The article is dedicated to the review of the XXX World Congress of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (IVR), which took place in the summer of 2022 in Bucharest, Romania. The overall theme of the Congress, “Justice, Community, and Freedom,” raises fundamental questions about the correlation between two fundamental values of modernity – justice and freedom – mediated by the community, within which the realization of both justice and freedom is possible.The author focuses the discussion on the plenary reports of the Congress participants, who examined the relationship between justice, community, and freedom from various perspectives. The plenary speakers addressed such topics as realism in political and legal philosophy, the civilized right of nations, the administration of justice and the fight against severe human rights violations, human rights judges; gender, law, and equal freedom; rhetoric as philosophy; the war in Ukraine and philosophy of law; paradoxes of existence; structural racial injustice in the context of Rawls' theory; human rights theory and practice for the Anthropocene; reflexive inclusivity and the prospects of cultural confrontation; privacy, critical definitions, and racial justice, as well as many other current issues in contemporary philosophy of law.
El presente artículo busca, a través del estudio de la neurociencia, reexaminar el concepto de culpabilidad en el ámbito penal y su vigencia de acuerdo con los nuevos hallazgos neurocientíficos asociados principalmente a la toma de decisiones. Esto en torno a cuestionar la justificación del reproche reevaluando la teoría de la culpabilidad conjuntamente con estos nuevos conocimientos. Ello con el fin de analizar si su aplicación está realmente justificada, y si no lo está, considerar que la intervención actual del reproche penal no tiene fundamento suficiente. Al estudiar los mecanismos neuronales subyacentes a la toma de decisiones, se cuestiona la noción tradicional de libre albedrío y se abren nuevas perspectivas para repensar las bases del sistema penal comprendiendo que la acción delictiva no es resultado de una acción consciente.
Public law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
This paper describes the underlying philosophy, design, and implementation of a course on "Nuclear Technology, Policy, and Society" taught in the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences at the University of Michigan. The course explores some of nuclear technology's most pressing challenges or its 'wicked problems'. Through this course students explore the origins of these problems be they social or technical and, they are offered tools, both conceptual and methodological to make sense of these problems, and guided through a semester-long exploration of how scientists engineers can work towards their resolution, and to what degree these problems can be solved through institutional transformation or a transformation in our own practices and norms as a field. The underlying pedagogical philosophy, implementation, and response to the course are described here for other instructors who might wish to create a similar course, or for non-academic nuclear scientists and engineers, who might perhaps, in these pages, find a vocabulary for articulating and reflecting on the nature of these problems as encountered in their praxis.
Matthew A. Bershady, Kyle B. Westfall, Shravan Shetty
et al.
We measure the age-velocity relationship from the lag between ionized gas and stellar tangential speeds in ~500 nearby disk galaxies from MaNGA in SDSS-IV. Selected galaxies are kinematically axisymmetric. Velocity lags are asymmetric drift, seen in the Milky Way's (MW) solar neighborhood and other Local Group galaxies; their amplitude correlates with stellar population age. The trend is qualitatively consistent in rate (d(sigma)/dt) with a simple power-law model where sigma is proportional to t^b that explains the dynamical phase-space stratification in the solar neighborhood. The model is generalized based on disk dynamical times to other radii and other galaxies. We find in-plane radial stratification parameters sigma_(0,r} (dispersion of the youngest populations) in the range of 10-40 km/s and 0.2<b_r<0.5 for MaNGA galaxies. Overall b_r increases with galaxy mass, decreases with radius for galaxies above 10.4 dex (M_solar) in stellar mass, but is ~constant with radius at lower mass. The measurement scatter indicates the stratification model is too simple to capture the complexity seen in the data, unsurprising given the many possible astrophysical processes that may lead to stellar population dynamical stratification. Nonetheless, the data show dynamical stratification is broadly present in the galaxy population, with systematic trends in mass and density. The amplitude of the asymmetric drift signal is larger for the MaNGA sample than the MW, and better represented in the mean by what is observed in the disks of M31 and M33. Either typical disks have higher surface-density or, more likely, are dynamically hotter (hence thicker) than the MW.
