Hasil untuk "Philosophy. Psychology. Religion"

Wanqi Zhang, Jiangen He, Marielle Santos

Social robots hold promise for reducing job interview anxiety, yet designing agents that provide both psychological safety and instructional guidance remains challenging. Through a three-phase iterative design study (N = 8), we empirically mapped this tension. Phase I revealed a "Safety-Guidance Gap": while a Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) robot established safety (d = 3.27), users felt insufficiently coached. Phase II identified a "Scaffolding Paradox": rigid feedback caused cognitive overload, while delayed feedback lacked specificity. In Phase III, we resolved these tensions by developing an Agency-Driven Interaction Layer. Synthesizing our empirical findings, we propose the Adaptive Scaffolding Ecosystem, a conceptual framework that redefines robotic coaching not as a static script, but as a dynamic balance between affective support and instructional challenge, mediated by user agency.

Qianjun Pan, Junyi Wang, Jie Zhou et al.

To develop a reliable AI for psychological assessment, we introduce \texttt{PsychEval}, a multi-session, multi-therapy, and highly realistic benchmark designed to address three key challenges: \textbf{1) Can we train a highly realistic AI counselor?} Realistic counseling is a longitudinal task requiring sustained memory and dynamic goal tracking. We propose a multi-session benchmark (spanning 6-10 sessions across three distinct stages) that demands critical capabilities such as memory continuity, adaptive reasoning, and longitudinal planning. The dataset is annotated with extensive professional skills, comprising over 677 meta-skills and 4577 atomic skills. \textbf{2) How to train a multi-therapy AI counselor?} While existing models often focus on a single therapy, complex cases frequently require flexible strategies among various therapies. We construct a diverse dataset covering five therapeutic modalities (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, CBT, Humanistic Existentialist, and Postmodernist) alongside an integrative therapy with a unified three-stage clinical framework across six core psychological topics. \textbf{3) How to systematically evaluate an AI counselor?} We establish a holistic evaluation framework with 18 therapy-specific and therapy-shared metrics across Client-Level and Counselor-Level dimensions. To support this, we also construct over 2,000 diverse client profiles. Extensive experimental analysis fully validates the superior quality and clinical fidelity of our dataset. Crucially, \texttt{PsychEval} transcends static benchmarking to serve as a high-fidelity reinforcement learning environment that enables the self-evolutionary training of clinically responsible and adaptive AI counselors.

Kourosh Shahnazari, Seyed Moein Ayyoubzadeh, Mohammadali Keshtparvar

Classical Persian poetry is a historically sustained archive in which affective life is expressed through metaphor, intertextual convention, and rhetorical indirection. These properties make close reading indispensable while limiting reproducible comparison at scale. We present an uncertainty-aware computational framework for poet-level psychological analysis based on large-scale automatic multi-label annotation. Each verse is associated with a set of psychological concepts, per-label confidence scores, and an abstention flag that signals insufficient evidence. We aggregate confidence-weighted evidence into a Poet $\times$ Concept matrix, interpret each poet as a probability distribution over concepts, and quantify poetic individuality as divergence from a corpus baseline using Jensen--Shannon divergence and Kullback--Leibler divergence. To capture relational structure beyond marginals, we build a confidence-weighted co-occurrence graph over concepts and define an Eigenmood embedding through Laplacian spectral decomposition. On a corpus of 61{,}573 verses across 10 poets, 22.2\% of verses are abstained, underscoring the analytical importance of uncertainty. We further report sensitivity analysis under confidence thresholding, selection-bias diagnostics that treat abstention as a category, and a distant-to-close workflow that retrieves verse-level exemplars along Eigenmood axes. The resulting framework supports scalable, auditable digital-humanities analysis while preserving interpretive caution by propagating uncertainty from verse-level evidence to poet-level inference.

