Hasil untuk "Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"

M. V. Kolesnikova, O. M. Trigub

The article provides a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the institution of administrative liability under a special legal regime—martial law. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to ensure public order, state security, and the protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms during the period of armed aggression against Ukraine. Under martial law, administrative offenses take on special significance, as they directly affect the stability of the functioning of state authorities, public order, and the proper implementation of state defense measures. The regulatory framework governing administrative liability during martial law has been examined, in particular the provisions of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and special legislative acts. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of changes in legislation that strengthen liability for violations of curfew, failure to comply with evacuation requirements, and other actions that impede the implementation of martial law measures. Based on a systematic analysis, the specifics of subjects of administrative responsibility, including minors, have been identified, and the problems of combining repressive and preventive measures in this area have been revealed. Particular attention is focused on the role of law enforcement agencies in ensuring the proper application of administrative sanctions and the need to combine them with social support and legal awareness initiatives. The paper reveals controversial aspects regarding the limits and proportionality of administrative penalties under martial law, and analyzes approaches to improving legislative regulation and its application in practice. It substantiates the interconnection between administrative liability and other legal institutions, in particular criminal and disciplinary liability. Based on the research conducted, proposals have been formulated to improve the effectiveness of administrative liability under martial law, and recommendations have been made to improve legislation and its implementation.

Makoto Nakamura

This paper presents an integrated framework for computational comparative law by connecting two consecutive research projects based on the Japanese Legal Standard (JLS) XML schema. The first project establishes structural interoperability by developing a conversion pipeline from JLS to the Akoma Ntoso (AKN) standard, enabling Japanese statutes to be integrated into international LegalDocML-based legislative databases. Building on this foundation, the second project applies multilingual embedding models and semantic textual similarity techniques to identify corresponding provisions across national legal systems. A prototype system combining multilingual embeddings, FAISS retrieval, and Cross-Encoder reranking generates candidate correspondences and visualizes them as cross-jurisdictional networks for exploratory comparative analysis.

T.I. Demchuk

It is indicated that in the context of globalization processes, international integration and rapid transformations in the field of security, law enforcement agencies are facing new challenges in terms of effectiveness, speed of response and openness of their work. In the context of increasing crime, the expansion of the activities of organized and international criminal groups, as well as the emergence of new types of illegal actions, especially in the digital sphere, the need to implement innovative management strategies based on the integrated use of analytical, information and organizational tools is becoming more urgent. The article examines modern information-analytical and organizational methods used in the law enforcement activities of Ukraine under the conditions of security system transformation, the introduction of European standards of law and order, and the growing level of societal challenges. The information-analytical component of law enforcement activity is defined as a set of interrelated measures for collecting, verifying, systematizing, processing, analyzing, and storing data necessary for the formation of well-founded managerial decisions, timely response to offenses, and the development of effective crime prevention strategies. Considerable attention is paid to the use of modern information technologies, automated databases, artificial intelligence systems, geoinformation resources, and criminological analysis as tools to improve the effectiveness of the police, prosecutor’s office, the State Bureau of Investigation, and other entities within the security sector. Organizational methods are considered as a set of managerial decisions covering planning, coordination, control, and performance evaluation of official activities, ensuring orderly work, rational allocation of resources, development of interagency cooperation, and adherence to the principles of legality and transparency. The results of the study can be used to develop strategic plans, improve regulatory frameworks, and enhance the efficiency of law enforcement agencies in the context of modern national security threats.

