Hasil untuk "Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture"

Karina Kiær, Thomas R. S. Albrechtsen, Connie Svabo

Artiklens formål er at diskutere, hvordan kulturelle prober som kunstnerisk og kreativ forskningsmetode kan anvendes til at forstå samt understøtte organisatorisk udvikling og forandring i en videnøkologi i det landsdækkende program Naturfagsakademiet (NAFA). Artiklens empiriske genstandsfelt er NAFA-aktørers postkortproduktioner, der er skabt på nationale netværksmøder, som samler naturfagsundervisere fra Danmarks seks professionshøjskoler. Fremgangsmåden i brugen af kulturelle prober følger nogle designprincipper om, hvordan produktioner, interaktioner og kommunikation orienterer sig mod at være behagende, legende, æstetiske, visuelle og ruskende. Artiklen introducerer til tidligere og nyere forskning samt metodologi om kulturelle prober, bidrager med nye perspektiver på kreative forskningsmetoder set i relation til organisatorisk forandring og argumenterer for relevansen af metoden til også at udvikle de naturfaglige professionelle læringsfællesskaber på læreruddannelsesområdet. Artiklen bidrager med ny viden om, hvordan kunstbaserede forskningsmetoder såsom kulturelle prober generelt og postkort mere specifikt kan anvendes til at stimulere og forstå forandring og udvikling samt stimulere til refleksion over samarbejde og videndeling i naturfaglige professionelle læringsfællesskaber i NAFA forstået som en videnøkologi. English abstract Cultural Probes and Experiences of Organizational Change The purpose of the article is to discuss how cultural probes, as an arts-based and creative research method, can be used to understand and support organizational development and change within a knowledge ecology, as exemplified in the nationwide program Naturfagsakademiet/Danish Academy of Science Education (NAFA – https://nafa.nu). The article’s empirical focus is on postcard productions by NAFA participants, created during national network meetings that bring together science educators from Denmark’s six university colleges. The use of cultural probes in this context follows some design principles emphasizing that productions, interactions, and communication should aim to be pleasing, playful, aesthetic, visual, and thought-provoking. The article introduces earlier and recent research as well as methodologies related to cultural probes and contributes with new perspectives on arts-based research methods in relation to organizational change and argues for the relevance of this method developing professional learning communities in science teacher education. The article offers new insights into how arts-based research methods, such as cultural probes in general and postcards more specifically, can be used to stimulate and understand change and development, while also fostering reflection on collaboration and knowledge sharing within NAFA, understood as a knowledge ecology.

Ajda Üçer

Halbwachs, Maurice. (1877-1945) Memoire collective (1950). Türkçe Çev.: Banu Barış, 1.Baskı, Eylül 2017. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları ISBN: 9786059436212

Memoona Kiyani, Syeda Tayyaba Ijaz

Organizations and small startups play a significant role in improving the economic progress of newly industrialized countries. Their contribution to economic growth depends mainly on their innovativeness. Based on the resource-based view theory, this study seeks to understand how these enterprises use internal and external resources to uncover opportunities for innovative practices. Specifically, we examine entrepreneurial orientation (innovativeness, autonomy, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness and proactiveness) and external financing for ventures. Through a comprehensive survey encompassing 200 ventures in Pakistan, this study reveals the significant impact of three dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (innovativeness, risk-taking, and competitive aggressiveness) and entrepreneurial finance on organizational innovativeness. This finding is important because it contributes to the growing body of literature on entrepreneurial finance and show show financing influences innovativeness in startups, thus advancing knowledge within this field. Although the study uses a small sample, it serves as a launch pad for further studies to explore different forms of capital and their unique effects on organizational innovativeness.

Merve Feryal Ashmawy

This study analyzes the feminist themes and perspectives in the television series “Outlander.” The presence of strong female characters in the series is highlighted as a significant aspect of emphasising feminism. It is stressed that the characters’ processes of shaping their own lives and making decisions are fundamental elements of the series. Additionally, gender roles and equality issues occupy an important place in the series, thereby reinforcing the feminist perspective. The feminist approach of the series is said to offer audiences a universal opportunity to reflect on gender equality. Furthermore, the study examines the character of Jamie Fraser in the context of feminist theory, stating that the power dynamics, gender roles, and societal expectations in his relationship with Claire are explicitly addressed. These analyses emphasise that “Outlander” is a work that celebrates women’s power and freedom. On the other hand, the portrayal of Celtic culture in the series is also a focal point of the study. Celtic mythology, traditions, and lifestyle are conveyed to the audience through the series’ characters and events. Additionally, the integration of Celtic culture with the theme of time travel and its role as one of the core elements of the series are emphasised.

Stephanie Gingerich , Gudrun Jonsdóttir, Jennifer Wentzel et al.

This paper presents a collaborative model for developing global leaders in graduate nursing programs, specifically through an international partnership between the University of Minnesota (UMN) and the University of Iceland (UI). The model, which relies on an innovative week-long immersion course, addresses the growing need for globally-minded nurse leaders capable of responding to the unique challenges of today's interconnected world. The immersive component included lectures, field trips, and a group project focused on the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Evaluation data from the cohorts in the biannual programs in 2022 and 2024 (n=55) showed high satisfaction rates, with more than 90% of students rating the course as good or very good. Qualitative feedback highlighted themes of shared nursing experiences, a greater appreciation of global health-care systems, and the universal need for effective communication. The program aligned with competencies outlined by major nursing organizations. This model offers a promising approach for graduate nursing education to prepare leaders capable of addressing complex, interconnected global health challenges.

