Hasil untuk "Comparative grammar"

Noam Chomsky

Gordon, Robert M Gordon

This paper revisits the Simulation Theory (ST) as a framework for understanding human social cognition, challenging traditional ‘theory of mind’ or ‘folk psychology’ approaches. While these theory-based models posit that humans use an implicit body of knowledge to interpret and predict others’ behavior, ST emphasizes the use of mental simulation, leveraging the brain’s existing mechanisms for planning and prediction. By employing a predictive coding strategy, the brain minimizes cognitive load, interpreting others' actions through ‘inverse planning’ – a process that reuses one’s own action planning system to hypothesize the goals and intentions of others. The concept of agent-neutral coding is introduced, proposing that inputs for self and others are initially shared, reducing the need for explicit mental state attributions. This approach not only economizes cognitive resources but aligns with evolutionary perspectives on human social interaction in small, cohesive groups. In addition, the paper explores the role of perspective-taking and error correction in adapting shared mental representation. This reevaluation of ST underscores its efficiency and adaptability, offering a streamlined alternative to theory-based accounts of social cognition.

Alina Yodlovska

EXPLICATION OF THE PERCEPTUAL SIGN ”SMELL” IN THE MINDS OF POLISH LANGUAGE USERS AND IN DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC EXPERIMENT) The problem of explicating perceptual features in vocabulary definitions is still underdeveloped in linguistics. Each interpretation of a meaning in a dictionary is one of the possible variants of its description. The aim of my research is to identify and characterise the correlation between the content of the definitions of words with the perceptual feature “smell” and the content of the corresponding concepts in the minds of Polish language users. The following methods were used in the study: analysis of dictionary definitions, conceptual analysis, psycholinguistic experiment. Using the questions from the experiment, I was able to identify 12 terms that respondents mention most often (over 100 times) and associate with smell, and also to refer to dictionary definitions to see if there is a perceptual sign in the structure of the definitions. A perceptual sign (perceptual feature) in linguistics refers to a meaningful unit whose meaning is derived from perception, i.e. perception by the senses. It is a sign that can be perceived through the senses, such as sight, hearing or touch, and which has a certain meaning for the perceiver. The perceptual sign of smell in Polish dictionaries is represented by the lexemes such as aromatic, fragrant, pleasant, pungent, unpleasant smell. Vocabulary definitions mostly fail to capture the perception of smell: the realities that respondents most often mentioned do not include the perception of smell, but are presented descriptively.

M. Kessler, S. Loewen, Talip Gönülal

Abstract Despite the influx of research examining various aspects of mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) applications (apps) over the past two decades, there have been no head-to-head studies that have investigated the comparative effectiveness of different mobile apps. The current study addresses this gap by directly comparing two of the most well-researched and popular MALL apps: Babbel and Duolingo. In this mixed methods study, adult learners (N = 59) engaged in studying Turkish as a foreign language using either Babbel (n = 27) or Duolingo (n = 32) for eight weeks. Participants then completed two exit assessments, including (1) a posttest gauging their development of various language skills (i.e. reading, writing, speaking, listening, vocabulary, and grammatical competence), and (2) a survey assessing their user experience (e.g. enjoyment, motivation, beliefs about effectiveness). The results of this study showed that although both the Babbel and Duolingo groups made progress, there were no statistically significant differences between their L2 learning gains. However, for the Babbel group, there was a stronger correlation between participants’ study time and their posttest scores. Finally, Babbel users also felt the app was more effective for learning grammar, speaking/pronunciation skills, and for learning about the target language culture. This study discusses the implications of these findings for researchers and MALL users more broadly.

Bonifacio Tala Cunanan

This paper deals with parsing and exploring transitivity in ten online science news articles in one of the leading national broadsheets in the Philippines. The corpus analysis used two software applications: AntConc and UAM Corpus. Specifically, this study compared the transitivity features of ten online science news with the transitivity features of non-science-based registers. The transitivity analysis of the science-based and the non-science-based registers has resulted in identifying and classifying the underlying semantic roles of Participants, Process types, and Circumstances. Identifying the semantic features across the registers has resulted in identifying the prominent and foregrounded features of transitivity in the corpus. This study reiterates that foregrounding is crucial in stylistic analysis of texts. The analysis has established that while the non-science-based registers use the six Process types, the science-based registers primarily use the Material and the Relational Process types. This disproportionate occurrence of the Process types, especially the non-use of the Behavioral process types, strongly corroborates the notion that transitivity is register-specific. The present study supports a systemic and functional stance that considers language a network of choices applicable across varied genres and registers. Also, this study recommends the use of software applications in language pedagogy. Finally, the findings may also facilitate teaching L2 academic writing and producing science-based materials.

Liang-Yu Fu, Tao Zhu, Xinkai Zhou et al.

