The regolith temperature of the Moon is strongly influenced by direct solar radiation and multiple-scattered thermal radiation from the surrounding terrains. Accurate simulation of these processes requires high-resolution topography and a thermophysical framework. To this end, we constructed a 1 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the Banting (BT) crater by fusing Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) imagery with Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter data using the Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers and Ames Stereo Pipeline software. Based on this high-resolution DEM, a 1D transient heat-conduction model was solved using the finite volume method to simulate the temporal and spatial evolution of the regolith temperature. The simulated illumination patterns agree with the LROC observations, confirming DEM reliability, and the temperature results show strong consistency with Diviner brightness temperature data. Within this validated modeling framework, we further evaluate the contribution of scattered solar radiation and thermal emission from Earth (SSRTEE) to the surface thermal balance. The analyses indicate that SSRTEE contributes less than 0.1 K to the regolith temperature at the BT site, far weaker than direct solar or multiple-scattered radiation. This result quantitatively confirms that Earth-induced radiative terms can be safely neglected in regolith temperature simulations for mid- and low-latitude lunar regions. This study provides a validated methodological framework for high-resolution lunar thermophysical modeling, which can support future surface environment investigations and landing-site assessments.
Vladimir Volenec, Ema Jurkin, Marija Šimić Horvath
In this paper, two types of circles related to a triangle in the Euclidean plane are studied: circles with a center at one vertex that pass through the midpoints of opposite sides, and circles with a center at one vertex that pass through the remaining vertices. The properties of these circles are studied and proved by using barycentric coordinates.
<p>Linear anomalies of vegetation vitality observed in satellite images motivated in-depth investigations of historical anthropogenic modification and exploitation of the paleo-floodplain of the late-glacial Bergstraßenneckar (BSN) in the Upper Rhine Graben near Mannheim (southwestern Germany). Stratigraphic investigations based on up to 1.7 m deep pits, sediment sampling, and laboratory analyses (grain size distribution; C, N, S; loss on ignition; X-ray fluorescence; morphoscopy of sand grains), as well as electrical resistivity tomography, reveal the presence of long parallel trenches cutting into the organic-rich and fine-grained natural strata which result from silting-up of the abandoned BSN channel during the Holocene. The linear features are interpreted as anthropogenic trenches and were later filled with sand. We identify an aeolian origin of the sand, which points to the use of sand, e.g., from the nearby Bettenberg dune of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to late-glacial age. The samples for optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL) from the fill of the trenches show a wide range of equivalent doses and insufficient bleaching as sand was filled in lumps during shoveling. This results in ages ranging from the LGM to 300 years, depending on the aliquot and age model. This wide range indicates incomplete bleaching and is in agreement with the manual filling process in historical times. Further corroboration is provided by data from the Hesse State Archive at Darmstadt through a license for clay mining and brick burning at the study site dated to 1865 CE, explicitly requiring immediate fill. Local-scale clay pits for mud-brick production have been known about in western Europe since Roman times. However, access to the resources in the BSN channels in 1865 CE was only possible after a significant fall in groundwater tables following the regulation campaign of the Rhine system starting in the first half of the 19th century, which, in a wider context, illustrates the extent to<span id="page34"/> which large-scale anthropogenic changes in the fluvioscape have cascading effects down to the local scale.</p>
A brief review of diamond mining covers the succession of dominating resources, from India to South Africa, to elsewhere in Africa and then to Russia and Canada. Kimberlite pipes have come to be recognized as the explosive transporters of diamonds upwards from their high‐pressure sources in the deep crust and upper mantle of Archaean cratons.
<p>The 2015–2016 El Niño event led to one of the hottest and most intense droughts for many tropical forests, profoundly impacting forest productivity. However, we know little about how this event affected the Cerrado, the largest savanna in South America. Here, we report on 5 years of productivity of the dominant vegetation types in the Cerrado, namely savanna (<i>cerrado</i>) and transitional forest–savanna (<i>cerradão</i>), continuously tracked before, during, and after the El Niño. Between 2014 and 2019, we carried out intensive monitoring of the productivity of key vegetation components (stems, leaves, roots). <i>Cerradão</i> productivity declined strongly by 29 % during the El Niño event. The most impacted component was stem productivity, which was reduced by 58 %. By contrast, <i>cerrado</i> productivity varied little over the years, and while the most affected component was fine roots, declining by 38 % during the event, fine-root productivity recovered soon after the El Niño. The two vegetation types also showed contrasting patterns in terms of the allocation of productivity to canopy, wood, and fine-root production. Our findings demonstrate that the <i>cerradão</i> can show low resistance and resilience to climatic disturbances due to the slow recovery of productivity. This suggests that the transitional Amazon–Cerrado ecosystems between South America's largest biomes may be particularly vulnerable to drought, enhanced by climate change.</p>
Ahmed Zoeir, Najme Talebi, Yousef Kazemzadeh
et al.
Abstract Parameters like sediment’s origin, transport distances or next influencing factors such as cementation or dissolution, cause almost all natural porous media to exhibit some degree of anisotropy. Using the X-ray CT scanning approach to provide a virtual environment for the calculation of such properties has its own issues, including its low resolution, which gives an incomplete description of internal structure, along with its relatively high costs. Porous media can be reconstructed with the help of statistical techniques from existing high-resolution thin section images. In this work, in this article, a micro-CT file available on the Imperial College website is first selected, which has been obtained from a disordered anisotropic sandstone core sample. specific statistical algorithms are applied to the top and side images of the core sample, which represent the input images for the Multiple-Point Statistics (MPS) technique. After that, to construct artificial anisotropic media models, Optimization algorithms are used to polarize the phase occurrence potentials in the principal directions, which are obtained from the two thin-section images. Results show that applying optimization algorithms to polarize occurrence potential functions can effectively develop artificial porous media that exhibit tensor properties closely matching those calculated from high-resolution micro-CT images of the actual sandstone core sample, such as permeability and thermal conductivity tensors.