Onur Ünlü, Mehmet Ali Akyurt

Pierre Bourdieu is a sociologist who has received increasing attention in management and organization studies (MOS) in English since the development of the ‘organizational field’ concept in 1983 inspired by his ‘field theory’. And since 2008, there has been a growing secondary literature on the uses of Bourdieu in this field. This literature seeks to guide future studies by grouping and interpreting works that cite Bourdieu. Which Bourdieu concepts are most often cited in this field? Is the attention limited to management fashions? Are these concepts referred to separately or in their theoretical integrity with other concepts? Do studies briefly refer to concepts or significantly engage with them? How much and in what ways does Bourdieu differ from his original works and their inner logic when being transferred to the management and organization literature? In this study, the qualitative meta-analysis technique has been adopted to analyze the content of 11 articles on Bourdieu’s uses in MOS found through a semi-systematic literature review. In the research, the long-term interest in Bourdieu is considered as the periods between 1983 and 2008 when ‘free reception’ and ‘diversification’, and after 2008, ‘guided reception’ and ‘ossification’ tendencies were dominant. In addition to these categories, critiques on the ways in which Bourdieu’s concepts are referred to by different researchers are discussed by classifying them under types of ‘selective reception’ and ‘contradictory reception’. Efforts to guide future Bourdieu’s receptions based on these critiques are classified as ‘flexible guidance’ and ‘strict guidance’. The aim here is to create an analytical framework regarding receptions of a social scientist’s theory and concepts in different languages and scientific disciplines, and efforts to understand and guide these receptions.

Karen A. Tarnoff, Eric D. Bostwick, Kathleen J. Barnes

Purpose – Faculty participation in the assurance of learning (AoL) is requisite both for the effective operation of the system and for accreditation compliance, but faculty often resist engaging in AoL tasks. The purpose of this paper is to provide specific recommendations to address faculty concerns and to guide AoL systems toward maturity. Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides a comprehensive model of faculty resistance perspectives aligned to AoL maturity, provides specific responses to faculty resistance and introduces success markers of progress toward maturity. Findings – Specifically, a three-stage model of AoL system maturity is presented and aligned with five faculty perspectives. For each faculty perspective, responses targeting causal factors are proposed and signs of progress toward the next level of faculty engagement are highlighted. Practical implications – Faculty and AoL leaders will be able to identify their current stage of AoL system maturity and implement practical solutions to move to the next stage of system maturity. Social implications – Understanding the motivations for faculty resistance will facilitate more meaningful and effective internal interactions as a school seeks to improve its AoL system. In turn, a more effective AoL system will promote better learning experiences for students; and better learning allows students to become productive in their chosen careers more quickly, thus improving society as a whole. Originality/value – To the knowledge, no prior paper has organized faculty resistance along a maturity continuum, provided targeted responses based on the level of maturity or included signs that indicate growth toward the next level of maturity.

