Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Ofer Malamud, Abigail K. Wozniak

Xiang Cai, Bangzhu Zhu, Haijing Zhang et al.

Faced with the dual constraints of resources and the environment, green technology innovation has become an important measure to solve the development challenges of heavily polluting industries. From the perspective of institutional regulation theory, this paper studies the impact of direct environmental regulation on green technology innovation in Chinese listed companies of heavily polluting industries by using the Panel Poisson fixed effect model. Besides, the heterogeneity of ownership and industry is discussed. The results indicate that direct environmental regulations exert a strong and significant incentive effect on green technology innovations in heavily polluting industries. Regarding the heterogeneity of enterprise ownership, direct environmental regulations were found to be more significant to the green technology innovations of state-owned listed companies in such industries. Considering industry heterogeneity, compared with labor-resource intensive industries, direct environmental regulation can effectively encourage green technology innovations in technology-capital intensive industries. This study provides a policy basis for promoting environmental governance and green technology innovation in China's heavily polluting industries.

M. Apple

Laura Montenovo, Xuan Jiang, F. Rojas et al.

F. Ceballos, Samyuktha Kannan, B. Kramer

Abstract In early 2020, the unprecedented nature of COVID-19 prompted India, among many other countries, to put in place stark measures to stem the virus’ spread and the cost of human lives. We analyze data from phone-based surveys on disruptions to agricultural production and food security, administered with 1515 smallholder producers in the states of Haryana and Odisha. We find substantial heterogeneity in how the lockdown affected farmers in these two states, which is likely related to existing structural differences in market infrastructure and to differences in state-specific COVID-related policies. In Odisha, where mechanization is limited, farmers spent more on labor to harvest their crops, and distress selling was more prevalent due to the absence of a well-functioning procurement system for their crops. In Haryana, preexisting market infrastructure allowed the state to sustain procurement at stable prices, limiting impacts on smallholder production. As consumers, farmers in Haryana faced more disruptions than those in Odisha, due to reduced availability of foods in the markets, whereas farmers in Odisha benefited from more diverse cropping patterns and increased local supply of foods following transport restrictions.

Roman Topazly, Olena Pokotylova, Anastasiia Olishevska et al.

The article is devoted to analyzing the role of business leadership and public-private interaction in shaping the development trajectories of Ukraine’s construction industry. The purpose of the study is to develop and test an integrated analytical framework that combines econometric modeling, a Business Leadership Index (BLI), and scenario forecasting to identify key determinants of sectoral growth. The methodological basis includes a multifactor regression model (price, investment, labor, and institutional variables), the construction of the Business Leadership Index for leading companies, regional clustering of construction activity, and scenario forecasting based on a 5D model (Demand, Development, Delivery, Digitalization, Durability). Model verification using back-testing on 2018–2021 data showed deviations within only 7–9 %, confirming its reliability, while forward-testing provided forecast estimates up to 2028. The results demonstrated that strategic companies with a high level of innovation, ESG compliance, and participation in public-private projects act as catalysts of recovery, whereas regional asymmetries require differentiated policy measures. A comparison with Central and Eastern European countries revealed Ukraine’s excessive dependence on state financing (>35 % versus 12–18 % in EU countries), highlighting the need to activate private capital. The scientific novelty of the study lies in combining index-based and scenario approaches, while its practical significance is determined by the possibility of applying the findings in public policy, corporate strategies, and international reconstruction support programs.

Bakhyt Ospanov

The article analyzes the role of scholarship programs and endowment funds within the national system for identifying, developing, and retaining talent in Kazakhstan. The study situates this analysis within the context of global competition for human capital, focusing specifically on the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) sector, where the state's capacity to build a highly qualified workforce becomes a prerequisite for economic diversification, reduction of resource dependence, and preservation of intellectual sovereignty, particularly in STEM segments. The scientific novelty lies in an attempt to reconstruct a holistic architecture of talent support through the interaction of three resources: government initiatives, private philanthropy, and targeted endowments. The research demonstrates how these mechanisms jointly form a personnel pipeline for high-technology sectors. The analysis addresses not only the volume of funding but also the institutional logic of resource allocation, the professional trajectories of recipients, and their alignment with the priorities of economic policy. The empirical section focuses on current financing models — from government grants to initiatives of private foundations, including Berik and Bayan Kaniyev Foundation and Fizmat Endowment Fund as representative cases of STEM support. Structural risks are examined separately: the gap between graduates’ competencies and labor market demand, as well as gender imbalance in STEM. In conclusion, a hybrid model is proposed that integrates government programs, private charity, and sustainable university-level financial instruments, interpreted as the inception of a talent ecosystem. The materials are addressed to education policy researchers, university management teams, leaders of charitable foundations, and decision-makers in the sphere of human capital development.