Amid the crises and security, economic, and social challenges facing humanity today, the judiciary is considered a safety valve in the area of crime prevention, achieving security and stability, reassurance, and prosperity. A human's right to achieve and establish justice can only be realized through the existence of judicial institutions, as justice and judiciary are intertwined - there can be no justice without judiciary, and no judiciary without justice. If justice is lost, the judiciary loses its importance, power, and people will no longer trust it or view it to obtain their rights. Therefore, this paper comes in this conference to shed light on the most prominent pillars for achieving justice in the Saudi judiciary as a human right, and the adequacy of these pillars. My study will rely on the descriptive research method for its suitability in analyzing the provisions and regulations governing the Saudi judiciary, and to derive theoretical and practical conclusions in this context.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
General positivity constraints linking various powers of observables in energy eigenstates can be used to sharply locate acceptable regions for the energy eigenvalues, provided that efficient recursive methods are available to calculate the matrix elements. These recursive methods are derived by looking at the commutation relations of the observables with the Hamiltonian. We discuss how this self-consistent (bootstrap) approach can be applied to the study of digitized scalar field theory in the harmonic basis. Using known results, we develop the method by testing on quantum systems, including the harmonic and anharmonic oscillators. We report recent numerical results for up to four coupled anharmonic oscillators. From here, we consider the possibility of using the groundwork of this method as a means of studying phase transitions in 1+1 dimensions.
Most research on Ernesto “Che” Guevara has been concerned with emphasizing his ideological Marxist commitments and anti-imperial material objectives. These scholarly concerns usually constellate recycled subjective themes highlighting the revolutionary leader hating injustice, and loving justice, in tandem with the objective of eliminating imperialism and advancing a Third World project. In 2012, Che’s Apuntes filósoficos (Eng. Philosophical Notes) were published and highlighted that his exposure to philosophy regrettably occurred late in his life, and surprisingly, the difficulty he had in reading Marx and Hegel. The objective, therefore, of this multidisciplinary research navigating law, theology, philosophy, and politics is threefold. First, it alludes to and critiques the familiar pedagogy of Guevara emphasizing the importance of developing a “theory in action”, “learning through action”, being a “humanist”, and “leading by example”. Secondly, it considers the consequences of Che reifying emotion (eros) over reason (logos) thereby providing a possible answer to his “failed revolutionary story” in the Congo and Bolivia with his pedagogy involving an unstable compound mixing the emotion of compassion with rage thus clouding his reason. Finally, the third section highlights that we should not relegate emotion away from the sphere of political discourse, but rather harmonize it with reason to avoid chaotic and unpredictable errors based on subjective truths. Emphasizing the former at the expense of the latter—as maintained by a realist approach to International Relations and positivist jurisprudence accenting International Law—risks undermining scholarship challenging the immoral consequences arising from a naturalized assumption separating reason and revelation thus decriminalizing colonial practices characterizing the North and South.
Рассматриваются вопросы реализации прокурором надзорных функций за органами дознанияв стадии предварительного расследования. Авторы приходят к выводам, что в стадии предварительного расследования законодатель наделил прокурора широким кругом надзорных полномочий за деятельностью органов дознания. Вместе с тем отдельные из них требуют корректировки. Так, например, полномочие прокурора давать согласие дознавателю на возбуждение перед судом ходатайстваоб избрании, отмене или изменении меры пресечения либо о производстве иного процессуального действия, которое допускается на основании судебного решения, целесообразно реализовыватьв отношении не дознавателя, а органов дознания. Наличие у прокурора возможности разрешать отводы, заявленные дознавателю, его самоотводы, а также отстранять дознавателя от дальнейшегопроизводства расследования, если им допущено нарушение требований закона, является излишнейи подлежащей передаче руководителю подразделения дознания и начальнику органа дознания. Также в статье делается вывод о том, что необходимо закрепить в УПК РФ положение, согласно которому письменные указания прокурора, если бы они и имели место, подлежали бы обязательному приобщению к материалам уголовного дела.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
José Luiz Amorim Filho, Carolina Hennig Gomes, Jamila Santos Reis D'Almeida
et al.