Plant genomes encode a complex and evolutionary diverse regulatory grammar that forms the basis for most life on earth. A wealth of regulome and epigenome data have been generated in various plant species, but no common, standardized resource is available so far for biologists. Here, we present ChIP-Hub, an integrative web-based platform in the ENCODE standards that bundles >10,000 publicly available datasets reanalyzed from >40 plant species, allowing visualization and meta-analysis. We manually curate the datasets through assessing ~540 original publications and comprehensively evaluate their data quality. As a proof of concept, we extensively survey the co-association of different regulators and construct a hierarchical regulatory network under a broad developmental context. Furthermore, we show how our annotation allows to investigate the dynamic activity of tissue-specific regulatory elements (promoters and enhancers) and their underlying sequence grammar. Finally, we analyze the function and conservation of tissue-specific promoters, enhancers and chromatin states using comparative genomics approaches. Taken together, the ChIP-Hub platform and the analysis results provide rich resources for deep exploration of plant ENCODE. ChIP-Hub is available at https://biobigdata.nju.edu.cn/ChIPHub/. A comprehensive data portal to explore plant regulomes is still unavailable. Here, the authors develop a web-based platform ChIP-Hub in the ENCODE standards and demonstrate its applications in the identification of hierarchical regulatory network, tissue-specific chromatin dynamics, putative enhancers and chromatin states.

A. Nagra, Khalid Alissa, Taher M. Ghazal et al.

ABSTRACT Urdu language is being spoken by over 64 million people and its Roman script is very popular, especially on social networking sites. Most users prefer Roman Urdu over English grammar for communication on social networking platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and WhatsApp. For research, Urdu is a poor resource language as there are a few research papers and projects that have been carried out for the language and vocabulary enhancement in comparison to other languages especially English. A lot of research has been made in the domain of sentiment analysis in English but only a limited work has been performed on the Roman Urdu language. Sentiment analysis is the method of understanding human emotions or points of view, expressed in a textual form about a particular thing. This article proposes a deep learning model to perform data mining on emotions and attitudes of people using Roman Urdu. The main objective of the research is to evaluate sentiment analysis on Roman Urdu corpus containing RUSA-19 using faster recurrent convolutional neural network (FRCNN), RCNN, rule-based and N-gram model. For assessment, two series of experiments were performed on each model, binary classification (positive and negative) and tertiary classification (positive, negative, and neutral). Finally, the evaluation of the faster RCNN model is analyzed and a comparative analysis is performed for the outcomes of four models. The faster RCNN model outperformed others as the model achieves an accuracy of 91.73% for binary classification and 89.94% for tertiary classification.

BACK MATTER

Richard Ching Ho Cheng

Shadow education has remained a supportive role in many countries, and studies have shown that it has had both positive and negative impacts on students’ academic performance. However, the views so far for private tutors have often been neglected by researchers. Private tutors are one of the important stakeholders in shadow education since they are the knowledge providers and facilitators in the classroom. Their opinions can help to show a more realistic picture of shadow education in Hong Kong. In this study, the focus is on investigating Hong Kong shadow education from private tutors’ perspectives. There were 20 private tutors from local private tutorial centres participating in this study, and they were invited to individual interviews to express their ideas about shadow education in Hong Kong. Thematic analysis was used to organize and analyze the data in this study. The results showed that private tutors felt shadow education in Hong Kong is too ‘materialistic,’ and sometimes they felt lost when teaching because of the result-oriented atmosphere in the Hong Kong education system. Furthermore, social inequalities and washback were reported as well. This has further highlighted some of the negative impacts brought by shadow education.

Matthias Urban

At the eve of Spanish conquest, Northern Peru is thought to have been home to a multitude of languages of relatively modest geographical extension, especially when compared with the widespread Quechuan and Aymaran languages. In this contribution, I suggest the possibility that a language or several languages relatively closely related to Cholón were spoken in a much wider part of Northern Peru than that in which Cholón is historically attested. A prior “Cholonoid” area might have covered not only the western part of today’s San Martín department, but also almost the entire department of Cajamarca as well as parts of La Libertad and Amazonas. This interpretation results from a triangulation of three independent lines of evidence, namely the toponymic record, substrate lexis in the local variety of Quechua at Chachapoyas, and typological properties of the extinct northern Peruvian languages.

J. Bresnan, Lioba J. Moshi

Syed Sajjad Ali

The purpose of this descriptive research study is to find out the perceptions of students and teachers about the problems and challenges in learning and teaching of English language in Madrassas located in urban area of District Mardan. The main objectives of the study are to assess the attitude of both the students and teachers towards English language; to find out the required facilities for the teaching and learning of English and to put forward the recommendations of the students and teachers for the eradication of the problems and challenges to English language learning and teaching in Madrassas. The population of the research study consist of all Madrassas and all male students and teachers in Urban Madrassas in District Mardan. The researchers use convenient sample for the selection of Madrassas. Selection of students is based on thirty percent proportionate sample; while teachers are selected on the basis of hundred percent proportionate samples accordingly. Two separate questionnaires are the instrument for data collection. The questionnaires comprised on both closed and open ended items. The collected data were analyzed using percentage and thematic analysis. Findings of the study revealed that there are no proper facilities for the teaching of English language. The results of this research study may be helpful for the policy makers to emphasize more on the importance of English language learning in Madrassas across Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in particular.