D. Gabaccia, E. N. Glenn

A. Pankaj, M. Jha

The growing informal nature of employment in the gig economy does not only merely provide employment for many but also causes exploitation, insecurity, and exclusion from social security because of its informal status. Workers in gig work often go through long working hours, low wages, fear of losing their job, and insecurity which result in their precarious life condition. They experience vulnerabilities related to their employment, residency status, and unfamiliarity with local frameworks—labor law, health, and safety hazards at work which certainly highlights precarious life situations. Besides precarity, gig workers from poor socio‐economic backgrounds often experience discrimination and exclusion because of their social positioning in society. Therefore, the article tries to unfold their experiences of exploitation and insecurity, struggles, and challenges. Further, the article also examines the contemporary agitation and resistance of gig workers against the exploitative policies of aggregators and state measures to address the problem of gig workers in India.

José Luis Monereo Pérez

Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) es una de esas personalidades polifacéticas y difíciles de encasillar que proliferaron a finales del siglo XIX y entre los dos siglos. Fue sociológico y psicólogo social, sobre todo de la psicología social de orientación sociológica (aunque también médico, fisiólogo e higienista). En realidad, fue uno de los fundadores principales de la psicología social, cuyo enfoque fue mantenido en numerosas obras, como Psicología de las multitudes, Psicología del Socialismo, Psicología de las Revoluciones, etcétera. Esa nueva «psicología de masas» afrontaría un nuevo fenómeno de la modernidad industrial caracterizado por el surgimiento de la «multitud» como agrupamiento humano especialmente proclive hacia la irracionalidad, la manipulación de dirigentes y líderes políticos, sindicales y religiosos. Le Bon realza la importancia de la sugestión y la imitación en el comportamiento irracional de las multitudes y sus consecuencias sociales, políticas y jurídicas. Le Bon, con harta frecuencia, ha sido infravalorado, y sin embargo, se ha afirmado, que excepto Sorel, y sin duda Tocqueville, ningún sabio francés ha tenido una influencia igual a la de Le Bon, el cual escribió libros de una extraordinaria repercusión en todos los ámbitos. Le Bon analiza el fenómeno de masas desde un enfoque positivista y fenomenológico del comportamiento de los individuos y grupos en las sociedades de masas.

Willian Lepinski, Iuri Michelan Barcat, Mário Lopes Amorim

O presente artigo discute a formação da Escola Latino-Americana de Agroecologia (ELAA), originária dos movimentos dos trabalhadores no campo, em uma perspectiva macrossocial. Argumentamos que a dinâmica pedagógica-laboral da ELAA ilustra tanto os avanços quanto os atuais limites das concepções científico-técnicas na expansão internacional do capitalismo. Assim, abordamos a temática a partir da teoria marxista da dependência, destacando o conflito entre a matriz primário-exportadora do empresariado e os projetos autônomos da classe trabalhadora no continente. Palavra-chave: Escola Latino-Americana de Agroecologia; Teoria Marxista da Dependência; Ciência, Tecnologia & Sociedade.

Davuthan Günaydın

Social assistance dependency, in other words, social assistance syndrome is used to explain the situation in which social assistance recipients discourage from working because of the way the benefits are designed and delivered. It is critical to understand the concept of social assistance addiction in order to assess the effectiveness of the addiction phenomenon thought to be created by social assistance on individuals and households. In this study, it is argued that the reason for the culture of passivity that develops with social assistance is not receiving help, but rather the construction and implementation of assistance programs. In this context, it is investigated how the addiction culture, which is also a result of intergenerational poverty, develops among children, whether there is a causal link between generations in social assistance intake, and the reason if there is a difference in the dependency culture of women versus men. Should this framework generally be considered dependent on allied recipients? It has been explored whether it is possible to establish a link between the level and duration of help they receive and addiction. Literatür taramasına dayalı olan bu çalışmada, konu ile ilgili literatür eleştirel bir çerçevede değerlendirilmekte ve farklı araştırma sonuçlarına göre değerlendirmeler yapılmaktadır. The results show that social assistance is critical to countering the insecurity and vulnerability experienced by individuals in chronic poverty, supporting human development, helping them access opportunities to escape poverty, and disrupting intergenerational transmission.

