Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Lan T. B. Tran

The purpose of this study is to examine how the concept of market can be metaphorically expressed through the concept of journey and identify the similarities and differences in the use of the conceptual metaphor MARKET IS A JOURNEY in English and Vietnamese economic news. The research combines quantitative and qualitative research methods, employing classification statistics, descriptive analysis, comparative–contrastive approaches, and the Metaphor Identification Procedure by the Pragglejaz Group for identifying metaphors. The research results reveal that six prominent attributes of the source domain of JOURNEY are used to construct the target domain of MARKET. The journey metaphor serves a crucial communicative function by simplifying complex economic concepts and encouraging participants to approach market activities with patience, resilience, and strategic planning. The research has practical implications for language teaching and learning, translation, journalism, and policy-making by providing a framework to understand and effectively communicate market-related concepts.

Merrion Frederick, Ana Roeschley, Oksana L. Zavalina

Introduction. Lexicography, or the practice of compiling dictionaries, has profound impacts on how information, culture, and identity are understood and communicated. The emergence of revitalization lexicography serves as an example of community informatics practices in which societal implications of dictionary building are investigated and refined by and for minority language communities to reverse epistemic and cultural erasure. Method. To advance engagement of information and archival sciences with revitalization lexicography, this conceptual paper proposes the archival community informatics framework. The framework is then mapped to current revitalization lexicography projects as an entry point to understanding the information practices of communities engaging in revitalization efforts. Results. Mapping the framework to existing initiatives reveals commonalities between archival and lexicographical community informatics, as well as areas for methodological support from the information science and archives fields to aid revitalization lexicographers in the cultural heritage preservation functions of minority language dictionaries. Analysis. This paper argues for further information science analysis of dictionaries—with a conceptualization of dictionaries as archival repositories—housing collections of word definitions, cultural values, traditions, and information practices. The authors posit that through interdisciplinary engagement, the information needs of minority language community members and revitalization lexicographers can be supported.

Di Liu, Fanhong Meng

The description of Russian phraseological units by means of the Chinese language in lexicographic practice is considered. Dictionary articles, their structure and content from six main phraseological dictionaries published in China from the second half of the last century to the present day are analyzed. The results of the research showed that the explanation of Russian phraseology in these lexicographic sources is carried out in two ways: through interpretation and selection of a similar expression. It is shown that the second method is implemented in two variants: as interpretation-translation and literal translation. It has been established that interpretation-translation differs from actual interpretation and literal translation by the presence of two equivalent functions: explanation and interpretation. The compound description model «analogous expression + additional interpretation», which is most often used in dictionary articles where there is no proper interpretation and etymological information is also revealed. On the contrary, when they are present in the dictionary article, a Chinese analogous expression is usually used as a variant of the explanation of the Russian phraseological unit. The authors come to the conclusion that the volume of dictionary articles and models of description of Russian phraseology depend on the goals of dictionary compilers: a brief reference presentation of phraseology, a detailed explanation through an extensive etymological commentary, representation of materials for learning by demonstrating examples, etc.

Svetlana V. Ivanova, Svetlana N. Medvedeva

Primarily considered as a form of socially transmitted self-representation, reputation is one of the key concepts in public communication which makes it a worthwhile object for linguistic analysis. The present research is aimed at unveiling the semantic complexity of the lexeme ‘reputation’ by examining its immediate environment in COCA. The study showcases how the closest lexical context enhances the meaning of the lexeme. The sampling under analysis consists of 98 most frequent collocations with adjectives (4,088 tokens) and 57 collocations with verbs (6,190 tokens). The methods of the study include contextual analysis, semantic clusterisation and collostructional analysis based on statistical measure of log-likelihood. As a result, 7 semantic clusters of ‘adjective reputation’ and 8 clusters of ‘verb reputation’ have been obtained. The research proves that discoursewise, the collocations with the lexeme ‘reputation’ are found in newspaper, magazine, blog and web-general sections of COCA. The analysis reveals that in English, reputation is metaphorically represented as a building, a piece of fabric and as a valuable object made of precious metal, where it inherits the properties of tangible objects. A good reputation is earned over time by hard work and, once established, requires monitoring and maintenance. If damaged, it is not thrown away but is to be restored. Metonymically, reputation adopts the qualities of its proprietor (‘notorious reputation’, ‘unfortunate reputation’). The paper contributes to the theory of metaphor and could be beneficial for those working within cultural linguistics, lexicography and translation studies. The research may be further extended with corpus-based analysis of semantically close lexemes.