Sarah Hamid

-Objectives: The research highlights the role of co-worker’s support in bullied health professionals. Investigating the extend of support, firstly, how it helps the bullied professionals not to quit their jobs. Secondly, how the continued constant and increased support from co-workers drastically change it to higher turnover intention. Material and Methods: Data was gathered from 300 health professionals working in different hospitals in two time-lags with the lapse of almost 6 weeks using convenience sampling technique. Results: Data analysis revealed the strong positive connection between workplace bullying and turn over intention posing alarming challenge for health professionals and organizations as well. Further the research proved the strong impact of lower and higher levels of perceived co-worker support in manipulating the decision of bullied professionals to turnover. Conclusion: Workplace bullying is on alarmingly rise affecting the health sector as well and it is the worst type of social stress being evident at workplaces causing serious medical errors and list goes on. This Research helps to understand the role of co-worker’s support on victims opening new avenues, adding new variable for future research on bulling culture. Keywords--Workplace Bullying, Perceived Co-worker’s Social support, Turnover Intention _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. BACKGROUND The concept related to workplace bullying has been explored and approached in the literature by using different names, emotional abuse, psychological terror, workplace violence, aggression, workplace harassment, workplace victimization, Mobbing & Incivility. Research on workplace bullying has been increased since past 2 -3 decades, as, apart from psychological and physical impact, loss of costs associated with this deleterious act have been recognized by human resource practitioners and organizational psychologists. Limited research has been conducted in the broad context of aggression at workplace, investigating perceived co-worker social support as an important variable. Whereas, abundant research on organizational and supervisor support is available in bullying literature. Mainly using the transformational theory, the research framework of this study explains deleterious consequences of workplace bullying. The theory exists when a life changing event, crisis, or disorienting dilemma occurs. Thus, changing the assumptions, beliefs, behaviour, attitude, overall perspective of the person’s mind frame. If an employee continues to face the dilemma of workplace bullying his perspectives could change, leading towards poor performance, changing behaviour, beliefs because of the extent of damage caused by workplace bullying, in form of physical, mental and financial as well. Employee’s Outcomes, linked and related as consequences of the bullying at workplace had captured the debate of researchers since long, with main focus on turnover intention. Workplace bullying in the health sector is a serious occupational & public health concern, dentists, doctors, nurses and other health care staff who were victims and bullied, alarmingly executed serious medical errors, unfortunately less importance is given to this deleterious act flourishing and blooming in the health sector. Barriers are seen in reporting the incidences of act, therefore there are lot of gaps which need to be further explored, investigated and to be brought upon the surface. Dental workplaces are aware it exists, but they are often unprepared when it happens. They tolerate bullying as style of leadership, also because of lack of effective policies and protocol in place or either are unable to identify or do not have authority to do something about the situation Previously in literature, studies were more focused on the role of perceived organizational support, perceived supervisor support on workplace bullying and employees’ outcomes. Recommendations from Researchers to explore the possibility of intervening variable in Bullying Literature Despite the awareness about workplace bullying, in developing countries, an attempt to conduct this study is utmost necessity and compulsion in a way that there are very limited studies conducted on workplace bullying specially surrounding the health sector area. Asian Journal of Pharmacy, Nursing and Medical Sciences (ISSN: 2321 – 3639) Volume 9 – Issue 2, April 2021 Asian Online Journals (www.ajouronline.com) 27 The Significance of the research is to exemplify, investigate and bring to surface the appalling bullying culture and to highlight the influence and negativity related with the deleterious act, thus exploring the construct of bullying in the workplace. To Explore the role of unexplored variable in bullying literature, Perceived coworker support, the role played by fellows, colleagues to combat the consequences of deleterious influences of workplace bullying, in the broad context, with reference to health practitioners and investigates the strong impact of lower and higher levels of perceived co-worker support in manipulating the decision of bullied professionals to turnover. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Workplace bullying is repeated, continual, regular and persistent form, activity or process of abusive conduct concerned with harassing, provoking, insulting, humiliating, sabotaging, ignoring, using offending means and excluding employee socially that influences employee’s work and job-related task, and happens over a period of time Apart from physical, mental, financial effect on targets, bullies waste almost all of their working hours concentrating and finding ways to appease themselves by generating means to harm their targets, creating rivalry, conflict, negativity, whereas, the targets are contended to spend most of their time to guard, oppose, resist and defend the accusations and charges which are imposed on them rather than concentrating more on their job, decreasing their work performance and raising the intention to quit one’s employment Different types of bullying evident at workplaces are: Serial bullying, Pair bullying, Gang or Group bullying, Secondary bullying, Residual bullying, Client bullying, Institutional bullying, Cyber bullying, Corporate bullying, Pressure bullying, Organizational bullying, Vicarious bullying, Legal bullying & Regulation bullying. Earlier studies on bullying were concentrated mainly on the pattern and behaviour that bullies follow and exhibit, victims and bully target pairing. Later Studies were more focused on the overall framework, circumstances and environment under which work related bullying culture flourishes and blooms. Perceived co-worker support is deliberated as the individual’s impression and subjective judgement, notion and recognition that coworker or fellow would provide aid, give backing, offer co-operations and would provide help during and at the time of distress Perception that an employee view that the magnitude and degree of help his fellows, co-workers would administer and contributes towards him/her at the time of need and distress such as in work related matters and would play an active role in providing emotional support or support in any form to him. It is multidimensional construct, different forms of Social Support provided by co-workers are: Structural Support, degree with which one is linked with the social network that surrounds him, Functional Support, particular specific functional means that are provided and contributed by the community to whom the individual integrates. May be in a form of emotional, informational, instrumental and companionship support. Recent studies concluded that the benefits that are associated and connected with perceiving the social support are more than the actual received one (enacted) emphasising that functional support provided is critical in stressful conditions. Turn over intention is the planned, intentional determination to leave the organization where an individual work or serve and is premeditated to end and leave the organization where he is employed. Employees that work with narcissist tend to exhibit higher level of stress, that in turn increases staff turnovers. Workplace bullying is strongly linked with turnover intention of the employee, numerous studies were conducted highlighting this significant relationship. Proposed hypotheses are: H1: Workplace bullying is positively related to turnover intention H2: Perceived coworker support moderates the curvilinear relation between workplace bullying and turnover intention in such a way that turnover intention is more when perceived coworker support is high rather than low, and the inflection point of the inverted-U curve moves to the upper right corner when perceived coworker support is high. Asian Journal of Pharmacy, Nursing and Medical Sciences (ISSN: 2321 – 3639) Volume 9 – Issue 2, April 2021 Asian Online Journals (www.ajouronline.com) 28 Figure 1: Theoretical Framework 3. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS The Population consists of health care professionals, including teachers/ professors, post graduate trainees, house officers, dental and medical students (final year), assistants and technicians, serving, studying and or practicing in government and non-government organizations/ government and private medical and dental colleges, and practicing under selfemployment/ private practice. Sample consists of 300 health professionals. All responses were valid. Response rate was > 90%. Male 30% approx., Female 70% approx. Medical and dental students 27% approx., basic qualification 37% approx., post graduates 34% approx. For ethical grounds/reasons informed consent also attached along with questionnaire. Nonprobability Convenience sampling technique was used. Questionnaire regarding workplace bullying and perceived coworker support was distributed in T1, questionnaire regarding turnover intentions were distributed to sample participants with the

Mohd Sharulnizam Kamarulzaman, Norhayati Hussin, Mohd Shamsul Mohd Shoid et al.

