Hasil untuk "Geography (General)"

Madina Yu. Ezaova, Farida M. Ashkhot

The purpose of this work is to study the linguistic expression of one of the key aspects of human life – the sphere of hospitality, which is analyzed through the lens of paremiology. Drawing on the various works of scholars who have studied the term "hospitality," we can examine its general prototypical meaning in more detail, which summarizes the empirical understanding of this socially significant action. The work highlights the emotional and evaluative characteristics and figurative representations that are inherent in Kabardian-Circassian culture. The analysis of the communicative-pragmatic connotations of the concept under study can provide more specific data on the process of cognition of reality by speakers of different cultures, highlighting both universal and nationally specific features. The result of the study is the examination of the elements of the paremiological worldview, focusing on the phenomenon of khyeshchaghe / hospitality in the Kabardian-Cherkessian language in the context of modern linguistics. This study relies on the use of various approaches, which allows us to examine the phenomenon of hospitality from different perspectives. The combination of different methodological tools provides opportunities for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under study. In this article, we analyze the "cultural" layer of language, which includes the Adyghe proverbial palette related to specific knowledge, by considering language as an aspect of culture. In this context, "hospitality" occupies a key position in the linguistic consciousness of the Adyghe linguistic community, being one of the main elements with national specificity.

Jonathan Shepard

Huimin Zhang, Xiyong Wang, Huawei Liu et al.

In China, the genus <i>Tulipa</i> L. has been identified as a national second-class protected plant. Due to the complex evolutionary and genetic backgrounds of tulips, the taxonomy of the genus <i>Tulipa</i> and its species remains a matter of dispute. The current study is dedicated to clarifying the taxonomic relationship between two closely related species, <i>T. iliensis</i> and <i>Tulipa thianschanica</i>, by integrating morphological, karyotypic, and molecular evidence—a novel framework for resolving taxonomic ambiguities in closely related species. Morphological analyses showed significant differences in filament shape, pistil length, overall plant height, presence or absence of stem hairs, and perianth length and width, which supports the conclusion that they are distinct species (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Karyotype analysis further verified disparities in their chromosome morphology, and distinct karyotype indices and scatter plot distributions suggest differences between the two species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences (ITSs) and chloroplast genomes confirmed the genetic differences between <i>T. iliensis</i> and <i>T. thianschanica</i>, and there is evidence indicating the possible occurrence of hybridization events. The research findings demonstrate that <i>T. thianschanica</i> and <i>T. iliensis</i> are independent species, thereby providing valuable insights into the taxonomy of wild tulips and contributing to the conservation of these protected species.

Wang Na, Li Le, Zhang Zebin et al.

Determining the chemical characteristics of atmospheric precipitation and its source contributions is critical for improving atmospheric environmental quality and water security. In this study, we analyzed the pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and major ion concentrations of precipitation from 2000 to 2021 at 29 monitoring stations in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), which typically experiences acid rain. Correlation analysis, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, and other statistical methods were used to analyze the correlations between the major ion concentrations and their source contributions. The results indicate that the pH, EC, and Fractional Acidity (FA) of precipitation from 2000 to 2021 ranged from 4.66 ± 0.18 to 5.91 ± 0.45, from 1.63 ± 0.59 to 5.49 ± 1.62 mS/m, and from 0.05 ± 0.06 to 0.19 ± 0.13, respectively. The pH exhibited interannual variations (first decreasing and then increasing), whereas EC and FA exhibited the opposite trend. The total ion concentrations in precipitation ranged from 166.63 ± 46.56 to 631.48 ± 212.83 μeq/L, which first increased and then decreased. The weighted equivalent ion concentrations were in order of SO42- > Ca2+ > NH4+ > NO3- > Cl- > Na+ > K+ > Mg2+ > F-. SO42-, NO3-, Ca2+, and NH4+ were the main ions, accounting for 72.98% of the total concentration. The ratio of the SO42- concentration to the total concentration decreased from 32.71% in 2000 to 14.33% in 2021, whereas NO3- increased from 9.03% to 13.74% during the same period. The ratio of SO42- to NO3- concentrations (SO42-/NO3-) decreased by 65.95% from 2000 to 2021. After 2008, the SO42-/NO3- values ranged from 0.5 to 3, and precipitation shifted from a sulfuric acid type to a mixed sulfuric-nitric acid type. This change indicates that increased NOx emissions in the PRD under urbanization and agricultural intensification altered the structure of precipitation pollution and further increased the complexity of regional air pollution. The ions were highly significantly positively correlated, of which NO3- and SO42- had the strongest positive correlation (r=0.69‒0.74). Generally, NOx and SO2 are emitted together and enter precipitation via overlapping pathways. Of the six ion sources, coal combustion had the highest contribution rates (a>60%) to SO42- and F-, while secondary inorganic salts contributed 82.30% of the NO3-. Agriculture, sea salt, biomass combustion, and dust contributed > 70% of the NH4+, Na+, K+, and Ca2+. The contribution rates of secondary inorganic salts to SO42-, Cl-, and NH4+ were also greater than 25%. Owing to the increase in motor vehicles driven by urbanization, the impacts of secondary inorganic salt sources on ions in precipitation have become more extensive, and controlling NOx emissions to effectively control secondary pollution sources is urgently required.