Este trabalho pretende contribuir para a divulgação e o estudo das opiniões consultivas da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos a partir de uma perspectiva contextual e crítica. Para tanto, observará especialmente as opiniões consultivas nº 27 e º 28, proferidas no ano de 2021. A compreensão da jurisprudência da Corte IDH, sobretudo por parte de defensoras e defensores públicos, contribui para a educação em direitos e para a garantia de proteção dos direitos humanos pelo sistema de justiça. A proposta de uma perspectiva contextual e crítica visa apresentar a atuação da Corte IDH dentro da geopolítica da região. Conforme se demonstrará, é possível identificar uma inflexão na jurisprudência da Corte nos últimos anos, tendente a admitir consultas motivadas por casos políticos concretos ou potencialmente litigiosos. A partir do voto dissidente do juiz Eugenio Zaffaroni, percebe-se que a opinião consultiva nº 28/2021, relativa à convencionalidade das reeleições indefinidas, esteve fundamentalmente implicada com o golpe sofrido por Evo Morales, em 2019.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
The article analyzes the state of Soviet legal science. The features of jurisprudence affecting the state and prospects of the development of legal thought are revealed. The scientific and practical justification of the need for a deep revision of the existing system of ideas about law, the development of such scientific provisions, according to which a radical transformation of the entire legal system would be carried out, is given. The directions of enriching the content of legal science are investigated. The development of domestic legal science is proposed on the basis of well-developed general theoretical concepts of analytical jurisprudence, philosophy of law and legal sociology, instrumental and behavioral-psychological theories.
El derecho comercial entendido como un conjunto de normas, principios, usos y costumbres, que se encargan de regular, entre otros, los actos de comercio, los sujetos responsables de realizarlos y los bienes mercantiles, amerita hoy día un análisis del mismo a la luz de la fraternidad, percibida esta como una relación de horizontalidad que une al género humano y que se manifiesta en un vínculo de respeto, igualdad, y responsabilidad para con los otros, y de esta manera replantear la aplicación y el diseño de muchas de sus instituciones, con miras a lograr un orden jurídico-económico más justo.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Ligia Amaral Filgueiras, Randerson José de Araujo Sousa, Ana Gabriela de Sousa Costa
et al.
An individual's nutritional condition influences his/her development, but the prevalence of unhealthy eating habits alters nutritional balance and triggers several health complications, which are also influenced by social determinants of health. For this reason, this study aimed to analyze the social determinants of health and the nutritional status of students from a public elementary and high school in a neighborhood on the outskirts of Belém, Pará State, Brazil. Along with the collection of anthropometric measures, an epidemiological and food census was used, following widely accepted protocols tested in the Amazon region, as well as an individual clinical evaluation. Z score and descriptive statistics were performed. 55 students were measured, 30 female and 25 male, with an average age of 13 years old, average BMI of 19.66 for the female group and 19.38 for the male, with 4% of the boys having “severe delay ”, while 3.7% of girls reported a“ delay ”in their growth. 13.3% of girls and 25% of boys drink alcohol. The students showed general physical status without major complications, there were no obese individuals, but there is a potential risk for the condition. However, because it is a peripheral area, the social determinants of health may strongly allow the processing of other nutritional diseases, such as malnutrition and especially stress, since we identified a student who self mutilates, and many others who experience daily violence and low life perspectives.
In this essay a quantum-dualistic, perspectival and synchronistic interpretation of quantum mechanics is further developed in which the classical world-from-decoherence which is perceived (decoherence) and the perceived world-in-consciousness which is classical (collapse) are not necessarily identified. Thus, Quantum Reality or "{\it unus mundus}" is seen as both i) a physical non-perspectival causal Reality where the quantum-to-classical transition is operated by decoherence, and as ii) a quantum linear superposition of all classical psycho-physical perspectival Realities which are governed by synchronicity as well as causality (corresponding to classical first-person observes who actually populate the world). This interpretation is termed the Nietzsche-Jung-Pauli interpretation and is a re-imagining of the Wigner-von Neumann interpretation which is also consistent with some reading of Bohr's quantum philosophy.