Mojca Kompara Lukančič

This article addresses the position of specialized dictionaries of abbreviations for English. Special attention is given to the macro- and microstructure of English dictionaries of abbreviations, and current available online sources for users are presented. The article compares the micro- and macrostructure of seventeen English dictionaries of abbreviations, including general and language-specific ones, and three online general dictionaries of abbreviations. In the article two contemporary online attempts are also presented; namely, Slovarček krajšav (Kompara Lukančič 2006) and Slovar krajšav (Kompara Lukančič 2011). The article points out that traditional lexicography, mainly its orientation toward compiling functional and detailed entries, should be joined with modern concepts of lexicography oriented toward an extensive number of entries and constant development and improvement of a dictionary as new abbreviations are gradually added. The combination of traditional and modern concepts can develop resources that users need most — namely, a contemporary dictionary of abbreviations.

Вячеслав Исаевич Теркулов

Предлагаемая к рассмотрению работа посвящена описанию основных принципов отбора и презентации материала в «Толковом словаре сложносокращенных слов русского языка». В данном словаре представлены только сложносокращенные апеллятивы — аббревиатуры, создаваемые при помощи неинициальных абброконструктов: их формально- ономасиологический статус принципиально отличается от формально-ономасиологических статусов, с одной стороны, усечений, которые определяются автором не как самостоятельные слова, а как фонетические варианты эквивалентных единиц, а с другой — инициальных аббревиатур, возникающих в результате реального искусственного сокращения компонентов словосочетаний до первых звуков или букв, и сложносокращенных онимов, конструируемых и поэтому в большинстве случаев не изоморфных эквивалентным словосочетаниям единиц. Для описания сложносокращенных апеллятивов используется синхронный принцип, в соответствии с которым, во-первых, аббревиатурами считаются все слова, имеющие на синхронном срезе языка текстовые эквиваленты, а во-вторых, констатируется существование множественной мотивации (дешифровки) для большинства представленных в словаре единиц. Сложносокращенные апеллятивы еще никогда не были объектом автономного словарного описания и достаточно редко и избирательно рассматривались как в толковых словарях, так и в словарях сокращений. Необходимость создания «Толкового словаря сложносокращенных слов» требующей помимо традиционной для словарей сокращений эквивалентностной трактовки значения еще и полноценного его толкования; существованием на синхронном срезе языка практически никогда не учитывавшейся и поэтому не описывавшейся множественной текстовой эквивалентности, формирующей эквивалентностную полисемию аббревиатур; тем, что образование сложносокращенных апеллятивов стало сейчас, пожалуй, самым продуктивным способом словообразования, и создание словаря позволит отразить актуальные тенденции развития русского языка. В работе также описываются принципы презентации материала в словаре, к которым относятся: расположение словарных статей по аббревиатурным группам, представление в блоке аббревиатурной группы дешифровальных стимулов (стереотипных дешифровок) абброконструкта, представление в словарных статьях гнезд эквивалентности аббревиатур, в описании которых выделяются блок толкования, блок текстовых эквивалентов, блок лексических эквивалентов и блок отаббревиатурных производных.

