LROC-derived 1 m Resolution Digital Elevation Model and Regolith Temperature Simulation of Banting Crater

The regolith temperature of the Moon is strongly influenced by direct solar radiation and multiple-scattered thermal radiation from the surrounding terrains. Accurate simulation of these processes requires high-resolution topography and a thermophysical framework. To this end, we constructed a 1 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the Banting (BT) crater by fusing Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) imagery with Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter data using the Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers and Ames Stereo Pipeline software. Based on this high-resolution DEM, a 1D transient heat-conduction model was solved using the finite volume method to simulate the temporal and spatial evolution of the regolith temperature. The simulated illumination patterns agree with the LROC observations, confirming DEM reliability, and the temperature results show strong consistency with Diviner brightness temperature data. Within this validated modeling framework, we further evaluate the contribution of scattered solar radiation and thermal emission from Earth (SSRTEE) to the surface thermal balance. The analyses indicate that SSRTEE contributes less than 0.1 K to the regolith temperature at the BT site, far weaker than direct solar or multiple-scattered radiation. This result quantitatively confirms that Earth-induced radiative terms can be safely neglected in regolith temperature simulations for mid- and low-latitude lunar regions. This study provides a validated methodological framework for high-resolution lunar thermophysical modeling, which can support future surface environment investigations and landing-site assessments.