Michael E. Burns
New specimens from Canada confirm the presence of elmisaurines in North America and shed light on the relationship of Leptorhynchos elegans to Mongolian forms. These specimens have hindlimb elements previously unknown from elmisaurines in the Dinosaur Park Formation, including tibiae and pedal phalanges. Metatarsal anatomy is sufficiently different to merit a generic distinction from Elmisaurus rarus, and both can be distinguished from Caenagnathus collinsi Sternberg, 1940 and Chirostenotes pergracilis. Differences between these taxa include body size, degree of coossification of the tarsometatarsus, and development of cruciate ridges of the third metatarsal. Histological analysis confirms that these differences are not correlated with ontogenetic age of the specimens. The results support the informal separation of caenagnathids based on metatarsal structure, and allow comments on paleobiological differences between caenagnathids and oviraptorids.
Lorena Zonta, Graciela T. Navone, María I. Gamboa
et al.
El objetivo del trabajo consiste en describir las enteroparasitosis más frecuentes en dos comunidades Mbyá Guaraní de Misiones, Argentina: Kaaguy Poty (KP) e Yvy Pytá (YP) y su asociación con el estado nutricional y los factores ambientales y culturales que caracterizan a éstas poblaciones. Los resultados se compararon con los obtenidos en una población aborigen vecina, Takuapí (TA) y la población urbana más cercana: Aristóbulo del Valle (AV). Se utilizaron las técnicas de Ritchie, Willis y Kato Katz para las muestras fecales. Se relevaron variables antropométricas (peso y estatura). Se analizaron también muestras de tierra. De un total 296 individuos en las cuarto poblaciones, 88.5%(KP), 88.7%(YP), 96.1% (TA) y 82%(AV) estuvieron parasitados. De ellos, el 74.3% presentaron poliparasitosis. El 80.6 % de los individuos estaban desnutridos y más del 90% de ellos parasitados. Los datos se procesaron mediante pruebas de chi cuadrado. Los resultados mostraron asociación entre el uso de letrinas y Giardia lamblia (p<0.01); defecación a cielo abierto, ausencia de calzado y Ancilostomídeos (p<0.01) y entre el tipo de vivienda y la presencia de helmintos (p<0.01). En el suelo se hallaron formas parasitarias, sugiriendo la relación entre la contaminación del entorno ambiental y la elevada prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales en las poblaciones estudiadas.
En el marco del proyecto “Auxología humana, nivel socioeconómico familiar y hábitos alimentarios en Jujuy (Argentina)” y luego de estimar con técnicas antropométricas el estado nutricional de los alumnos concurrentes a la escuela Nº 430 del Barrio Norte de la capital jujeña, decidimos profundizar la investigación, buscando la interrelación con aspectos socioeconómicos y efectivas prácticas alimentarias.
Para cumplir con este objetivo, recurrimos a instrumentos y técnicas de investigación que metodológicamente dieran cuenta de la complejidad del fenómeno. De este modo, se realizaron -en hogares seleccionados- entrevistas semiestructuradas dirigidas principalmente a aspectos sociodemográficos y socioeconómicos, y a continuación se aplicó anamnesis alimentaria a los/as encargados/as de la alimentación familiar.
Luego del diseño, se efectuaron dos pruebas piloto, con la correspondiente adecuación de los instrumentos, surgiendo: a) la conveniencia de aplicar primero la entrevista para facilitar el diálogo con el informante, y luego la encuesta al permitir repreguntar y corroborar respuestas antes dadas; y b) la importancia de tener en cuenta la representación que el informante construye de su interlocutor y el rol que le asigna.