Orysia Demska, Pavlo Levchuk

The Urbanonimia of Ukraine in the Context of Decommunization This article concerns the changing situation regarding toponyms in Ukraine, from the country’s regaining of independence to the present day. The article identifies two waves of decommunization. The first occured between the regaining independence in 1991 and 1995. The second wave began with the Revolution of Dignity in 2013–2014 and continues to this day. In the second part of the article, toponyms connected with Poland are presented and the reasons behind their creation are explained.   Toponimia miejska na Ukrainie w kontekście dekomunizacji Artykuł traktuje o sytuacji w zakresie zmian toponimów na Ukrainie od czasu odzyskania niepodległości do dnia dzisiejszego. Autorzy wyróżniają dwie fale dekomunizacji, pierwszą od odzyskania przez Ukrainę niepodległości w 1991 roku do 1995 roku. Druga fala rozpoczęła się wraz z rewolucją godności w latach 2013-2014 i trwa do dziś. W drugiej części artykułu przedstawiono toponimy związane z Polską, a także uzasadnienie ich powstania.

Laura Campos de Borba

Learner's Lexicography has reached a high standard of quality in language description. However, it is still necessary to face an old and, at the same time, always new challenge: increasing the user-friendliness of learner's dictionaries. This work deals with how to improve learner’s dictionaries, focusing on the user profile and the user's needs. To achieve this aim, notions from Psycholinguistics, Contrastive Linguistic, Applied Linguistics, Lexicology and Cognitive Psychology were central for this research. This study covered the delimitation of the user profile and the relevance of their mother tongue and the user's learning needs in relation to their proficiency level in the foreign language. At last, I carry out a brief analysis of entries in learner's dictionaries to discuss how straightforward and user-friendly the information provided is. This work allows the conclusion that an interdisciplinary approach can improve the user-friendliness of learner's dictionaries, particularly EFL and SFL dictionaries.

Сергей Игоревич Монахов

Traditionally, the phenomenon of the semantic aura of the verse metre was regarded exclusively as historically determined; the question of a potential synaesthesia (the imitative potential possessed by the rhythmic structure of a poetic text) was essentially disregarded. This paper aims to approach the problem of “metre and meaning” from the perspective of possible actualisation of certain language forms in the metrical structures of binary and ternary metres; in other words, to analyse how the metrical nature of verse determines its basic semantic model. We have come to the conclusion that the fundamental difference between Russian binary and ternary metres lies in the level of rhythmical prominence of metrically dual words, the majority of which are pronouns. The very structure of binary metres suggests a constant possibility for pronouns to be in proximity to an unstressed syllable and to receive more or less heavy stress. In ternary metres pronouns find themselves inside the circle of metrical stresses and, being inevitably adjacent to either the preceding or the following one, lose their accent and are swallowed during pronunciation. The latter, in turn, results in weakening of deictic and anaphoric language functions and undermines the established logic of textual development. That is where different, i. e., poetic, mechanisms of creating meaning come to the fore. Ternary metres put rhythmic stress on notional words, creating — in accordance with the law of poetic analogy and via omission of intermediary elements — linguistically unpredictable associations between them; binary metres emphasise semi-notional and functional words, stressing the logical and grammatical order of text development.

Bibi Ameena

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a well known Muslim scholar, reformist,<br />educationist and writer of Persian, Arabic and Urdu languages. He is often described as two nation theory founder. He awakened the Muslims for the revival of their past position. His contribution is multi dimensional, ranging from practical efforts in the field of education and socio-political awareness to theoretical views in religion and literature. One of his contributions towards Urdu language was his lexicography. In 1868 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started to compile an Urdu dictionary named Lughat-e-Zaban-e-Urdu and published its contents in Aligarh Institute Gazette but later he could not complete it. This write up deals with the critical evaluation of Sir Syed's Namoona-e-Lughat-e-Zaban-e-Urdu and also highlights its significance in the history of Urdu lexicography.<br />