Valentina I. Kondratieva, Oksana M. Tarasova-Sivtceva

The demographic challenges faced by Northern regions are closely tied to economic development and require specific methodological approaches that account for the unique population dynamics in the vast but sparsely populated northern territories of the Russian Federation. This article explores the theoretical aspects of regional socio-economic development in relation to the demographic system and trends in socio-economic development. The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of demographic factors on the current labor market and workforce structure in Northern resource-based regions (NRBRs). Examining the present situation in these regions reveals a certain degree of population stabilization, with the exception of the Magadan region, population aging, an increase in demographic burden, and urbanization. A correlation and regression analysis shows significant direct and inverse relationships with factors shaping the labor market. A conclusion is made about the statistically significant positive relationship between male and female employment rates and parameters such as the share of the working-age population and the level of education. The study’s scientific novelty lies in the methodological approach developed and tested by the authors to evaluate demographic and economic factors influencing the modern labor market in NRBRs. Further development of state mechanisms to regulate demographic development is necessary to ensure that the regional labor market is adequately supplied with skilled personnel. The implementation of the Concept of Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation until 2025 and the Demography National Project can have a positive impact on demographic processes and the formation of regional labor markets. The results of the study can be valuable to executive authorities for monitoring and forecasting socio-economic processes at the regional level.

Niyaz Gabdrakhmanov, Liliya Karachurina, Nikita Mkrtchyan et al.

As a result of measures related to the liquidation of inefficient universities and low-quality education, the university network of Russia in 2013-2019 has significantly changed its configuration. In particular, the total number of universities decreased by 42%, including parent universities by 23%, branches by 56%. At the same time, the number of students decreased by 33% over the same period, the reform occurred during a period of demographic decline in the youth age cohorts. However, the consequences of the reform to optimize the network of universities could have a different impact on the structure of urban and regional higher education systems in different parts of the country.  Most of the federal and departmental statistics describing the situation in the field of higher education, and, accordingly, the results of research, are presented at the national or regional levels. However, almost all universities are located in cities, and this key level from the point of view of spatial localization of educational institutions falls out of the pool of educational analytics and research. Large cities everywhere attract young people with a wide range of factors. One of them is the possibility of choosing a university and an educational program. Other factors are related to the quality of the environment and services, the breadth and diversity of the labor market, which positively distinguish large cities from less populated places. The available data do not allow us to divide the migration attractiveness of the city for young people into those related to the presence of a university and the quality of educational services provided by it and those related to other possible factors of attractiveness. However, we can analyze whether there presentation of universities in cities of different sizes is correlated with their migration attractiveness, expressed in net migration indicators of 15-19-year olds. The conducted research has shown that the cities with a population of over 250 thousand people are the most attractive for migration and at the same time the least subjected to the reorganization of the university network. The concentration of universities in the largest cities of the country contributes to the strengthening of centripetal migration of young people. Small towns have experienced the main consequences of the implementation of state policy measures aimed at improving the quality of higher education. For many applicants from small and medium-sized cities, having one university or branch was the only opportunity to get a higher education without leaving their hometown.

Luis Eduardo Díaz

El espacio público, manejado como concepto político, permitiría múltiples vinculaciones y mediciones. En este ensayo, el análisis cualitativo del  mismo lo relacionará con la salud y los ingresos laborales. Cuando pierde tamaño, se crean entornos violentos y contratos precarios, afectando la esfera de realización de la libertad y la base donde se apoya el bienestar y la salud pública. Entendido como hábitat y organización de la seguridad social, requiere de diálogo, prevención, regulación e inspección, sin lo cual; no se expandiría suficientemente para enfrentar las amenazas que confronta.  

Liviu Chelcea, O. Druta

Abstract Many scholars have asked themselves if and for how long they should use the concept of “post-socialism.” We review some ways in which post-socialism is no longer used productively and suggest that one way to analyze the enduring effects of socialism (a useful role for the concept of post-socialism) is by paying attention to how economic and political elites in Central and Eastern Europe continue to use the ghost of state-socialism as the ultimate boogeyman, disciplinary device, and “ideological antioxidant.” We call this blend of post-1989 anti-communism and neoliberal hegemony “zombie socialism,” and we argue that it is a key component of contemporary capitalism in Central and Eastern Europe. We illustrate briefly some cases of zombie socialism, using data such as EU 28 statistics on labor, wages, work–life (im)balance, income tax, housing, and housing policies to show the effects of this hegemonic discourse. The presence of zombie socialism for almost three decades in Central and Eastern Europe made some of these countries “more” capitalist than countries with longer capitalist traditions in Europe. We join others who have suggested that there is nothing to transition any longer, as the “transition” is long over.