Syed Hasan Khuld, Babar Jamal Naqvi, Naeem Samoon et al.

This era is all about energy, humans cannot survive without energy. Conventional energy resources are not enough to fulfill the needs of energy that’s why it is necessary to find alternate energy resources that will be efficient and environment friendly. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is one of the reasonably low costs and is considered as environment friendly It degrades the harmful substance during production of electricity. This technology helps out for the producing of electricity by using the microbes. The generation of electricity is the new form of non-renewable energy by treating of the waste water from different types of effluent. The purpose of this technology is to produce the electricity that is environment friendly and sustainable. This review is also the part of research which is also to make a comparison of different MFC feeds which have unique chemical composition and are rich of various biological species and designing. This report also contains the discussion of MFC principle, necessary components, bacteria that are responsible for electricity production. This MFC contain the different batch type of reactor and in each reactor anode and cathode are dipped for time to check the response of flow of electron. Electrodes are used for drawing the comparison data of the MFC and giving new direction for the researchers. Salt bridge or membrane is connected between the reactor for the flow of proton to the cathode side and oxygen is supplied in the cathode compartment.

Elisa Varani

In general relativity the affine connection is required to be symmetric so torsion is zero while according to the Einsten- Cartan's theory torsion is connected to the spin tensor as expressed by the Cartan's equations. We consider the theory of spinors in general relativity in the light of the results of Einstein Cartan's theory.In general relativity the affine connection is required to be symmetric so torsion is zero while according to the Einsten- Cartan's theory torsion is connected to the spin tensor as expressed by the Cartan's equations. We consider the theory of spinors in general relativity in the light of the results of Einstein Cartan's theory. This work begins with the study of the spin connection coefficients, the calculation of the canonical momenta detects a spinor rotational current; fermionic rotational current is associated with torsion as explained by Cartan's equations, we find this torsion contribution even if the affine connection is symmetric. In the final considerations, we analyze the interaction terms (as written in the full action for Dirac spinors) and we compare them with the results of linearized gravity. We deduce that Gravitomagnetism is well described in the linearized theory while the term of spin connection giving rise to fermionic current is canceled out, so we mean these terms are describing different interactions.

Paul Jankowski, Jaydon Gan, Tri Le et al.