Julia Sabrina Justino, Mailce Borges Mota

O processamento da morfologia flexional verbal tem sido alvo de um amplo debate em psicolinguística. Teorias de mecanismo dual (Pinker 1998; Ullmanet al.1997) sugerem modelos de processamento nos quais formas regulares são processadas via regra computacional, enquanto formas irregulares são recuperadas na memória. Em contrapartida, teorias de mecanismo unitário (Rumelhart & Mcclelland 1986; Stockall & Marantz 2006) afirmam que tanto formas regulares quanto irregulares podem ser processadas via mecanismo conexionista ou decomposicional. Grande parte das evidências acumuladas até o momento provém do passado simples em inglês (Pinker 1998; Rumelhart & Mcclelland 1986; Stockall & Marantz 2006; Ullmanet al. 1997). Ao contrário do inglês, o português possui um complexo sistema morfológico verbal. Em vista disso, um experimento psicolinguístico utilizando o método de leitura auto monitorada associada com registro de movimento ocular foi conduzido a fim de investigar se verbos regulares que pertencem a diferentes classes e tempos verbais são processados da por um mecanismo unitário ou dual. Participaram desse experimento cento e oito falantes nativos do português brasileiro. Os resultados sugerem que, no processamento das formas verbais flexionadas, propriedades como classe e tempo verbal, bem como elementos sintáticos que fazem parte da sentença na qual o verbo está inserido, desempenham um papel no processamento verbal.

Diana Oliveira, Anabela Rato

Perceiving and producing L2 oral stops is difficult for Chinese learners of European Portuguese (EP), namely the voicing distinction between these sounds (Shu 2014). The aim of the present study is to examine the degree of cross-linguistic similarity between the L1 and the L2 oral stops, in an attempt to shed light on the challenges Chinese learners of EP face when learning the L2 phonology (Batalha 1995; Martins 2008; Shu 2014).

R. Zanuttini

Ruri Ariati, Syahrial .

This classroom action research was carried for implementing cue cards as the teaching media to improve students’ descriptive speaking in class VIII 2 of SMPN 3 Bengkulu City. This research was focused on:  (1) the improvement of students’ descriptive speaking competence by using cue cards and (2) the investigation of factors involved in the improvement of students’ descriptive speaking competence by using cue cards. This research was implemented to 36 students (19 female and 17 male) registered in this class. The progress was measured by speaking test and some supporting data such as observation checklist, field note, and interview. The result of the research indicated the progress of students’ descriptive speaking by using cue cards. Students in this class were not good in speaking performances could be affected by the lack of other English skills. In action phase of the two cycles, students made a lot of mistakes in grammar and were lack of vocabulary mastery. The factors influenced in improving students’ descriptive speaking competence were students’ English proficiency: integrated skills and language element (pronunciation, grammatical comprehension, vocabulary mastery, and fluency), thinking ability, attitude along the treatment. The research concluded that the improvement did not achieve the level of satisfaction as expected. Secondly the factors influenced were integrated skills, language element, thinking ability and attitude.

Evangelina Soltero Sánchez

Este artículo ofrece una aproximación al estado del cuento centroamericano en el siglo XX. En él se muestran los primeros datos de una investigación mayor sobre el cuento literario en Centroamérica en el siglo XX, centrándose principalmente en un primer inventario del género en los seis países que conforman el istmo.

Mirko Lino

Il volume curato da Gino Frezza, frutto del lavoro condotto dal Laboratorio di Analisi degli Audiovisivi dell’Università di Salerno, raccoglie i contributi di diversi studiosi nazionali e internazionali con l’obiettivo di analizzare la poliedricità dell’immaginario contemporaneo sullo zombie, e per farlo mette al centro il fenomeno seriale di The Walking Dead (TWD) creato da Robert Kirkman, ponendo in una prospettiva transdisciplinare le relazioni tra l’intensa metaforologia postumana e apocalittica incarnata dallo zombie e le nuove morfologie del racconto seriale transmediale.

Samaneh Hedayati Katooli, Seyed Jalal Abdolmanafi-Rokni

Luigi Ferrari

Kafka non è stato un impiegato passivo e distratto. Recenti studi sui suoi documenti di lavoro hanno evidenziato una passione e una competenza professionale notevoli. Questa competenza è stata riversata nelle sue opere letterarie che parlano di lavoro e di organizzazioni con una conoscenza diretta. Lo stile simbolista di Kafka è stato molto efficace nel cambiare il modo di vedere le organizzazioni. Lo scrittore, in particolare, ha intuito la crescita degli ultimi anni della popolazione eccedente. Kafka ha saputo afferrare la psicologia e gli atteggiamenti profondi dei lavoratori che fronteggiano la loro superfluità e l’espulsione dal mondo del lavoro. Più in dettaglio, Kafka è stato capace di analizzare la resa psicologica alla superfluità che si esprime soprattutto con una specifica forma di “vuoto mentale”. Parole chiave: , disoccupazione, Kafka, narrazioni del lavoro