Mykhailo Beilin, Oleksandr Zheltoborodov

The profound transformation of all aspects of society's existence, which began in the last quarter of the previous century and continues to this day, has changed almost the entire structure of social relations, both in its morphological and substantive plans. Social solidarity is presented as a dynamic and non-guaranteed state arising in the course of human interaction and requiring constant activity of all participants of the interactive process. The main integrative role is played by joint action and its interpretations, the proximity of which ensures the consolidation of society. The influence of solidarity on the reproduction function of the social system at all its hierarchical levels – from groups of primary social practices to the society as a whole – has been studied. It is substantiated that the state or level of social solidarity in society determines the degree of harmony of its functioning, and in general determines the life chances and prospects of this society. It is noted that the reduction of solidarity carries a threat of social disintegration. It is emphasized that in the normal functioning of society, solidarity is the object of unremitting attention, both on the part of the ruling group in society, whose actions are almost inseparable from the goals of reproduction of society and its power, and on the part of other social institutions, whose activities are directly conditioned by the level of consolidation and cooperation of their members. Accordingly, a state of social relations in which neither the authorities nor other institutions demonstrates adequate concern for the degree of consolidation of the social whole cannot be considered normal. It is shown that within the post-political consensus, class identity appears as the result of a specific political gesture – a political and discursive construction. Political-discursive analysis is defined as an independent and self-sufficient methodology that enables a new perspective on traditional objects of political inquiry, such as populist movements and ideologies, large-scale social conflicts, the absolutization of ideology, and the ideologization of the functioning of various societal discourses.

Safiye Sena Baytan Gürler, Saim Kayadibi

This research examines the istijrar contract as a potential solution to the operational and Shariah compliance challenges commonly encountered in murabahah-based financing, particularly in scenarios involving continuous and repeated purchases. Such flexible purchasing arrangements often generate complexities and elevate compliance risks. To address these issues, the study adopts a structured literature review methodology, implemented in three stages. First, it reviews scholarly debates concerning the Shariah compliance of the istijrar contract. Second, it assesses existing global practices. Third, it analyzes Turkish practices and legal regulations, critically examining the discussions and models at each stage to identify the most suitable adaptation for implementation in Türkiye. Key findings highlight the absence of standardized frameworks in both global and Turkish contexts, along with the limited practical application of istijrar in Türkiye’s Islamic banking sector. In response, this research synthesizes these insights to develop a structured and independent istijrar model specifically tailored to the Turkish Islamic banking environment. It is anticipated that this model will enable Islamic banks to more effectively finance customers engaged in production and trade activities, thereby supporting the growth of the real economy.

Malik Muhammad Sohail, Akhlaq Ahmad, Arndt Büssing

As spirituality aims to reconnect us with the Sacred and should have effects on prosocial behavior, too, this study aimed to examine the role of transformational spirituality in raising prosocial and pro-environmental behavior. Data were collected from 370 students and teachers from different universities in Punjab. This cross-sectional study found that students scored higher on religious practices and awe/gratitude as an experiential aspect of spirituality as compared to their teachers. Living from the faith, perception of the sacred, and awe/gratitude were moderately interconnected. Both living from the faith and perception of awe/gratitude were strongly or moderately related to prosocial behaviors and valuing the environment/nature, as well as times of pausing in silence and reflection. These results help us to understand the role of the complex construct of spirituality that may contribute to promoting prosocial and pro-environmental behaviors of a young generation.

Enrico Cicalò, Michele Valentino

This article discusses the role of images in archaeological disciplines and the contribution that graphic sciences can make to research in this subject area. In archaeology, and not only, ‘visualization’ differs significantly from the more commonly used noun ‘representation.’ In this sense, archaeological visualization is a practice of reconstructing and understanding the past rather than documenting and representing only the material remains that have come down to us. From archaeological drawing to virtual reality, numerous techniques and tools from the graphic sciences are applied in archaeology. Some of these can now be ascribed to the disciplinary tools, while others fall outside the specific skills of the archaeologist and require interaction with the disciplines deputed to visualization and, thus, with the graphic sciences. In order to better understand the difference between visualization and representation in archaeology, the article uses prenuragic altar of Monte d’Accoddi as a case study to focus on the creation of different graphic-visual products starting from the same model, in order to demonstrate the role of different graphic artefacts.

Hengki Yandri, Dosi Juliawati, Anabelie V. Valdez et al.