This article explores the emerging use of the proportionality concept in the contract law of the Anglo-common law world, first to understand its internal logic, and secondly, to situate its invocation within private law theory. What are judges doing when they appeal to “proportionality”?, and what does this say about the ideology of adjudication? I draw insights from the use of proportionality in other domains, in particular public law, to uncover its internal rationality as a means-ends rationality review coupled with a process of balancing competing considerations, which I illustrate with reference to the illegality, penalty, and cost of cure doctrines. I argue that proportionality reflects a method of pragmatic justification, expressing an aspiration towards a structured and transparent mode of argumentation that is anti-formal and anti-ideological, focusing from the bottom-up on contextual considerations, and occupying a distinct space against existing theories in private law driven, for instance, by “top-down”? rights-based ideologies or critical and communitarian perspectives.
Feizollah Abedini, Abbas Javareshkian, Seyed Morteza Hosseini Shahrudi
Since one of the explicit differences between Avicenna and Mulla Sadra’s philosophical thought based on the important issue of ‘Motion’ specially ‘Substantial Motion’, and there’s complete difference in the debate, the author has tried to response the questions about the origins and theoretical basis of this difference and to find out which position and principle have been involved in this contrast. First part of the essay studies the difference between Avicenna and Mulla Sadra‘s essential position through analytical comparison of ‘Motion Premise’ in the thought of these two well-known philosophers. 1- Sadra’s perception of motion against Avicenna’s quiddity and category centered attitude. 2- Expanding of ‘Motion’ discussion from concretes to abstracts especially human soul. 3- Change in the position of’ Motion’ from the section of natural issues to the section of common affairs. By analytical studying of the mentioned points specially with meditating in Avicenna’s objections on ‘Substantial Motion’, we conclude that the difference of these two well-known philosophers in the premise of ‘Substantial Motion’ originates from the most important philosophical position that is called ‘Principal of Existence’ or ‘Priority of quiddity. On this basis of these facts and despite of all denials and doubts of some other thinkers in Avicennas’s ‘Principle of priority of quiddity’ thought, based on this philosophical analysis , it can be explicitly seen the consideration of ‘priority of quiddity, which at least can end the doubts about ‘ Motion Premise’.
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
This article first deals with views on approve or denial of ultimatalityof nature, and then explains what demonstrates ultimatalityof nature. This article, by rational-analytical method, concludes that the most of philosophers before Mulla Sadra, since he denied the science of natural acts, could not prove the ultimate cause for the natural subject, but Mulla Sadra and his commentators always seek to prove their intelligence and Nature's endeavors have come up with a variety of explanations for it. Mulla Sadra's invention and innovation in this regard are the two principles of equality and the relations of being and the consciousness of existence. By virtue of the originality of existence and its subjectivity on the one hand, and on the other hand, it considers all creatures to be the ultimate cause, and compares it in such a way that the conflicts for the two ends of the meaning of the nature of the object are not taken into account.
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
We explore a $Z_2$ Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory in one spatial dimension with a coupling $h$, without imposing any Gauss' law constraint. We show that in our model $h=0$ is a free deconfined quantum critical point containing massless fermions where all Gauss' law sectors are equivalent. The coupling $h$ is a relevant perturbation of this critical point and fermions become massive due to confinement and chiral symmetry breaking. To study the emergent Gauss' law sectors at low temperatures in this massive phase we use a quantum Monte Carlo method that samples configurations of the partition function written in a basis in which local conserved charges are diagonal. We find that two Gauss' law sectors, related by particle-hole symmetry, emerge naturally. When the system is doped with an extra particle, many more Gauss's law sectors related by translation invariance emerge. Using results in the range $0.01 < h \leq 0.15 $ we find that three different mass scales of the model behave like $h^{p}$ where $p \approx 0.579$.