Information security has always been an important requirement for the business. Such assets can be broken down into three main areas, namely people, process and technologies. The Internet, the proliferation of the web, networks and the ever-growing presence of innovation have triggered profound changes to procedures that are integral in individual and institutional routines. Such technological changes have led to an increase of competitiveness which decentralization and have contributed to the need for leadership, command, security, information and knowledge safety. The article presents the findings of an information security investigation, which examines the involvement with human aspects in the field of information security and knowledge management. The implication is that the "people" component is an important variable, even crucial, for the management of information security in organizations. It can be concluded that the human element is an important, perhaps crucial, parameter for the management of corporate information security. Keyword: Information and Knowledge Management, Information Security, Informational Behavior, Information Security Investigation, Knowledge Safety Introduction Business demands meet the need to find strategic business solutions. In the business world, the concept of what is security has been evolving and is no longer restricted to the technical issue. From this perspective, information security emerges as a relevant resource, since it seeks to link to the company's business variables that influence the protection of informational assets. These variables are now seen as integrating elements of the core business, as safeguarding information and knowledge is critical to success, competitiveness and survival in the globalized market. Fenz et al (2014) state the information security is important to organization however it is challenges to prove factor contribute on it. These challenges and situation occur because the easiness access the digital data and information which deployed by the organization (Harib, Sarijan & Hussin, 2017). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 1 0 , No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 222 2 -6990 © 2020 HRMARS 1104 We advocate here the need to integrate, in an integrative way, the elements "people", "processes" and "technologies" as variables that coexist in companies and that need to be treated with balance and equal conditions in the context of security management of the company’s information (Sveen, Torres And Sariegi, 2009). The people, process and technologies relies in each another for successful implementation of security management in the organization. According to Tarun (2018), the singel and integrated framework which overlapping with the strategy based on security tools, people and process will yield the effective defenses. The change to this analysis bias implies abandoning the exclusive dependence on technological aspects and turning attention to the subjectivity inherent to human beings, their relationships and their behaviour in organizations since such behaviour greatly influences information security management. Colwill (2010) points out that, even considering other equally relevant factors, overconfidence in technology will lead to unexpected results in handling a very critical internal security threat: the human element. This element poses information security risks, as people can gain legitimate access to information, know the organization, and know where valuable assets are located. This article focused on the identification of human aspects interference in information and knowledge management practices concerning information security. These aspects are, in fact, inherent in the human condition: people's behaviour, relationships, and conduct affect the business environment at a spectrum of varying levels where information security is needed. Information and People Security: A User-Centered Management Approach Companies organize themselves in global markets to maintain competitiveness and their standard of work. Technology is the catalyst that supplies companies with efficiency and effectiveness. However, sophisticated as a technology solution may be, it will be just another element of the process of maintaining the organization's competitiveness. People and processes are critical elements and only strategic management that consider all components of the organization planning, effective action and strategic handling of information can achieve the levels of competitiveness that the company needs. Thus, by reflecting on how human resources interfere with an organization's information security, it is easy to see that the “people” element is vulnerable. This vulnerability manifests itself through two inter-dimensions, both of which interfere with information security and make the human factor the weakest link. First, employees should ideally have sufficient information security knowledge to effective implementation and maintenance of security controls, which does not always occur; Second, employees must have the right attitude toward information security, but sometimes they have not been told how to do that (Niekerk and Solms, 2010). This first approach brings reflection on the need for transparency, management and effective communication regarding the information security guidelines adopted by a company. All elements of the organization must be synergistically involved so that they can deal with security issues, developing completeness of actions and real awareness of the need to safeguard organizational assets. Kraemer, Carayon and Clem (2009) contribute to this International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 1 0 , No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 222 2 -6990 © 2020 HRMARS 1105 perspective by noting that users are not necessarily anti-security, but often unable to determine the security implications of their actions. This scenario leads to the reflection on how the lack of knowledge generates inappropriate behaviour because of the expected information security actions since acting correctly develops entirely from the prerogative of knowing how to respond. It is therefore, crucial for organizations to pay attention to maintaining and sharing reliable information for the purposes of corporate information and knowledge management, as well as for a better understanding of their users' needs. Information users should be perceived as those who are not only driven to seek information for cognitive purposes but as beings who live and work in social environments (such as companies) and who, in their context, create their own motivations for learning, seek information and satisfy their needs (Wilson, 2006b). This information user is defined in this article as one who is strongly dependent on information and uses it for specific purposes, such as professional purposes. This process of seeking information, according to Marchionini (1998), is driven by the informational need of the individual. The extreme variety of informational needs of individuals makes the task of enumerating them complex and difficult (Allen, 1996). Marchionini (1998) and Allen (1996), highlights that in the search and use of information process, its value resides in the relationship that the user builds with certain information. Thus, several elements affect information search patterns and information behaviour as a whole, such as the variety of information sources, different types of users, user needs and preferences, among others. From this perspective, the choice of information sources by a given user is oriented according to their preferences, needs, accessibility, environment, etc. This is because information is valuable resources required, therefore acquired and using information is critical and important activities (Kadir et al, 2018). It also suggests that information sources are classified into the following categories: internal and personal, internal and impersonal, external and personal, and external and impersonal. It is observed that in this process of need and informational search, the resource made available through electronic information, structured in various ways, has become a dominant environment. The engagement between the relationship of the information seeker with the world wide web, with digital libraries and with other information structures is becoming stronger (Wilson, 2006c). For this reason, the understanding of users' informational needs goes through the information search behaviour and results in recognition of some perceived user need. This behaviour can be determined in many ways, either through user demands on formal systems (information systems), claims about systems that can perform information functions aggregated to a primary or non-primary function, and finally by seeking information through someone else, through information exchange (Wilson, 2006b). Beyond the informational search, it is the behaviour that highlights the information needs the only basis on which to judge the nature of the informational need and its satisfaction. Putting these perspectives together, it can be concluded that information needs are explanatory constructs that help to understand informational behaviour (Allen, 1996). This thinking makes us realize that in order to build information security behaviour in an organization, it will be necessary to interact with elements pertinent to Information Science and that these elements feed a trajectory that begins with the need for information goes through the International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 1 0 , No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 222 2 -6990 © 2020 HRMARS 1106 informational search and ends with informational behaviour. In fact, the behaviour of need, search, and informational use is a process of meaning construction. This meaning construction occurs when the user creates meaning from the information found, moving from a state of uncertainty an