Bullying, loneliness, and academic stress are pressing psychological challenges frequently encountered by students in pesantren settings. This study aimed to investigate the complex interplay between loneliness, academic stress, and bullying among pesantren students, with particular attention to the implications for Islamic spiritual interventions. Employing a correlational research design, the study involved a sample of the students of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia, drawn through a multistage random sampling technique from a population of 500 pesantren students. Data were gathered using validated and reliable instruments to assess levels of bullying, loneliness, and academic stress. To investigate the associations among the variables, correlation and regression analyses were employed. The results indicated statistically significant positive associations between loneliness and bullying, as well as between academic stress and bullying behavior, indicating that students who are bullied are more likely to experience loneliness and heightened academic stress. These results underscore the importance of addressing these interconnected psychological issues through holistic approaches. The study highlights the potential of Islamic spiritual responses, such as Islamic counseling and spiritual mindfulness practices, in mitigating the negative psychological effects of bullying, loneliness, and academic stress among students.

Seyyedeh Zahra Seyyed Noori, abbasali hossein khanzadeh, Abbas Abolghasemi et al.

The present study aimed to effectiveness of simultaneous training of various executive functions (hot and cool; focused on simultaneous parent-child training) on improving the empathy of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all 9 to 12-year-old children with ADHD in Rasht who referred to medical-educational-research centers in 2021. The sample consisted of 26 mothers and children with ADHD from the statistical population who were selected through convenience sampling, based on the inclusion criteria. They were then equally assigned to two (control and experiment) groups. The children in the experimental group and their mothers each received the intervention program in 10 sessions. The instruments used included Cognitive demographic questionnaire, Canners Parent Rate Scale, Empathy Questionnaire. data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Findings showed that training of various executive functions (hot and cool; focused on simultaneous parent-child training), had a significant effect on improving the total score of empathy (P<0.01), empathy subscales of social motivation (P< 0.01), cognitive empathy (P< 0.05), emotional empathy of friend’s orientation (P< 0.01), effective empathy of family orientation (P< 0.05) on children with ADHD. These results suggest that multifaceted interventions that target executive actions in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder can be a promising approach to improving empathy in these children. Keywords: Hot and Cool Executive Functions, Parent and Child, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Empathy.       Extended Abstract Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (Mechler, Banaschewski, Hohmann, & Hage, 2021). Beyond its core symptoms, empirical evidence suggests that children with ADHD often struggle with emotional expression, facial recognition, prosody perception, theory of mind, and empathy (Singh, Arun, & Bajaj, 2021). Empathy refers to the ability to understand and emotionally resonate with others’ experiences (Bugatti, 2021). Among various factors influencing empathy, executive functions (EFs) play a foundational role (Friesen, 2019). Executive functions are typically categorized into two domains: "cool" and "hot." Cool EFs encompass cognitive, emotionally neutral processes such as metacognition, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, working memory, planning, and problem-solving, which are primarily associated with lateral prefrontal regions. In contrast, hot EFs involve emotionally and motivationally salient processes such as behavioral regulation, emotional control, and decision-making, linked to medial and anterior prefrontal areas (Zelazo, 2020; Nemeth & Chustz, 2020). Neuroimaging and neuroscientific studies indicate that dysfunctions in the prefrontal cortex among individuals with ADHD may be associated with reduced empathy—precisely the region implicated in executive functioning (Taiwo, 2018; Ronel, 2018). Research by Li, Liu, Yan, & Feng (2020) demonstrated that EF training can enhance emotional competence in preschoolers, with inhibitory control and working memory significantly predicting emotional development. Similarly, findings by Ghadiri & Soleimani (2021) revealed that EF training improved empathy in children with high-functioning autism. Developmental psychology literature also highlights the pivotal role of parents in shaping children’s executive functions (Motamed Yeganeh, Afrooz, Shokoohi-Yekta, & Weber, 2019). O'Neill, Rajendran, & Halperin (2012) emphasized the importance of parental involvement in ADHD interventions, particularly through play-based neurodevelopmental and social facilitation. Despite these insights, prior studies have predominantly focused on cool EFs, neglecting the hot dimension. Moreover, most interventions have been child-centered, with limited use of simultaneous parent-child approaches. Given this research gap, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a simultaneous parent-child training program targeting both hot and cool executive functions on improving empathy in children with ADHD. Methodology