O. P. Kotliarenko, Y. P. Ahafonova

У даній статті розглядається питання визначення понять «особливий період» та «воєнний стан» за законодавством України, а також спосіб їх співвідношення. Розуміння співвідношення зазначених понять, дозволить краще зрозуміти правову природу особливого періоду та його призначення. Повномасштабне вторгнення російської федерації на територію України та одночасне введення правового режиму воєнного стану дозволило подивитися на особливий період під іншим кутом, оскільки особливий період діє в Україні з моменту оприлюднення Указу Президента України від 17.03.2014 № 303/2014 «Про часткову мобілізацію», та продовжує діяти. Хоча судова практика не завжди була однозначною у вирішенні питання дії особливого періоду (на приклад рішення Київського апеляційного адміністративного суду у справі № 826/18425/15 від 04.02.2016), до поки Верховний Суд однозначно не сформулював правову позицію щодо тлумачення поняття «особливий період» в постанові від 25.04.2018 у справі № 205/1993/17-ц. Взаємозв’язок між правовим режимом воєнного стану та особливим періодом є очевидним, оскільки особливий період включає в себе воєнний стан, але також може існувати самостійно (у випадку оголошення рішення про мобілізацію без введення правового режиму воєнного стану), в своє чергу визначення мобілізації зводиться до того, що це комплекс заходів з метою планомірного переведення національної економіки, діяльності визначених суб’єктів в умовах функціонування особливого періоду. У порівнянні з особливим періодом воєнний стан є більш радикальним, оскільки можуть бути обмежені деякі конституційні права і свободи людини і громадянина, а також за вчинення кримінальних правопорушень під час дії правового режиму воєнного стану передбачено суворішу відповідальність у порівнянні з відповідальністю за правопорушення, вчинені в умовах особливого періоду. Розглянуто питання правового регулювання деяких суспільних відносин в умовах особливого періоду та у статті проведено короткий аналіз нормативно-правових актів України, в яких використовується поняття «особливий період».

Людмила НІКОЛЕНКО

Зазначено, що принцип соціальної справедливості є осереддям системи принципів права, на підставі якого вирішуються будь­які справи у суді, як у разі виникнення протиріч у застосуванні інших принципів права, так і у разі виникнення колізій або прогалин у застосуванні законодавства. Розглянуто особливості реалізації принципу справедливості залежно від виду судового процесу. Підкреслено, що реалі­ зація принципу соціальної справедливості здійснюється на всіх стадіях судового процесу, але актуалізується саме на стадіях судового розгляду та ухвалення рішення, визначення покарання. Принцип соціальної справедливості відіграє визначну роль як для правотворчої, так і для правозастосовної діяльності, використовується як стандарт здійснення правосуддя та гарантія захисту прав і законних інтересів фізичних та юридичних осіб.

Persi Diaconis, Eugenio Giannelli, Robert M. Guralnick et al.

Let $P_n$ be a Sylow $p$-subgroup of the symmetric group $S_n$. We investigate the number and sizes of the $P_n\setminus S_n\ /\ P_n$ double cosets, showing that most double cosets have maximal size when $p$ is odd, or equivalently, that $P_n\cap P_n^x=1$ for most $x\in S_n$ when $n$ is large. We also find that all possible sizes of such double cosets occur, modulo a list of small exceptions.

Noemi David, Matt Jacobs, Inwon Kim

In this paper we study singular limits of congestion-averse growth models, connecting different models describing the effect of congestion. These models arise in particular in the context of tissue growth. The main ingredient of our analysis is a family of energy evolution equations and their dissipation structures, which are novel and of independent interest. This strategy allows us to consider a larger family of pressure laws as well as proving the joint limit, from a compressible Brinkman's model to the incompressible Darcy's law, where the latter is a Hele-Shaw type free boundary problem.

A.R. Molokova, I.G. Bukhtiyarova

The article carries out a thorough analysis of the current legislation regarding the peculiarities of the patrol police during the period of martial law. To formulate the problems of this research, the relevance of the topic, the state of its research by the national legal science was substantiated. The Patrol Police is a unit of the National Police of Ukraine that patrols the streets around the clock, and is also the first to respond to 102 calls, in order to ensure public order and safety, protect the rights of citizens, road safety, ensures public order and safety in the event of mass events, is involved to eliminate the consequences of an accident, disaster, natural disaster. The patrol police work in nonstop mode (round the clock and continuously). Patrolling is carried out by a police crew, which consists of two police officers, and a foot patrol also operates in clearly defined areas. Police officers report to platoon commanders. In modern conditions, the patrol police not only perform the traditional functions of maintaining public order, but are also actively involved in tasks related to ensuring the functioning of the military administration, protecting critical infrastructure, evacuating the civilian population, supporting public safety in the face of the threat of missile attacks and other military actions . The goal is a doctrinal study and determination, based on the analysis of the current legislation, of the peculiarities of the patrol police during the period of martial law. It has been established that during martial law, police officers perform not only law enforcement functions, but also social assistance functions — they organize evacuation, ensure order during the distribution of humanitarian aid, and provide psychological support to citizens. Therefore, there is a need to develop new skills for patrol officers. Patrol officers require specific combat training that includes the basics of tactical medicine, evacuating the wounded, avoiding minefields and other military threats. Without such training, their actions may be less effective, and the risks to life and health may be higher.

