The article deals with the influence of gender factors on the formation of the traditional model of branch formation and substantiates the concept of law desubstantialization as a methodological approach that overcomes the notion of neutrality and ahistoricity of the legal system. It is shown that gender structures of thinking determine not only the criteria for dividing law into branches, but also the hierarchy of legal knowledge within the legal doctrine framework. Branch division is not a purely technical or logical classification, but is a manifestation of the hierarchy of social relations, where public law occupies a symbolically “higher” position compared to private law. Examples of changes in the ratio of public and private in certain areas, in particular in family law and environmental law, are given. The concept of law desubstantialization is revealed as a refusal to search for “objective” criteria for branch division and recognition of the social and historical conditionality of the legal system itself. In this context, it is shown that the notion of legal neutrality is an ideological fiction legitimizing existing discourses of power, in particular gender discourses. Feminist criticism of law is considered as an attempt not only to “include” women into the legal system, but rather to deconstruct the logic that reproduces asymmetry. Turning to judicial practice, in particular to the case of Bradwell v. State of Illinois (1873), it was possible to show that even formally neutral norms and decisions can reproduce gender selectivity. The court decision in this case illustrated how law can entrench social hierarchy under the guise of an “objective” interpretation of constitutional guarantees, determining who has access to public status and professional activity. This allows us to reveal that the legal substance – the concepts of field, competence, and legal status – is not gender neutral, but reflects the power structures of society. As a result, the desubstantialization of law is considered as a strategy that opens up the possibility of critically rethinking the legal system not as a closed logical construct, but as an open process of social articulation of power. Gender in this approach acts not only as a social, but also as an epistemological category that reveals the limits of legal thinking.
Contextualização: O estudo compara as leis de mineração de ouro em propriedade privada no Brasil e no Canadá. A relevância reside em como a história, a tradição jurídica (Civil Law vs. Common Law) e a estrutura de governança (centralizada vs. descentralizada) influenciam a regulação de minerais e os direitos indígenas em cada nação.
Objetivos: O principal objetivo é comparar os marcos legais de mineração de ouro no Brasil e no Canadá em propriedade privada. A pesquisa foca nas diferenças cruciais no controle e propriedade dos recursos minerais e na proteção dos territórios indígenas. O estudo busca entender como esses sistemas equilibram os direitos de propriedade privada, a soberania indígena e o desenvolvimento sustentável.
Método: Foi utilizado o método de direito comparado para contrastar as estruturas jurídicas e os fatores históricos que moldaram as regulamentações de mineração. A análise comparou as leis, considerando variáveis como fatores econômicos e culturais, e as implicações do federalismo na divisão de jurisdição.
Resultados: Ambos os países consideram os minerais como ativos públicos. O Brasil adota um sistema centralizado (Controle Federal) com proteções constitucionais estritas para terras indígenas, mas com fraca fiscalização. O Canadá possui um sistema descentralizado (Controle Provincial) que exige consulta legal às comunidades indígenas (dever de consulta) e oferece regulamentações regionalmente adaptadas. O sistema brasileiro é uniforme, mas o canadense é legalmente complexo e regionalizado.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political science (General)
Rogerio MOLLICA, Patrícia Lichs Cunha Silva de ALMEIDA, Solange Teresinha Carvalho PISSOLATO
O presente artigo destina-se a discorrer sobre o plano de ação do Poder Judiciário, com destaque para a atuação do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Conselho Nacional de Justiça na integração dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, da Organização das Nações Unidas, na Corte e, de forma sistêmica, no Poder Judiciário Brasileiro. O Conselho Nacional de Justiça vem construindo um caminho profícuo na institucionalização da Agenda 2030 e na proposição de políticas judiciárias, ampliando o escopo do debate nessa área, agregando parcerias e fortalecendo pesquisas, inovações e o uso da inteligência artificial. Esta pesquisa, de caráter bibliográfico e de abordagem descritiva, tem como base meios impressos e eletrônicos e o arcabouço legal pátrio. Ao final da pesquisa, evidencia-se que o Poder Judiciário Brasileiro, em uma iniciativa precursora em dimensão internacional, incorporou os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Agenda 2030 da Organização das Nações Unidas em sua rotina e na gestão administrativa e extrajudicial, por meio do desenvolvimento de ferramentas e do uso da inteligência artificial, indexando-os em sua estrutura taxonômica de processos judiciais.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Dr. Luiz Henrique Eloy Amado, Victor Hugo Streit Vieira