This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all children aged 9–12 diagnosed with ADHD in Rasht, Iran, who attended educational-therapeutic centers during the first half of 2021. A sample of 26 children who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria was selected via convenience sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. Both the children and their mothers in the experimental group received a 10-session intervention program. The instruments included the 48-item Conners Rating Scale and the Empathy Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. Results Based on the findings presented in Table 5, the F-value for the empathy subcomponent of social motivation was 28.412, which was statistically significant (p <.01). The F-value for cognitive empathy was 5.649 (p <.05). Affective empathy with peer orientation yielded an F-value of 10.999 (p <.01), while affective empathy with family orientation showed an F-value of 5.915 (p <.05). These results indicate statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups across all four empathy dimensions. Table 1: ANOVA Results Comparing Experimental and Control Groups on Children's Empathy Components Empathy Component SS (Between) SS (Error) MS (Between) MS (Error) F p Effect Size Power Social Motivation Empathy 38.603 27.174 38.603 1.359 28.412 0.001 0.587 0.999 Cognitive Empathy 2.639 9.343 2.639 0.467 5.649 0.05 0.22 0.619 Affective Empathy (Peer Orientation) 6.164 11.208 6.164 0.56 10.999 0.01 0.355 0.884 Effective Empathy (Family Orientation) 3.602 12.178 3.602 0.609 5.915 0.05 0.228 0.638 Discussion The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a simultaneous parent-child training program targeting both hot and cool executive functions on improving empathy in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The findings indicated that this training significantly improved empathy in children with ADHD. These results are consistent with previous research conducted by Friesen (2019) and Ghadiri & Soleimani (2021). One possible explanation for these findings is that improved executive functioning enhances children's ability to decode social and emotional cues, thereby positively influencing their interpersonal relationships (Ghadiri & Soleimani, 2021). Moreover, repetition and practice play a crucial role in strengthening executive functions, which in turn support emotional regulation and empathic behavior. Repeated tasks and games facilitate the maturation of prefrontal inhibitory mechanisms, gradually enabling children to regulate emotional impulses. The more children engage in prosocial play, the more rapidly and effectively their prefrontal regulatory systems develop, allowing them to inhibit impulsive motivations (Panksepp, 2007). Research also highlights the importance of parental involvement in improving the functioning of children with ADHD (Motamed Yeganeh, Afrooz, Shokoohi-Yekta, & Weber, 2019; O'Neill, Rajendran, & Halperin, 2012). In fact, parental warmth, cooperation, and acceptance contribute to reduced behavioral problems, decreased egocentrism, and an enhanced capacity for understanding and accepting others. Due to limitations imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, follow-up assessments could not be conducted in this study. Therefore, it remains unclear whether the observed improvements in hot and cool executive functions—and their impact on empathy—are sustained over time. Future research is recommended to include follow-up phases and to extend the investigation to other age groups and psychological conditions, such as learning disorders and anxiety disorders. It is also suggested that the effectiveness of this intervention be compared with other therapeutic approaches. Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that simultaneous training of various executive functions—both hot and cool—in joint parent-child sessions had a positive impact on enhancing empathy in children with ADHD. These results may pave the way for developing more effective interventions in the field of cognitive and emotional rehabilitation for these children. Acknowledgments We extend our sincere gratitude to all the individuals who participated in this research.

Yang Ni, Yanzhuo Cao

This study explores ChatGPT's capabilities, stability, and risks in simulating psychological counseling sessions in a school counseling context. Using scripted role-plays between a human counselor and an AI client, we examine how a large language model performs core counseling skills such as empathy, reflection, summarizing, and asking open-ended questions, as well as its ability to maintain therapeutic communication over time. We focus on how consistently ChatGPT can behave like a "virtual client" for school counselors in training, and how its responses might support or disrupt counselor skill development, supervision, and practice. At the same time, we analyze potential risks, including inaccurate or unsafe suggestions, over-compliance with counselor prompts, and the illusion of a competent therapist where no real professional judgment exists. The findings suggest that ChatGPT can serve as a low-cost, always-available training tool for practicing counseling techniques and interviewing skills in education and mental health settings, but it should not be viewed as a replacement for a human therapist or school counselor. We propose practical guidelines for educators, supervisors, and researchers who wish to use ChatGPT or similar LLM-based conversational agents in counseling training, highlighting how to leverage its potential while managing ethical, pedagogical, and psychological risks.