Ali Kamrani moghddam, Parvin Dokht Jahan Kohan

Introduction The political-military power of different tribes in Iran during the ninth century AH was obvious, especially after the demise of Timur (807AH). In fact, the presence of tribes in the unions and their attempts to survive the battles was the prominent political insight of Iran in the ninth century. Afshar tribe was one of these tribes, entering these unions during the Aq Qoyunlu power-seeking attempts in the ninth century. Due to their high military power, this tribe had a prominent role both after the foundation of the Safavid dynasty and also after the kings' power-seeking attempts after the Shah Ismail until Shah Abbas I. Using their military power, Afshar tribe affected the politics and military relationships. Afshar's people, spread over different areas such as Kohgiluyh, Urmia (Mostofi, 1984, 556), Khorasan (Astarabadi, 1989, 27), and Kerman (Vaziri, 1985, 1505) based on their tribal nature. Because of serving the Safavid dynasty, Afshar tribe became the ruler in some areas, had some governmental jobs, and used their military service to help the Safavid to fight against Uzbeks, Ottoman, and suppress the civil war. This demonstrates Afshar's important role in Safavid dynasty.   2. Methodology This study aims to study the role of Afshar tribe in forming and establishing the Safavid dynasty independently, using historical research method and using primary sources to collect data.   3. Discussion Kashghari has first mentioned Afshar tribe who migrated from Turkestan to Iran (Astarabadi, 1989, 26). This tribe used to live and reign some areas of Iran at the beginning of the Safavid kingdom and throughout their kingdom. These areas include, but are not limited to Kohgiluyeh, Kerman, Hezar Jarib, Khorasan, and Farah (Valeh Esfahani, 1993, 411). Afshars played a key role during the kingdom of the first Safavid king in two parts: founding the Safavid governments (fighting Aq Qoyunlu, the rulers of Şirvan, and then Ottoman and Uzbek governments; and defeating these rivals) and political and governmental positions (ruling states and areas they used to live like Kohgiluye (Mirzasamiaa, 1989, 186) and Kerman (Kermani, 2005, 26). As the Afshar tribe had a significant role in development and sustainability of the Safavid dynasty in the fifty-year kingdom of Shah Tahmasp (930 – 984 AH), they managed to achieve a better situation in this era, and in addition to achieving Biglarbeygi position during the first Safavid king, they achieved Ghoorchibashgari and Amirshekarbashi (Romelo, 1978, 328/12; Turkman, 1971, 110/1). Afshar tribe had an important role in suppressing the rebellions which threatened the Safavid's sovereignty. They also controlled the borders and territorial integrity. An example here is suppressing Khan Ahmad Gilani (Valeh Esfahani, 1993, 353-4), Suppressing Hasan Sultan Rishehri (Hosseini Fasaei, 1988, 395/1). Mahmood Khan Afshar, who was the Biglarbeygi of Kohgiluyeh, accompanied Shah Tahmasp in the fight against Sultan Suleiman, who was the Ottoman king (Shah Tahmasp, 1913, 53-55). Khosro Sultan Koroghli, the leader of Afshars in Khorasan, reinforced the position of the Safavid in that area after the demise of Ubayd Allah Khan Uzbek in 946AH (Turkman, 1971, 93/1). The kingdom of Shah Abbas the Great should be considered as the climax of power and emergence of Afshar tribe in political-organizational structure of the Safavid dynasty. Afshar tribe has had a great role in Shah Abbas's getting into power (Falsafi, 1968, 128/1 and 121). Vali Khan as Kerman's ruler who was Ghoorchi Bashi (Turkman, 1971, 402/2), Baktash Khan as Yazd's ruler, and Yusef Khan as Abarghoo's ruler can be mentioned as Afshar's rulers who had some roles and positions in this era (Monajjem Yazdi, 1987, 72 and 82). Afshars had an important role in protecting the borders and fighting against exterior enemies. As an example, at the beginning of Shah Abbas's sovereignty, Afshar's kings in Kerman, led by Mostafa Khan Afshar, managed to defeat Uzbek forces from Khorasan (Turkman, 1971, 456/2). Urmia's Afshar, led by Ghasem Sultan, took charge of protecting the western borders (ibid., 1085/2 – 925)..   4. Conclusion Afshar tribe showed a significant military performance since the dawn of the Safavid dynasty. Piri Beyg, Parvanchi Afshar, and Dane Beyg were among the rulers who helped Ismaeil to be the king. When facing the attack from the enemies, Afshar rulers had a pivotal role. Therefore, the military nature of Afshar tribe was in line with one aspect of Safavid government, that is reliance on the military power of its allied forces. In the 11th century AH, like the tenth century, the military power of the tribe was used to reinforce and consolidate the Safavid dynasty. Since Shah Abbas the Great's time, rulers such as Yusef Khan and Vali Khan became the Ghoorchibashi, an elite position in the Safavid government. Appointing the heads of Afshar tribe to different positions continued at the time of Shah Abbas the Great. For instance, Yaghoob Beyg who was Afshar's Yuzbashi, became Khan. Anyway, it should be considered that at the end of the Safavid dynasty, the mutual relationship between Afshar and Safavid dynasty faded as all Ghezelbash's tribes. One important factor in the decline of the Safavid dynasty in 1135 AH was the lack of relationship between Ghezelbash's tribes and the Safavid dynasty.

Hosein Damghanian, ERFAN Shahbaz

Among the issues that threaten organizations today are the issue of organizational silence, career plateau and its impact on the organization and human resources. Researchers consider organizational silence to refrain from expressing ideas, Comments and information about organizational problems. But career plateau is defined as a stage in which employees, without regard to the current job and a very long timeframe, have little chance for improvement. Discussion of the career plateau and organizational silence in management of today have a special place, but in many cases the role of these factors in the organization is ignored. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-correlation method. The population consists of 127 staff of Kermanshah water organization. A questionnaire was used to collect data. PLS2 software was used to analyze the data. Finally, the findings indicate that staff have career plateau and organizational silence. Also it was found that career plateau caused organizational silence. Also results showed that career plateau caused organizational silence by Mediation role of motivation.

رضا حاجی زاده اصل, سعید حاجی زاده اصل

عملکرد تأثیر به سزایی بر رفتار و انگیزش کارکنان دارد و موجبات رشد و شکوفایی سازمان را فراهم ‌‌می‌‌آورد. ارزش‌یابی کارکنان در نگهداری و تعمیرات ناجا برای ارتقاء، انتصاب، تشویق و تنبیه؛ کاربرد دارد. ارزش‌یابی، ابزاری است که کارکنان را در تأ‌‌مین این نیازها کمک ‌‌می‌‌کند. اگر این ابزار به خوبی طراحی گردد و به‌نحو صحیح مورد استفاده قرار گیرد، وسیلۀ مناسبی برای تشویق، آموزش، به‌سازی و بعضاً تنبیه کارکنان خواهد بود. در این مقاله تلاش شده است؛ تا نظام ارزیابی عملکرد کارکنان را که تأثیر مهمی‌ در تحقق اهداف نگهداری و تعمیرات دارد، بررسی، تا نسبت به دلایل کارآیی این نظام ارزیابی، شناخت پیدا شود. جهت استفاده بهینه از مطالب جمع‌آوری شده، از روش پرسش‌نامه‌ای، با سؤالات بسته انتخاب و 22 نفر به‌عنوان جامعۀ‌ آماری نمونه، انتخاب و پرسش‌نامه تکمیل نموند. نتایج تحقیق نشان ‌‌می‌‌داد، عوامل عملکرد، در اولویت اول با 6/63% و معیارهای رفتار شغلی با 50% در اولویت دوم و رفتار اخلاقی با 7/22% در اولویت سوم جهت ارزیابی قرار گرفته‌اند و در فرم‌های ارزیابی نگهداری و تعمیرات به ترتیب، 46 نمره به عوامل عملکردی و 36 نمره به معیارهای رفتار شغلی و 18 نمره به معیارهای رفتار اخلاقی منظور گردید؛ که این نشان دهندۀ آن است که عوامل عملکردی در ناجا از جایگاه خاصی برخوردار ‌‌می‌‌باشد.