V.V. Kalnyk

The article is devoted to issues of the content of the principles of the administrative process in modern administrative law. Attention is drawn to the fact that the study of the principles of the administrative process is extremely relevant for ensuring effective public administration. It is noted that the principles of the administrative process are the foundation on which the activities of executive authorities, local governments, and other state bodies are based. They define the framework and standards that public authorities must adhere to when making decisions and performing administrative functions and obligations. It is concluded that the study of these principles allows identifying problematic aspects and suggesting ways of their improvement, which contributes to increasing the efficiency of public administration. It is suggested that the principles of the administrative process should be understood as the main guiding ideas and provisions that determine the order and rules of administrative proceedings, regulate relationships between subjects of the administrative process, ensure fairness, efficiency and legality of administrative actions and decisions. It is proved that the principles serve as the basis for the formation, functioning and development of administrative law, help to avoid abuse of power and ensure the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens. Attention is drawn to the fact that the conceptual significance of the principles of the administrative process lies in the fact that they determine the basic principles and guidelines for the construction and functioning of the administrative-procedural activity of public authorities. This means that the principles of the administrative process not only regulate specific procedures and actions, but also form a general concept of justice and management practice in the administrative sphere. It is substantiated that these principles together create a holistic concept of the administrative process and act in interaction with each other, ensuring a balance between the interests of the state and the rights of citizens, which contributes to effective management and increases trust in state institutions.

Maria Yulissa Moreno Córdoba, Heiler Palacios Córdoba

En la mente de la sociedad colombiana, existe la idea de que las comunidades negras afrocolombianas, llegaron a los territorios como un grupo homogéneo, teniendo así una idea errónea. La población afrocolombiana posee una diversidad cultural y regional, se incluye la población afro integradas en costas atlántica y pacífica, además de ello las comunidades raizales y palenqueras; quienes además consideran que la naturaleza es fuente de vida, el cuidado de la tierra, del agua, del aire es prioridad por cuanto todo ello genera el sostenimiento del planeta. Los afrocolombianos, vienen en una constante lucha por el reconocimiento de sus derechos como comunidad, el reconocimiento de su cultura, de sus territorios, de su economía, por la no discriminación racial entre otras situaciones. Así mismo, estas comparten una historia en común, una cultura y en especial unas prácticas tradicionales que sirvieron como base para definir su carácter étnico y así establecer que sus derechos territoriales deberían ser colectivos; de allí la lucha por el reconocimiento y titulación de las tierras, como fuente fundamental del sustento de las comunidades asentadas en estos territorios.

David Kubizňák, Marek Liška

According to Bekenstein's area law, the black hole entropy is identified holographically -- with one quarter of the horizon area. However, it is commonly believed that such a law is only valid in Einstein's theory and that higher curvature corrections generically give rise to its modifications. This is for example the case of black holes in Lovelock gravities, or their four-dimensional cousins in the recently discovered 4D scalar-tensor Gauss--Bonnet gravity where one naively `finds' (classical) logarithmic corrections to the Bekenstein's law. In this Letter we argue that such logarithmic corrections originate from ignoring the shift symmetry of the 4D Gauss--Bonnet gravity. When this symmetry is properly taken into account, there is no longer any departure from the area law in this theory. Moreover, the first law remains valid upon modifying the black hole temperature, which can be derived via the Euclidean grand canonical ensemble (Brown--York) procedure, but is no longer given by the surface gravity. Interestingly, we show that upon similar modification of the black hole temperature the area law can also prevail for black holes in higher-dimensional Lovelock gravities.

Joshua Daniel Bradley, Shinya Ito, Nabila Roukhamieh-Mckinna

Frontmatter

Joshua Daniel Bradley, Shinya Ito, Nabila Roukhamieh-Mckinna

Preface

Alfonso Cuenca Miranda

Recensión de la obra: RUIZ ROBLEDO, A. (2020). La mirada de Argos. Pequeño tratado constitucional de política española. Madrid: Reus.