Nour El Houda Ben Chaabene, Hamza Hammami, Laid Kahloul

This paper presents a psychologically-aware conversational agent designed to enhance both learning performance and emotional well-being in educational settings. The system combines Large Language Models (LLMs), a knowledge graph-enhanced BERT (KG-BERT), and a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) with attention to classify students' cognitive and affective states in real time. Unlike prior chatbots limited to either tutoring or affective support, our approach leverages multimodal data-including textual semantics, prosodic speech features, and temporal behavioral trends-to infer engagement, stress, and conceptual understanding. A pilot study with university students demonstrated improved motivation, reduced stress, and moderate academic gains compared to baseline methods. These results underline the promise of integrating semantic reasoning, multimodal fusion, and temporal modeling to support adaptive, student-centered educational interventions.

Julian Strube

Krechs ursprünglich im Jahr 2012 erschienener Artikel „Religious Contacts in Past and Present Times: Aspects of a Research Programme“ wird in diesem kommentierenden Beitrag in den Kontext mehrerer Pionierarbeiten eingeordnet, die wichtige Impulse für eine Globale Religionsgeschichte gegeben haben. Gerade weil der Artikel als provisorischer Zwischenschritt erschienen ist, wird er für ein Nachdenken über anhaltende Herausforderungen einer Globalen Religionsgeschichte fruchtbar gemacht. Es wird hervorgehoben, wie damals formulierte zentrale Fragestellungen auch in gegenwärtigen Diskussionen fortbestehen, die sich allerdings vorwiegend durch global- und verflechtungsgeschichtliche, oft genealogisch ausgerichtete Ansätze auszeichnen. Dies hebt hervor, wie das von Krech ins Spiel gebrachte methodologische Repertoire für das Nachdenken über Globale Religionsgeschichte wertvoll sein kann.

Lukas Adriel Francisco Alves, Maria Marta da Silva

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal investigar como uma situação desencadeadora de aprendizagem acerca do conceito de número contribuiu para o entendimento do movimento lógico-histórico, como proposta para a organização do ensino de conceitos matemáticos. O Clube de Matemática da Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus Sudoeste, Sede Quirinópolis, foi o espaço formativo que abrigou as ações da pesquisa. Nesse contexto, durante o período de 2017 a 2023, aproximadamente trinta professores de Matemática em formação participaram de um experimento formativo que buscou respostas a seguinte questão problematizadora: Quais são as contribuições formativas que a organização do ensino de conceitos matemáticos ofertada pelo Clube de Matemática, a partir do movimento lógico-histórico, pode trazer a professores de Matemática em formação inicial? Os resultados dão indícios de que os sujeitos compreenderam os conceitos matemáticos como produções humanas que materializam respostas às necessidades postas na realidade objetiva. Também indicam a necessidade de professores e de alunos terem a oportunidade de aprender os conceitos matemáticos a partir de um modelo geral de ações que privilegie o movimento lógico-histórico.

Akishige Yuguchi, Tomoki Ishikura, Sung-Gwi Cho et al.

In this study, to perform the robotic stroke motions following the shape of the human back similar to the stroke motions by humans, in contrast to the conventional robotic stroke motion with a linear trajectory, we propose a trajectory generation method for a robotic stroke motion following the shape of the human back. We confirmed that the accuracy of the method's trajectory was close to that of the actual stroking motion by a human. Furthermore, we conducted a subjective experiment to evaluate the psychological effects of the proposed stroke motion in contrast to those of the conventional stroke motion with a linear trajectory. The experimental results showed that the actual stroke motion following the shape of the human back tended to evoke more pleasant and active feelings than the conventional stroke motion.