Dragos Sebastian Cristea, Sarina Rosenberg, Adriana Pustianu Mocanu et al.

This research provides an analytical and predictive framework, based on state-of-the-art machine-learning (ML) algorithms (random forest (RF) and generalized additive models (GAM)), that can be used to assess and improve the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) impact/performance over the agricultural and rural environments, easing the identification of proper instruments that can be used by EU policy makers in CAP’s financial management. The applied methodology consists of elaborating a custom-developed analytical framework based on a dataset containing 22 relevant indicators, considering four main dimensions that describe the intricacies of the EU agricultural and rural environment, in the CAP context: rural, emissions, macroeconomic, and financial. The results highlight that an increase of the agricultural research and development funding, as well as the agriculture employment rate, negatively influence the degree of rural poverty. The rural GDP per capita is influenced by the size of the employment rate in agriculture. It seems that environmental sustainability, identified by both fertilizers used and emissions from agriculture parameters, significantly influences the GDP per capita. In predicting emissions in agriculture, the direct payment, degree of rural poverty, fertilizer use, employment in agriculture, and agriculture labor productivity are the main independent parameters with the highest future importance. It was found that when predicting direct payments, the rural employment rate, employment in agriculture, and gross value added must be considered the most. The agricultural, entrepreneurial income prediction is mainly influenced by the total factor productivity, while agricultural research and development investments depend on gross value added, direct payments, and gross value added in the agricultural sector. Future research, related to prediction models based on CAP indicators, should also consider the marketing dimension. It is recommended for direct payments to be used to invest in upgrading the fertilizers technologies, since environmental sustainability will influence economic growth.

Paola Cappellin, Jorge Custodio

O objeto deste artigo é refletir sobre o processo de aproximação a Universidade por parte de jovens trabalhadores no período entre 1999 e 2013. Período da realidade brasileira, marcada por frequentes crises econômicas que modificam em continuação o mercado de trabalho e, de consequência, fragilizam as trajetórias ocupacionais das pessoas. Estas alterações repercutem na vida das pessoas, introduzindo sentimentos de incerteza e de insegurança social. Neste contexto buscar o diploma universitário, é uma estratégia para ampliar as perspectivas futuras de promoção profissional. Os jovens trabalhadores ao retornar aos estudos, se disponibilizam a reorganizar seus cotidianos: conciliar o tempo dedicado a frequentar a universidade, a assistir a família e a manter o emprego.  No decorrer do artigo, apesar de sublinhar as inovações, tudo indica que a cultura de gênero permanece como marcador de diferença de opções e escolhas.   Palavras-chave: gênero e trabalho; trabalho e universidade; gênero e universidade.

Kevin Hu, Feng Fu

The emergence of the modern gig economy introduces a new set of employment considerations for firms and laborers that include various trade-offs. With a game-theoretical approach, we examine the influences of technology, policy and markets on firm and worker preferences for gig labor. Theoretically, we present new conceptual extensions to the replicator equation and model oscillating dynamics in two-player asymmetric bi-matrix games with time-evolving environments, introducing concepts of the attractor arc, trapping zone and escape. While canonical applications of evolutionary game theory focus on the evolutionary stable strategy, our model assumes that the system exhibits oscillatory dynamics and can persist for long temporal intervals in a pseudo-stable state. We demonstrate how changing market conditions result in distinct evolutionary patterns across labor economies. Informing tensions regarding the future of this new employment category, we present a novel payoff framework to analyze the role of technology on the growth of the gig economy. Regarding governance, we explore regulatory implications within the gig economy, demonstrating how intervals of lenient and strict policy alter firm and worker sensitivities between gig and employee labor strategies. Finally, we establish an aggregate economic framework to explain how technology, policy and market environments engage in an interlocking dance, a balancing act, to sustain the observable co-existence of gig and employee labor strategies.

Heloise Paula Costa, Vagno Emygdio Machado Dias

Este artigo visa discutir a respeito da concepção de educação profissional na Reforma do Ensino Médio, no intuito de compreender o sentido da inserção da profissionalização no currículo do ensino médio regular. A metodologia consiste em discussão teórica, análise documental das normativas para o ensino médio e pesquisa de campo de abordagem qualitativa. Como proposta de intervenção, descreve e analisa os dados obtidos com o desenvolvimento de um curso de formação, destinado à discussão a respeito da profiss ionalização e da especialização no ensino médio regular, realizado com os profissionais da educação de uma escola estadual em Poços de Caldas/MG. Palavras chave : Educação Profissional e Tecnológica. Reforma do Ensino Médio.