V. I. Teremetskyi, S. A. Maliar

The article is devoted to the problems of spontaneous construction in comparing the public interest in ensuring the sustainability of civil turnover, the introduction of as much property as possible through the elimination of certain defective legal regimes, as well as private interests of landowners, developers and some other participants in civil turnover (customers, contractors, equity investors, etc.). The approach to defining the essence of unauthorized construction as a way to acquire ownership of certain real estate, which has certain defects in the identification process, as well as in terms of behavioral and object perception of this legal phenomenon is determined. It is established that in the legislation of the European Union there is a perception of the property law (Germany, Austria) and the binding legal law (France) model of the legal nature of spontaneous construction. Ukrainian legislation reproduces the features of both models within the Civil Code of Ukraine and special regulations. It is emphasized that the law-making legal fact for the recognition of the relevant real right to unauthorized construction is a court decision or a decision of an administrative body. At the same time, in order for the emergence of property rights, the case law does not in any way level the existence of the procedure for putting immovable property into civil circulation. The judicial practice and the development of the science of civil law are analyzed, on the basis of which it is concluded that the current approach, which differentiates construction activities, endowed with signs of unauthorized construction, where the determinants are the place of its holding, the volume and quality characteristics associated with the lawful or illegal use of land. Given the behavioral or objective perception of the legal nature of unauthorized construction, an analysis of the case law of courts of various instances, resulting in the own vision of resolving legal situations to regulate public relations for unauthorized construction depending on the legal status of entities claiming to legitimize it, or the legal regime of such property. According to the results of the study of the content of the draft Concept of renewal of the Civil Code of Ukraine, attention was drawn to the prospects for further improvements in the legal regulation of civil relations in relation to unauthorized construction.

Jie Jiang, Aofei Sang, Ming Zhang

After considering the quantum corrections of Einstein-Maxwell theory, the effective theory will contain some higher-curvature terms and nonminimally coupled electromagnetic fields. In this paper, we study the first law of black holes in the gravitational electromagnetic system with the Lagrangian $\math{L}(g_{ab}, R_{abcd}, F_{ab})$. Firstly, we calculate the Noether charge and the variational identity in this theory, and then generically derive the first law of thermodynamics for an asymptotically flat stationary axisymmetrical symmetric black hole without the requirement that the electromagnetic field is smooth on the bifurcation surface. Our results indicate that the first law of black hole thermodynamics might be valid for the Einstein-Maxwell theory with some quantum corrections in the effective region.

Jeremy Heng, Ajay Jasra, Kody J. H. Law et al.

In this article, we consider computing expectations w.r.t. probability measures which are subject to discretization error. Examples include partially observed diffusion processes or inverse problems, where one may have to discretize time and/or space, in order to practically work with the probability of interest. Given access only to these discretizations, we consider the construction of unbiased Monte Carlo estimators of expectations w.r.t. such target probability distributions. It is shown how to obtain such estimators using a novel adaptation of randomization schemes and Markov simulation methods. Under appropriate assumptions, these estimators possess finite variance and finite expected cost. There are two important consequences of this approach: (i) unbiased inference is achieved at the canonical complexity rate, and (ii) the resulting estimators can be generated independently, thereby allowing strong scaling to arbitrarily many parallel processors. Several algorithms are presented, and applied to some examples of Bayesian inference problems, with both simulated and real observed data.