A. V. Shchetinina

The problem of description of nominative sets in dictionary of social vocabulary of ideographic type is discussed. The purpose of creation of such dictionary is seen in the development of a comprehensive description of the words, calling the facts, objects, relations, interactions from the social sphere. The author reports that for this purpose linguistic units are extracted from the dictionaries of literary language, slang and dialects in different historical periods. It is indicated that the value of forming ideography is in the search and description of linguistic facts, not yet committed to existing dictionaries. The new material is taken primarily from newspaper journalism, which refers to important social and political issues. The rules for the selection of social categories on the basis of the analysis of assertive and presuppositional zones of word meaning are described. The methods of compiling dictionary entries and including illustrative material is explained. It is shown that the analysis of contexts identifies the examples of actualization of shades of meaning, connotations, optional semes, marking the belonging to the category of social vocabulary. In other cases, “social” forms nuclear part in the structure of language unit meaning. A fragment of the nominations of ideograph “mass action against the official authorities,” including linguistic facts from different time periods and linguistic idioms.

Nick Thieberger

Gertrud Faaß, Sonja E. Bosch, R. Gouws

So far, there have been few descriptions on creating structures capable of storing lexicographic data, ISO 24613:2008 being one of the latest. Another one is by Spohr (2012), who designs a multifunctional lexical resource which is able to store data of different types of dictionaries in a user-oriented way. Technically, his design is based on the principle of a hierarchical XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) representation model. This article follows another route in describing a model based on entities and relations between them; MySQL (usually referred to as: Structured Query Language) describes a database system of tables containing data and definitions of relations between them. The model was developed in the context of the project "Scientific eLexicography for Africa" and the lexicographic database to be built thereof will be implemented with MySQL. The principles of the ISO model and of Spohr's model are adhered to with one major difference in the implementation strategy: we do not place the lemma in the centre of attention, but the sense description — all other elements, including the lemma, depend on the sense description. This article also describes the contained lexicographic data sets and how they have been collected from different sources. As our aim is to compile several prototypical internet dictionaries (a monolingual Northern Sotho dictionary, a bilingual learners' Xhosa–English dictionary and a bilingual Zulu–English dictionary), we describe the necessary microstructural elements for each of them and which principles we adhere to when designing different ways of accessing them. We plan to make the model and the (empty) database with all graphical user interfaces that have been developed, freely available by mid-2015.

T. K. Sumenjak, Douglas F. Rall, Aleksandra Tepeh

A k-rainbow dominating function of a graph G is a map f from V(G) to the set of all subsets of {1,2,...,k} such that {1,...,k}[email protected]?"u"@?"N"("v")f(u) whenever v is a vertex with f(v)[email protected]?. The k-rainbow domination number of G is the invariant @c"r"k(G), which is the minimum sum (over all the vertices of G) of the cardinalities of the subsets assigned by a k-rainbow dominating function. We focus on the 2-rainbow domination number of the lexicographic product of graphs and prove sharp lower and upper bounds for this number. In fact, we prove the exact value of @c"r"2([email protected]?H) in terms of domination invariants of G except for the case when @c"r"2(H)=3 and there exists a minimum 2-rainbow dominating function of H such that there is a vertex in H with the label {1,2}.

Giovanni Casini, Umberto Straccia

Vesna Batovanja

Jaspers je htio pokazati samostalnu moć filozofije nasuprot znanosti i religiji, no ne da bi ove potonje prezreo. Osjećao se pozvanim da brani filozofiju od prijezira kojem su je katkad izlagali znanstvenici i obratno, da brani znanost od istog prijezira koji je dolazio od filozofa. Sukladno njegovu shvaćanju razlikovanja, koje ne znači ni nijekanje ni suzbijanje, htio je Jaspers naspram svih triju – filozofije, religije i znanosti – biti pravedan.

María Águeda Moreno Moreno

The present paper offers an introductory approach to the Diccionario de ideas afines y elementos de tecnología (s.a. [1899]), an example of onomasiological lexicographic method proposed by E. Benot. The dictionary is presented as a useful resource for language proficiency in general, and writing and expression, in particular. It was ment to be a dictionary for writers. The author says that the ideological structure is the most feasible, coherent and comprehensive organization of knowledge and a recommended resource for paperwork. The lexicographic method is: "given an idea, find the words to express it."

R. Yager, Giray Gumrah, M. Reformat