Mesmo após o advento da Constituição Federal de 1988, o tratamento jurídico-penal reservado a réus, acusados e condenados indígenas continuou invisibilizando as diferenças étnico-culturais, predominando uma interpretação etnocêntrica e eurocêntrica no ato de responsabilização penal do indígena. O presente artigo prima por uma abordagem intercultural e decolonial à matéria, consolidada na Resolução 287 do Conselho Nacional de Justiça.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
The article is devoted to research of intellectual property in Ukraine under martial law. The authors of the article focus on the fact that intellectual property is one of the areas that helps the country develop economically in such an extremely difficult time, and pass the challenges with dignity, step by step. The authors establish that appropriate management of the intellectual property portfolio under martial law is particularly relevant to avoid future problems with potential litigation. It is also substantiated that it is important to keep data for the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in Ukraine in the post-war economy. The article highlights that Ukrpatent, which performs the functions of the National Intellectual Property Body in the field of intellectual property, keeps working in difficult conditions, providing the necessary functions and continuous operation of the state system for intellectual property legal protection. Based on the analysis of data from Ukrpatent, it is noted that the number of registered industrial property rights for the 1st half of 2022 compared to the 1st half of 2021 is 75.2%. The authors analysed the latest changes in the legislation on intellectual property under martial law, which give grounds to believe that intellectual property continues to develop. It is also noted that there is a strengthening and implementation of European integration processes in the area of intellectual property. Ukraine actively continues to develop the relevant direction. The authors conclude that despite the extremely difficult conditions in various spheres of social life under martial law, laborious legislative activity in the field of intellectual property continues. Providing further functioning of the mechanisms of intellectual property rights protection and their progressive improvement under martial law with the support of friendly countries and the international community is aimed at strengthening and implementing European integration processes in Ukraine.
У підготовчому провадженні суд має право повернути прокурору клопотання про застосування примусових заходів медичного характеру (далі – ПЗМХ) у разі його невідповідності вимогам Кримінального процесуального кодексу України (далі – КПК). У статті виокремлено та розглянуто типові недоліки клопотання про застосування ПЗМХ, що стали підставою його повернення прокурору. При цьому науковий аналіз виявлених недоліків цього підсумкового документу здійснено в контексті сучасного підходу судової практики, який полягає в тому, що повернення клопотання про застосування ПЗМХ прокурору передбачає не формальну невідповідність такого акту вимогам закону, а наявність у ньому недоліків, які перешкоджають суду призначити судовий розгляд. Отже, за результатами проведеного наукового аналізу зроблено висновок про відсутність таких процесуальних помилок, усунення яких можливе винятково у форматі повернення клопотання про застосування ПЗМХ прокурору. При цьому акцентовано увагу на доцільності усунення недоліків клопотання про застосування ПЗМХ у підготовчому провадженні шляхом відкладення судового засідання та надання прокурору можливості скорегувати зміст клопотання про застосування ПЗМХ та вручити його оновлену версію у наступному судовому засіданні. Певною мірою цьому сприяє і відсутність чітко визначеного строку закінчення підготовчого провадження.
Констатовано, що повернення прокурору клопотання про застосування ПЗМХ збільшує строки кримінального провадження без об’єктивної необхідності, зважаючи на відсутність у законі часових меж повернення виправленого клопотання до суду. При цьому зауважено, що в перспективі розгляду цього клопотання суд призначає ПЗМХ, тому несвоєчасне призначення особі належного лікування може обернутися настанням невідворотних наслідків щодо стану її психічного здоров’я.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Abstract
Indonesia currently holds the third position with the greatest number of active smokers. This number is supported by the contribution of the tobacco industry to the national economy and the behaviour that the citizens have. Ironically, Indonesia is the only country in Southeast Asia that does not ratify WHO’s FCTC citing sovereignty as the main reason. Even if domestic laws such as PP 109/2012 have tried to control tobacco consumption, it was deemed ineffective to protect the right to health of the citizens, most importantly passive smokers. The latter needs to be highlighted as they are not the ones who consume the harmful substance, yet they suffer more than active smokers. This research is normative research that will emphasize the urgency of protecting health rights for passive smokers in Indonesia. The result of this research shows that Indonesia tried to protect the right to health of passive smokers by imposing no-smoking zones but since the regulations are regional, it lacks harmonization and ultimately failed to pursue their aim. In any case, Article 8 of the FCTC provides a measure to protect people from tobacco smoke with annual surveys that helps the Member States to fully protect the right to health of passive smokers among other measures to protect the right to health of passive smokers.