Muhammad Irfan Hilmy, Muhammad Fadhali Yusuf

Force majeure becomes one of debtor's objections when there is a default in an agreement. In determining the circumstances included in the force majeure criteria, the judge considers the clause of the agreement and the effect that results from a situation on the fulfillment of the achievement. Every incident may not be said to be a force majeure because it sees how much influence factors that influence achievement of achievement. Force majeure is determined because of several things based on the cause, nature, subject, and scope. Juridical provisions related to force majeure in Indonesia are contained in the Civil Code, Laws and Jurisprudence. This paper will discuss the practice of determining force majeure in Indonesia, which refers to a judge's decision that sets a situation as a force majeure. The purpose of this paper is to find out the judge's analysis in rejecting or establishing a forceful situation. The research method used in this paper is normative juridical or also called doctrinal law research. The author refers and reviews the jurisprudence that discusses force majeure to find out the differences in analysis caused by differences in case backgrounds.   Abstrak Force majeure menjadi salah satu tangkisan debitur ketika terjadi wanprestasi dalam suatu perjanjian. Dalam menentukan keadaan yang masuk dalam kriteria force majeure hakim mempertimbangkan klausula perjanjian serta pengaruh yang dihasilkan akibat suatu keadaan terhadap pemenuhan prestasi. Setiap kejadian belum tentu dapat dikatakan sebagai force majeure karena melihat seberapa besar faktor pengaruh yang mempengaruhi pemenuhan prestasi. Force majeure ditetapkan karena beberapa hal berdasarkan penyebabnya, sifatnya, subjeknya, dan ruang lingkupnya. Ketentuan yuridis terkait force majeure di Indonesia terdapat dalam KUH Perdata, Undang-Undang, dan yurisprudensi. Tulisan ini akan membahas praktik penetapan force majeure di Indonesia yang mengacu pada putusan hakim yang menetapkan suatu keadaan sebagai force majeure. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui analisis hakim dalam menolak atau menetapkan suatu keadaan memaksa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah yuridis normatif atau disebut juga penelitian hukum doktrinal. Penulis mengacu dan mengulas pada yurisprudensi yang membahas mengenai force majeure untuk mengetahui perbedaan analisis yang disebabkan karena perbedaan latar belakang perkara.  

Y. T. Albert Law

We study the manifestly covariant and local 1-loop path integrals on $S^{d+1}$ for general massive, shift-symmetric and (partially) massless totally symmetric tensor fields of arbitrary spin $s\geq 0$ in any dimensions $d\geq 2$. After reviewing the cases of massless fields with spin $s=1,2$, we provide a detailed derivation for path integrals of massless fields of arbitrary integer spins $s\geq 1$. Following the standard procedure of Wick-rotating the negative conformal modes, we find a higher spin analog of Polchinski's phase for any integer spin $s\geq 2$. The derivations for low-spin ($s=0,1,2$) massive, shift-symmetric and partially massless fields are also carried out explicitly. Finally, we provide general prescriptions for general massive and shift-symmetric fields of arbitrary integer spins and partially massless fields of arbitrary integer spins and depths.

E. Platts, J. Xavier Prochaska, Casey J. Law

We introduce a new technique to constrain the line-of-sight integrated electron density of our Galactic halo $\text{DM}_\text{MW,halo}$ through analysis of the observed dispersion measure distributions of pulsars $\text{DM}_\text{pulsar}$ and fast radio bursts $\text{DM}_\text{FRB}$. We model these distributions, correcting for the Galactic interstellar medium, with kernel density estimation---well-suited to the small data regime---to find lower/upper bounds to the corrected $\text{DM}_\text{pulsar}$/$\text{DM}_\text{FRB}$ distributions: $\max[\text{DM}_\text{pulsar}] \approx 7\pm2 \text{ (stat)} \pm 9 \text{ (sys) pc cm}^{-3}$ and $\min[\text{DM}_\text{FRB}] \approx 63^{+27}_{-21} \text{ (stat)} \pm 9 \text{ (sys) pc cm}^{-3}$. Using bootstrap resampling to estimate uncertainties, we set conservative limits on the Galactic halo dispersion measure $-2 < \text{DM}_\text{MW,halo} < 123 \text{pc cm}^{-3}$ (95\% c.l.). The upper limit is especially conservative because it may include a non-negligible contribution from the FRB host galaxies and a non-zero contribution from the cosmic web. It strongly disfavors models where the Galaxy has retained the majority of its baryons with a density profile tracking the presumed dark matter density profile. Last, we perform Monte Carlo simulations of larger FRB samples to validate our technique and assess the sensitivity of ongoing and future surveys. We recover bounds of several tens $\text{pc cm}^{-3}$ which may be sufficient to test whether the Galaxy has retained a majority of its baryonic mass. We estimate that a sample of several thousand FRBs will significantly tighten constraints on $\text{DM}_\text{MW,halo}$ and offer a valuable complement to other analyses.