Hadi Teimouri, Parisa Heidari

Nowadays, with the competitiveness of organizations and the increasing complexity, creativity is an important factor for gaining competitive advantage in the global arena and the attention of creative people to achieving creative solutions is of particular importance and in situations where economic crises Each organizational entity will be the presence of creative staff as the main organization of the organization and can guide the situation in an appropriate direction. Therefore, it is important to review it. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of the loneliness on creativity in the workplace through mediation of job engagement. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting data, survey-descriptive. The statistical population of this research is the staff of the central directorate of Iran Insurance in Isfahan Province. Simple random sampling was used. To analyze the data collected and to test the research hypotheses, PLS 2.0 software was used. The results indicate that the variable of emotional loneliness and social loneliness on creativity in the workplace has a negative and significant effect, and also loneliness in the workplace on creativity has a negative and significant effect through the mediating factor of job engagement.

Mostafa Saadat

. Introduction    King, prince, and queen are among the most frequently used words in Iranian folktales. Several folktales are about theses fictional characters. Real events of society have been fictionalized by the creators of the folktales. Commonalties, as the listeners and supporters of these tales for over thousands of years, wanted to hear about their pains, insufficiencies, as well as the beauties and gifts of their society and everyday life in these tales. Therefore, the dedicated and talented narrators of folktales were continuously moving with the times and synchronizing themselves. In this way, folktales are a huge and unique collection of cultural and historical facts of Iranian society.    Folklore of each society are usually the result of the experiences and events of ordinary people of that society (Tamimdari 2011, p.22). Folklore is the logical continuation of social activities, and is, therefore, not luxury and fancy, and completes the work and social activities, and is a perfect tool to improve the quality of life (Zolfaqhari 2015, p.16). Obviously, the most important function of folktales, besides their entertaining feature, is their educational role (Tamimdari 2011, pp.56-57; Zolfaqhari 2015, p.16).   The content of folktales is very realistic (Zolfaqhari 2015, p.16; Jafari-Qanavati 2007, pp.82-87) and shows adventures of ordinary people in society. On the other hand, these tales narrate the stories of people fighting against the tyrants and powerful people (Zolfaqhari 2015, p.102); therefore, they rightfully reflect people’s desire and ambition for freedom and justice (Zolfaqhari 2015, p.17). That is the reason why these folktales would shed light on the social and cultural dark sides of this country’s history. Former studies have shown very good agreement between the events which happen in folktales with those that happen in societies. The ways in which they happen are a great part of collected history of Iran. Most likely, different ways of gaining power are mentioned in Iranian folktales, However, there has not been a study about this subject in folktales.   2. Methodology In this paper, we want to study the power transition in folktales and compare them with the documented events in the history of Iran. The Iranian folktales used in this study are from the eastern, western, northern, southern and central regions of this country. Different ways of power transitions in Iranian folktales are by inheritance (from father to his son or daughter), marrying the monarch’s daughter, conquest, coup, soft coup and flying the Homa. By studying the history of Iran, one could find different examples for all these different methods, except for reaching to power by flying the Homa.   3. Discussion It is said in many folktales that a person enters a city, while people were gathered in a place. The newcomer finds out that the monarch of the land is dead, and the gathering is for choosing the new monarch. The tradition of that city to choose the new monarch was to fly a bird, and everyone would accept the monarchy of the person whom the bird will land on. Flying the Homa is the weirdest way of choosing a monarch in folktales. One cannot easily find a similar case in history. To do so, we should look at the beliefs of our forebearers. In ancient Iran, there was a belief that a person deserves to be a monarch who has charisma. Companionship of charisma with monarch, was not only the proof of legitimacy of his reign, but also guarantied his victory against enemies and his success in managing the society. In case of not having charisma, one’s efforts will not pay off; if he was not monarch, he would not become one, and if he was, the foundations of his reign would become loose and weak and would be defeated by someone who has charisma. Deep influence of Zurvani Faith on Iranian beliefs is of great importance. The most important course of this faith, which has had a great influence on function of all Iranian society, is true belief in fate and determinism (Zaehner 2005, pp.379-397). Believers in Zurvan accepted that the results of each action has been determined before and could not be changed; so one has to be satisfied and happy with one’s share in life, control one’s emotions and let destiny play its role until it's time to pass away (Ibid, p.410). In this way, accepting fate, makes one happy and guaranties stability of the society. If it is written in one’s destiny that he is supposed to be the monarch, this means that he has charisma, and without doubt, he will become the monarch. Accepting the fact that you cannot fight against fate is very important and deserves attention. As sitting on a throne is fate and destiny of the person who has became the monarch, the whole society should accept his reign and should not try to dethrone him, as there is no way to change the destiny. In general, bird is the symbol of the celestial world (Chevalier & Gheerbrant 2009, vol. 2, p. 197). Moreover, every bird is representative of other symbols, for example, Hawk represents the Sun (Ibd, vol 2: 23) and Sun is a symbol of empire (Ibd, vol. 3, p.120); dream of an eagle or its observation, was a symbol of a mighty emperor (Ibd, vol. 4, p.296); in the Medes and Persis eras, eagle was the symbol of victory (Ibd, vol. 4, p.294-295); in the standard of the Achaemenid empire was a golden eagle with tighten wings on a spear, which showed the power of Persians in winning the wars (Ibd, vol. 4, p. 295). Homa is a mythical bird, the decrypting of which relates to the concepts of the government and luck. Homa was the manifestation of charisma (Ibd, vol. 5, pp. 588-589). Head, is the symbol of activity of the active principle, consisting of the governing and commanding forces. Moreover, Head is the most noble part of human body and is where the king puts the crown on (Ibd, vol. 3, p.526). Sky is the symbol of mavara (supernatural world), power, survival and sanctity (Ibd, vol. 1, p. 186). Therefore, considering the belief in unchangeable fate and destiny in Zurvani Faith, which certainly majority of the society believed in for many decades, justifies choosing a monarch by flying and landing the Homa, which has been repeated in folktales for many times. Flying the Homa, and its intended landing (symbol of unchangeable destiny) from sky (symbol of mavara and sanctity) on head (the most noble part of the human body, where the crown is putted and the symbol of power of reign) of a person who has just entered a fictional city, points to the fact that the commonalties must know it was destiny that made him the monarch and it was a god blessing, and as he is their monarch now, not only should they not protest against him, but they should also welcome him and pretend to be happy. These folktales have high frequency. Maybe the reason is to make people accept changes and try not to dethrone a monarch, after being chosen. Therefore, the rulers always immaterially supported these kinds of folktales. As the result of this kind of logic, the commonalties and even the elites of the society did not respect their will and in the power conflicts, not only did they not act actively, they did act very passively. It is obvious that in these kinds of tales, people are waiting for the entrance of a person, who could have defeated the last monarch. The gathering is not for choosing the new monarch but is for declaring royalty and happiness for the fortune of the newcomer.   4. Conclusion    It is told in folktales that the power transition, besides becoming the monarch by inheritance from father to his son or daughter, or even son-in-law, could be by conquest or coup. There are many similarities between events and their frequencies in folktales and real history of this country. Flying the Homa is such an example in the tales. The effect of Zurvani beliefs, e.g. the unchangeable fate and destiny, is a very important fact in power transition, which has an obvious manifestation in folktales. When people can accept the transition of power from one group to the other, and accept that as destiny, it is clear that the transition of power from father to one of his sons or from a king to one of his relatives would be accepted more easily.   Keywords: Iranian languages, Khotanese, Weighing, Units of length, Units of Width and distance