Abstract Background Wastewater treatment plants are an essential part of maintaining the health and safety of the general public. However, they are also an anthropogenic source of antibiotic resistance genes. In this study, we characterized the resistome, the distribution of classes 1–3 integron-integrase genes (intI1, intI2, and intI3) as mobile genetic element biomarkers, and the bacterial and phage community compositions in the North End Sewage Treatment Plant in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Samples were collected from raw sewage, returned activated sludge, final effluent, and dewatered sludge. A total of 28 bacterial and viral metagenomes were sequenced over two seasons, fall and winter. Integron-integrase genes, the 16S rRNA gene, and the coliform beta-glucuronidase gene were also quantified during this time period. Results Bacterial classes observed above 1% relative abundance in all treatments were Actinobacteria (39.24% ± 0.25%), Beta-proteobacteria (23.99% ± 0.16%), Gamma-proteobacteria (11.06% ± 0.09%), and Alpha-proteobacteria (9.18 ± 0.04%). Families within the Caudovirales order: Siphoviridae (48.69% ± 0.10%), Podoviridae (23.99% ± 0.07%), and Myoviridae (19.94% ± 0.09%) were the dominant phage observed throughout the NESTP. The most abundant bacterial genera (in terms of average percent relative abundance) in influent, returned activated sludge, final effluent, and sludge, respectively, includes Mycobacterium (37.4%, 18.3%, 46.1%, and 7.7%), Acidovorax (8.9%, 10.8%, 5.4%, and 1.3%), and Polaromonas (2.5%, 3.3%, 1.4%, and 0.4%). The most abundant class of antibiotic resistance in bacterial samples was tetracycline resistance (17.86% ± 0.03%) followed by peptide antibiotics (14.24% ± 0.03%), and macrolides (10.63% ± 0.02%). Similarly, the phage samples contained a higher prevalence of macrolide (30.12% ± 0.30%), peptide antibiotic (10.78% ± 0.13%), and tetracycline (8.69% ± 0.11%) resistance. In addition, intI1 was the most abundant integron-integrase gene throughout treatment (1.14 × 104 gene copies/mL) followed by intI3 (4.97 × 103 gene copies/mL) while intI2 abundance remained low (6.4 × 101 gene copies/mL). Conclusions Wastewater treatment successfully reduced the abundance of bacteria, DNA phage and antibiotic resistance genes although many antibiotic resistance genes remained in effluent and biosolids. The presence of integron-integrase genes throughout treatment and in effluent suggests that antibiotic resistance genes could be actively disseminating resistance between both environmental and pathogenic bacteria.

Gabriela Rousi Abdon da Silva, Risete Maria Queiroz Leão Braga, Lindemberg Lima Fernandes et al.

Os resíduos sólidos se apresentam como uma grande problemática ambiental na atualidade, haja vista a grande quantidade gerada e a consequente destinação incorreta. A Lei nº 12.305/2010, que institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), é bastante atual e contém instrumentos importantes para permitir o avanço necessário ao país no enfrentamento dos principais problemas ambientais, sociais e econômicos decorrentes do manejo inadequado dos resíduos sólidos. Um dos princípios da PNRS é reconhecer o resíduo como sendo reutilizável e reciclável e a disposição em aterros sanitários para os rejeitos. Para tanto, é necessário que os aterros tenham sistemas capazes de proteger e minimizar os impactos ambientais causados por essa disposição. Entre esses sistemas, destaca-se o de drenagem de lixiviado resultante da decomposição dos resíduos somado à precipitação pluviométrica. Nesse caso, a quantificação da vazão do percolado é um dos fatores principais na determinação do tratamento a ser dado para esse percolado. Portanto, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a quantificação de lixiviado proveniente de um aterro na Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB), a partir dos métodos empíricos de Balanço Hídrico e Suíço, comparando-os com a vazão real do percolado proveniente do aterro. Os dados da precipitação média anual utilizada foram de uma série de 2006 a 2017. Os resultados apontaram que, das vazões estimadas, a que mais se aproximou da vazão real e que abrangeu as situações de mínima, média e máxima vazão foi a determinada pelo método Suíço, quando aplicado um coeficiente de compactação de resíduos (K) igual a 0,25.

Faical Ndairou, Delfim F. M. Torres

Fractional optimal control problems via a wide class of fractional operators with a general analytic kernel are introduced. Necessary optimality conditions of Pontryagin type for the considered problem are obtained after proving a Gronwall type inequality as well as results on continuity and differentiability of perturbed trajectories. Moreover, a Mangasarian type sufficient global optimality condition for the general analytic kernel fractional optimal control problem is proved. An illustrative example is discussed.

Felipe Lima Ramos Barbosa, Renato Fontes Guimarães, Osmar Abílio de Carvalho Júnior et al.