Jingmeng Li, Hui Wei

Visual emergence is the phenomenon in which the visual system obtains a holistic perception after grouping and reorganizing local signals. The picture Dalmatian dog is known for its use in explaining visual emergence. This type of image, which consists of a set of discrete black speckles (speckles), is called an emerging image. Not everyone can find the dog in Dalmatian dog, and among those who can, the time spent varies greatly. Although Gestalt theory summarizes perceptual organization into several principles, it remains ambiguous how these principles affect the perception of emerging images. This study, therefore, designed three psychological experiments to explore the factors that influence the perception of emerging images. In the first, we found that the density of speckles in the local area and the arrangements of some key speckles played a key role in the perception of an emerging case. We set parameters in the algorithm to characterize these two factors. We then automatically generated diversified emerging-test images (ETIs) through the algorithm and verified their effectiveness in two subsequent experiments.

Federica Cena, Cristina Gena, Claudio Mattutino et al.

In this paper, we report on three experiments we have carried out in the context of the EMPATHY project, with the aim of helping users make better configuration choices in a smart home environment, and discuss our results. We found that there are psychological traits, such as Need for Cognition, which influence the way individuals tend to use recommendations, that there are non obvious relationships between the perceived usefulness of recommendations in different domains and individuals' ability to exploit suggestions on configuration choices, and that detailed, easy-to-understand security explanations are more persuasive than simple security warnings, when it comes to make decisions on the applicability of rules which might cause privacy and security risks.

Yujin Cho, Mingeon Kim, Seojin Kim et al.

This study investigates the efficacy of Large Language Models (LLMs) in interactive language therapy for high-functioning autistic adolescents. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, particularly in natural language processing, LLMs present a novel opportunity to augment traditional psychological counseling methods. This research primarily focuses on evaluating the LLM's ability to engage in empathetic, adaptable, and contextually appropriate interactions within a therapeutic setting. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted by a panel of clinical psychologists and psychiatrists using a specially developed scorecard. The assessment covered various aspects of the LLM's performance, including empathy, communication skills, adaptability, engagement, and the ability to establish a therapeutic alliance. The study avoided direct testing with patients, prioritizing privacy and ethical considerations, and instead relied on simulated scenarios to gauge the LLM's effectiveness. The results indicate that LLMs hold significant promise as supportive tools in therapy, demonstrating strengths in empathetic engagement and adaptability in conversation. However, challenges in achieving the depth of personalization and emotional understanding characteristic of human therapists were noted. The study also highlights the importance of ethical considerations in the application of AI in therapeutic contexts. This research provides valuable insights into the potential and limitations of using LLMs in psychological counseling for autistic adolescents. It lays the groundwork for future explorations into AI's role in mental health care, emphasizing the need for ongoing development to enhance the capabilities of these models in therapeutic settings.

Ana Fernández Rodríguez

Carlos Andres Devia, Giulia Giordano

We propose an agent-based opinion formation model characterised by a two-fold novelty. First, we realistically assume that each agent cannot measure the opinion of its neighbours with infinite resolution and accuracy, and hence it can only classify the opinion of others as agreeing much more, or more, or comparably, or less, or much less (than itself) with a given statement. This leads to a classification-based rule for opinion update. Second, we consider three complementary agent traits suggested by significant sociological and psychological research: conformism, radicalism and stubbornness. We rely on World Values Survey data to show that the proposed model has the potential to predict the evolution of opinions in real life: the classification-based approach and complementary agent traits produce rich collective behaviours, such as polarisation, consensus, and clustering, which can yield predicted opinions similar to survey results.

Dan Levin, Luyao Zhang

We introduce NLK, a model that connects the Nash equilibrium (NE) and Level-K. It allows a player in a game to believe that her opponent may be either less or as sophisticated as, she is, a view supported in psychology. We apply NLK to data from five published papers on static, dynamic, and auction games. NLK provides different predictions than those of the NE and Level-K; moreover, a simple version of NLK explains the experimental data better in many cases, with the same or lower number of parameters. We discuss extensions to games with more than two players and heterogeneous beliefs.