Seyyed Ali Akbar Afjehi

sara gerami, Zarrintaj Varedi

. Introduction    Khosro Nama is one of the outstanding lyrical works in Persian literature. This poem portrays the romance of Gol o Hormuz and the related events. This literary work is composed in the form of “Masnavi” (couplet poem) and it is created in prosodic rhythm “mafā`ilunmafā`ilunfā`ilun”(coded: U---U---U--)with nearly “8000” lines versed in eloquent, pellucid and explicit language. Considering the published copiesof the work, two copies are reviewed: 1- The copy revised by Ahmad SoheiliKhansari which contains an introduction on Attar and his works. In the introduction, Khansariascribed the work to Attar by several reasons. Besides, he wroteabout Ibn Al-rabib (Mamdooh, the poet) and a summary of the story. 2- The copy by FarshidEghbal with a brief preface. In the preface of the book, he wrote about Attar Neyshaburiand a summary of the story.     2. Methodology The research methodology is descriptive-analytical and it wasdone in three steps. In the first step, the researcher precisely studiedKhosro Nama poem and identified the required data of the research among the verses of the couplet-poem.  In the second step, with respect to the data collected in the first step, the researcher reviewed and analyzed the content of the verses. In this step, the researcher classified and analyzed the verses based on the content. In the third step, the researcher studied the sources attributingthe work to or not to Attar and proved or denied attributing the book to Attar based on the quoted reasons and evidence.In this step, the researcher merely gathered their views and ultimatelycited his view according to their statements.   3 Discussion Before we discuss the content of the book, it is necessary to introduce the poet due to the different opinions about him. Since time ago, a work has been attributed to a poet and after a while, the researchers confirmed or denied its attribution with reasons and evidence. Khosro Nama is one of the works which there is uncertainty in attributing to Attar. Some masters such as Foroozanfar, SoheiliKhansari, Ritter, Nafisi, RezagholikhanHedayat and Saffa confirm the attribution of the book to Attar Neyshabooriwith certain and other masters such as Shafieekadkani, Zarrinkoob, Nahvi, Ezzatiparvar and Pournamdarian denied the attribution of the book by presenting reasons and evidence. Shafieekadkani’s reasonsabout the book includes the two internal reasons (contradiction, stylistics, history of Sufism) and external reasons (typology) each of which particularly points that Khosro Nama is not attributed to Attar and the book belongs to the ninth century. (N.K: Attar, 35: 2000). Meanwhile, Nahvi discussed in a paper about AbolfazlSa’ddinIbnAl-Rabib, the eulogicpoet and provided evidence that Khosro Nama was written by Abu Abdollah Muhammad Mianji in the sixth century. (Nahvi, 80-89: 2000) With respect to the providedreasons and evidence, it is concluded that this work is not attributed to AttarNeyshaboori.Notably, with respect toNahvi’spaperbased on eulogy by Ibn Al-Rabib and some of the verses of Khosro Nama in Shiraz Nama by Zarkoob, Nahvi’s statement about the attribution of Khosro Nama to Abu AbdollahMianji (Miane’i) is true.Additionally, based on the stylistic, theosophical and typological reasons by Shafieekadkaniattempting to prove that Khosro Nama was written in the ninth century, in author’s point of view, it can be said thatKhosro Nama was composed by Mianji and later, an unknown person completed and expanded the book in the ninth century. Of course, it may be asked that if the couplet poemwas not attributed to Attar, why had all attar’s works been listed in the preface of the book? This might be the answer thatAttar was at the height of his fame at that time and peoplepaid special attention to him and this way, the poet wanted people to remember and read his work over time. In reviewing and analyzing the content of Khosro Nama, the poet first commended and praised the Lord and then glorified the Prophet, and complimented the Rashid Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Omar, Uthman, and Imam Ali), admired the Imams (Imam Hasan (pbuh) Imam Hussein (pbuh), Imam Bohanifa, Imam Shafi'i) as well as KhajehSaadoddinAbolfazl. After discussing the situation surrounding thebook, he writes the romantic poems full of new incidents and events. Of course, it is noteworthy that in the introduction of the book, the poet refers to the issues such as unity, and occasionallythroughout the story,he comments onthe absence, presence, ascetic, and seclusion of worldly attachments, etc.  In other words, the poet willingly attempted to incorporate mystical terms and concepts in the book.However, it should be said that Khosro Nama is a romantic couplet poem with some mystical arrays. In general, the content of Khosro Nama is divided into three categories: A.        Tenets of faith: This section includes topics such as God, poet’s religion, fatalism and death. In the divine sect,in addition to the topic of the Creation (the creation of the worldin six days) and the human inability to knowGod and the truth of the Existence, the poet deals with mystical topics such as the unity of existence, monotheism, annihilation in God, and the existence in God, presence and absence. Regarding the religion of the poet, it can be said that he is Shāfī'i because he praises Shāfīī and Abu Hanifa and in regard to verbal point of view, and belief in determinism and fatalism, he followed the religion of the Ash'arites. Also, the poet's belief in fatalism and death has a special placein the context of the work; inasmuch as the poet explicitly or vaguely induces the divine fate overwhelming human free willin the text and accordingly, he calls for human’s surrendering and satisfyingwithhis fate and divine predestination, and with attention to the fact that he emphasizes on the death and the life of the soul after death, he encourages the man to do good for final Judgement. B.        