Os desafios sociais e ambientais estão diretamente relacionados à concentração populacional existente nos ambientes urbanos, que contribuem em mais de 75% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) mundial. Assim, é essencial a detecção da dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra visando à elaboração e efetivação de políticas públicas. Os sistemas SAR, especialmente as técnicas de interferometria, vêm apresentando ótimos resultados frente a esse desafio, uma vez que não possuem influência direta da atmosfera. Limitados estudos foram realizados utilizando-se a coerência interferométrica proveniente do satélite Sentinel-1 em ambiente urbano. Nesse sentido o objetivo desse estudo foi classificar o uso e cobertura da terra de parte do Distrito Federal tendo por base diferentes dimensionalidades considerando as medidas de intensidade e de coerência interferométrica relativas ao ano de 2018. Os resultados mensurados a partir das métricas Kappa e F1 indicam que a inserção de uma série temporal de coerências interferométricas melhora o desempenho da classificação, de 0,50 a 0,75 (Kappa) e de 0,54 a 0,79 (F1), fato que ficou evidente na melhora de desempenho das classes temáticas relacionadas à cobertura vegetal. Ademais, também constata-se que a identificação dos objetos urbanos é melhor representada pela utilização apenas das intensidades (VV e VH) no processo classificatório

Regerson Franklin Santos, Márcio Nolasco Leite, Beatriz Vera

Buscando apresentar ao leitor uma reflexão alternativa às interpretações tradicionais, rígidas e baseadas majoritariamente em políticas públicas oficiais e no discurso de gabinete e/ou da classe dominante, esse texto, então, pauta sua estrutura teórico-conceitual em análise fundamentada na concepção cultural, relacionando a teoria (obtida com fundamentação acadêmica) com a praticidade evidenciada mediante trabalho de campo e seus resultados advindos de entrevistas com moradores da Faixa de Fronteira entre o município de Sete Quedas-MS e o Distrito de Pindoty Porã, que pertence à cidade de Corpus Christi, no Paraguai. Utilizando-se da categoria (entre)lugar enquanto suas nuances em relação com o território, estabelece uma discussão que considera as simbologias, as sentimentalidades e outras formas de se entender o viver na fronteira e as dificuldades que os fronteiriços em situação de vulnerabilidade encontram. Apontar saídas aos complexos problemas dessa faixa, incide em se escutar os que nela (sobre)vivem, estabelecendo, assim, uma fronteira dobrável, solidária e inclusiva. E é esse um dos pontos cruciais desse trabalho.

Nelio Manuel

Este artigo busca analisar as implicações sócioterritoriais resultantes dos processos de expropriação das comunidades locais do megaprojecto de mineração da Vale no distrito de Nacala-a-Velha. A perspectiva teórico-metodológica, adoptada consistiu na abordagem qualitativa, com carácter descritivo e exploratório. Para a análise do objecto de pesquisa, o estudo privilegiou as pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. Foram aplicadas as técnicas de observação directa e entrevista semi-estruturada aos representantes das duas comunidades reassentadas pela Vale no distrito de Nacala-a-Velha. Os resultados obtidos permitiram-nos compreender que os programas de reassentamento da Vale no distrito de Nacala-a-Velha inserem-se no contexto da emergência das apropriações transnacionais de terras ou landgrabbing, que prevêem a concessão de vastas porções de terra para investidores estrangeiros, e, por conseguinte, a expropriação das comunidades locais para regiões longínquas, inférteis, desprovidas de acesso a bens naturais como: a água potável, insumos agrícolas, escolas, hospitais e outras infra-estruturas aumentando assim, a insegurança alimentar.

Xiao-Xiao Kou, Chi Tian, Shuang-Yong Zhou

Oscillons are dense objects that may be copiously produced in the preheating period after inflation, during which what role general relativity might play is largely unknown. We investigate the oscillon preheating scenario in full general relativity, and compare the general-relativistic simulations with the traditional ones done in an FLRW background. We find that in certain parameter regions the general-relativistic corrections are significant, producing more and denser oscillons, and can be strong enough to collapse the oscillons to black holes.