Ethical percepts: Ethical perceptsinvolve topics such as the denunciation of the world, the law of action and reaction, trickery, greed, lies and envy. In condemning the world, the poet encourages humans to abandon the world and its belongings whileproviding reasons and evidence such as the treacheries and fickleness of the world, and its futility. It is noteworthy thatin the discussion ofthe ethical percepts, the denunciation of the world has the highest frequency. In addition to condemning the world, the poet prevents human from lying, deceiving, envying and coveting for the reason of its bad consequences, and throughout the story, based on the fact that every action has a reaction and human gets caught in the consequences of his evil deeds, he calls mankind to avoid evil and encourage them to do good deeds. C.        Love:In terms of content, love and its related events in Khosro Nama poem are in center and axis,and other themes such as ethical percepts and tenets of faith serve love and its related events. In this section, the poet addresses topics such as love, lover and his state of mind, the contradiction between love and wisdom. The poet, in the discussion of love, puts a special emphasis on its burning and unbreakable status, the combination of love,impatience and insanity. The lover and his temperament are also repeated in the poem;inasmuch as love transforms the lover’s feelings; the lover is crushing in grief, anguish and distress when being apart, and he is in the joy of happiness when joining. In addition, the poet praises the wisdom with different featuressuch as being a leader and guide;nevertheless, the leadership and guidance of wisdom lasts until love has not overcome the man. To put another way, after love overwhelms the man, the wisdom growsunable and impotent, and wisdom and lovedo not unitebut contradictone another.   4. Conclusion About the author of Khosro Nama, it is noteworthy that in his paper "Who is the book of Khosro Nama (Gol and Hurmoz) by?",Akbar Nahvi attributes the work to Abu Abdullah Mianji (Miane’i) in the sixth century.Butbased on the stylistic featuresand the mentioned stylistic reasons and evidence,MohammadrezaShafieekadkaniconcludes that the bookbelongs to the ninth century. In the author’s view, with respect to the reasons and evidence brought forth in the research, the Khosro Nama poem does not attribute to Attar, and it originally belongs to Abu Abdullah Mianji, and it seems thatwith respect to the stylistic features in the ninth century and the stylistic features of the work), an anonymous person expanded it in the 9th century. This work is a romantic poem in contentwhere the mystical terms and concepts have also been used. In the introduction, the mystical issues are mostlyderivedfrom the premise of the unity of existence of Ibn al-Arabi; Of course, the mystical issues are rarely found throughout the story. And the beliefs of the poet (about God, the religion of the poet, fatalism, etc.) and the ethical percepts and the element of love are read in the mentioned work. Fatalism is one of the most important beliefs that the poet tries to refer to throughout the story in various approaches (directly or indirectly) and encourage the reader to condemn and surrender to divine predestination. In the discussion of the ethical percepts, the poet attempts to prevent the readers directly or indirectly from doing bad deeds and to encourage themto do good deeds. "Condemning the world and getting rid of worldly attachments" is of the most important ethical precepts that the poet explains in various ways. It isnoteworthy that in the ethical percepts, the poet employs the "deceitfulness and trickery of individuals" in the concept of "seeking remedy and devise", and sometimes, he admires it indirectly. In Khosro Nama poem, love and the related issues are the most outstanding topic that includes the issues such as being apart and joining; in other words, it can be said that love is the intellectual axis and centerpiece of the poet that has included other topics and contents inside. In this couplet poem, the grief and sighcaused by getting apart is more than thrill of joining; Notably, sometimes, there is happiness in separation resulted from hope for the revelation. The most used topic in love is "the burning of love and love as pain," which repeats the grief of separation. Another key point in the discussion of love is "the conflict of love and wisdom", where love dominates and overwhelms the wisdom; in other words, wisdom is incapacitated before love; Also, "wisdom" in Khosro Nama poem is incapacitated by "love" and " knowing the essence of the Almighty” and it is condemned. However, in some cases such as being a guide and the power of recognizing good from evil, the contradiction between wisdom and lust... has been praised.   Keywords: Attar, Khosro Nama, Content, Love, Sufism.

Leila Hashemian, Maryam Rahmani

Abstract Every human being is likely to undergo profound transformations which may change the course of his life. Such is the story of Sheikh of San’aan whose real self is revealed after a small touch ruins the walls of his heart. In this story, there are a number of important factors, including dream vision, love, sin, and death that contribute to the transformation of the two main characters. This paper is intended to deal with love, dream, repentance, and death as the elements of metamorphosis among human beings and explore them in the story of Sheikh of San’aan.

Enric Serradell-Lopez

V. Miri

M. S. Meena, R. Kale, S. K. Singh et al.