Michal Boczek, Anton Hovana, Ondrej Hutník

We prove a~general form of Chebyshev type inequality for generalized upper Sugeno integral in the form of necessary and sufficient condition. A key role in our considerations is played by the~class of $m$-positively dependent functions which includes comonotone functions as a~proper subclass. As a~consequence, we state an equivalent condition for Chebyshev type inequality to be true for all comonotone functions and any monotone measure. Our results generalize many others obtained in the framework of q-integral, seminormed fuzzy integral and Sugeno integral on the real half-line. Some further consequences of these results are obtained, among others Chebyshev type inequality for any functions. We also point out some flaws in existing results and provide their improvements.

A. O. Barvinsky, N. Kolganov

The recently suggested generalized unimodular gravity theory, which was originally put forward as a model of dark energy, can serve as a model of cosmological inflation driven by the effective perfect fluid -- the dark purely gravitational sector of the theory. Its excitations are scalar gravitons which can generate, in the domain free from ghost and gradient instabilities, the red tilted primordial power spectrum of CMB perturbations matching with observations. The reconstruction of the parametric dependence of the action of the theory in the early inflationary Universe is qualitatively sketched from the cosmological data. The alternative possibilities of generating the cosmological acceleration or quantum transition to the general relativistic phase of the theory are also briefly discussed.

Didáctica geográfica Didáctica geográfica

John R. Klauder

An affine quantization approach leads to a genuine quantum theory of general relativity by extracting insights from a short list of increasingly more complex, soluble, perturbably nonrenormalizable models.

Jörg Andrä, Falk Beyer, Gesine Cornelissen et al.

Abstract Background The overall aim of the interdisciplinary research project “PharmCycle” is to reduce the contamination of the aquatic environment with antibiotics by developing sustainable antibiotics, improving the environmental risk assessment of antibiotics, and reducing the discharges of antibiotics in the wastewater outlet. An overview of the holistic approach and first results are given. Results The first step is to design sustainable antibiotics, which are effective against target organisms but, after their use, are less toxic, and are rapidly and completely degradable. To develop sustainable antibiotics, two different approaches (subprojects) are applied within PharmCycle: First, a re-design of the existing antibiotics with chemical and in silico methods (“Benign by Design”). Second, sustainable peptide-based antibiotics are produced with biotechnological methods. In the second step, the environmental risk assessment for antibiotics in the framework of the authorization process and for monitoring purposes is improved. There is a lack of data for the environmental risk assessment of antibiotics on the European market. With more transparency of these data, the environmental risk assessment for active substances and for the class of antibiotics can be improved. The aim is to increase the data availability by applying the Aarhus convention and by providing legal access to environmental information. Beside other shortages in the environmental risk assessment required by the European legislation, the effects of antibiotics directly applied in marine aquacultures are not assessed by marine prokaryotic test systems. Therefore, a marine cyanobacteria test was developed, which is more sensitive to selected priority antibiotics than the marine eukaryotic algae test (DIN EN ISO 10253) required by the European Medicines Agency. Marine cyanobacteria are of high importance for the nitrogen cycle and primary production. Moreover, they seem to play an important role with respect to climate change. To reduce the emission of antibiotics used as human pharmaceutical products to the aquatic environment, the third step focusses on the main pathway, the wastewater. Investigations to improve the wastewater treatment of priority antibiotics and sustainable antibiotics are conducted by a combination of methods: activated sludge units, activated carbon adsorption, and membrane filtration systems. Conclusions With the aim of improving the environmental risk assessment of antibiotics and to reduce the emission of antibiotics to the aquatic environment, an interdisciplinary approach is applied which includes the analysis of the German, European, and international law and the development of new legal instruments.

S. O'Brien, D. Wildt, D. Goldman et al.

Giuseppe Papallo

In this paper we study the hyperbolicity of the equations of motion for the most general Horndeski theory of gravity in a generic "weak field" background. We first show that a special case of this theory, namely Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, fails to be strongly hyperbolic in any generalised harmonic gauge. We then complete the proof that the most general Horndeski theory which, for weak fields, is strongly hyperbolic in a generalised harmonic gauge is simply a "k-essence" theory coupled to Einstein gravity and that adding any more general Horndeski term will result in a weakly, but not strongly, hyperbolic theory.