Abstrak
Indonesia menduduki peringkat ketiga dengan jumlah perokok aktif terbanyak di dunia. Jumlah ini didukung kontribusi industri tembakau terhadap perekonomian nasional dan perilaku yang dimiliki penduduk Indonesia. Ironisnya, dengan kondisi yang demikian Indonesia justru adalah satu-satunya negara di Asia Tenggara yang tidak meratifikasi FCTC WHO dengan alasan utama kedaulatan. Regulasi dalam negeri seperti PP 109/2012 nyatanya juga tidak efektif untuk melindungi hak atas kesehatan warga negara, terutama perokok pasif. Hal ini menjadi ironi mengingat pada faktanya bukan para perokok pasif yang mengonsumsi zat berbahaya tersebut namun mereka lebih mendapatkan dampak buruk daripada perokok aktif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang akan menjawab bagaimana urgensi pelindungan hak kesehatan bagi perokok pasif di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kendatipun Indonesia berusaha melindungi hak atas kesehatan perokok pasif dengan memberlakukan zona larangan merokok tetapi karena peraturannya bersifat regional, tidak ada harmonisasi dan masih belum meratanya regulasi di tiap daerah menghambat implementasi perlindungan tersebut. Hal ini yang perlu dijadikan urgensi ratifikasi FCTC mengingat pada Pasal 8, FCTC memberikan serangkaian tindakan untuk melindungi warga negara dari asap tembakau dengan mekanisme pengawasan tahunan yang membantu Negara-negara Anggota untuk sepenuhnya melindungi hak atas kesehatan dalam hal ini para perokok pasif sebagai salah satu cara untuk melindungi hak kesehatan perokok pasif.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
A través del presente manuscrito se pretende un análisis de la política de defensa y seguridad democrática (de ahora en adelante PDSD) desde el año 2002 al 2010, estableciendo su origen, su contenido ideológico y la aplicación respecto al orden público y la convivencia pacífica, precisando la correlación existente y el grado de adecuación respecto de los elementos jurídicos-constitucionales del Estado social de derecho (de ahora en adelante ESD). Previo a la implementación, vigencia y continuidad de la PDSD y pese al beneplácito de un sector importante de la población colombiana, se suscitaron serias dudas con respecto a su carácter, configuración, eficacia y a los resultados obtenidos en materia de protección a los derechos humanos, generando todo un debate alrededor de las ejecuciones extrajudiciales, el desplazamiento forzado, la desaparición forzada, las torturas y las masacres, entre otros; todo lo cual nos conduce a interrogarnos sobre si la PDSD realmente corresponde al modelo de ESD establecido en la Constitución Política de 1991. Por otra parte, consideramos que la PDSD responde a un concepto restringido de seguridad acuñado en el marco de la lucha global contra el terrorismo, el cual no es más que una versión ampliada de la doctrina de seguridad nacional, lo cual está al margen de la noción de seguridad multidimensional que necesariamente debe desprenderse de la configuración del ESD en la Constitución Política de 1991. Sin embargo, el único concepto posible de estado de seguridad es la que se debe a los ciudadanos en materia de derechos y los riesgos que tras un concepto de seguridad diferente se escondan unas manifestaciones de poder contrarias a la democracia, tal y como se ha concluido. En consecuencia, este artículo pretende realizar un análisis introductorio sobre los principales aspectos de la PDSD y su relación con el ESD –dando por entendido que el pilar fundamental de este modelo de Estado lo constituyen la realización, vigencia y protección de los derechos fundamentales– que nos permita un acercamiento a lo que históricamente ha sido la violencia y las respuestas recurrentes de la autoridad pública, identificando los elementos comunes en materia de seguridad y orden público y el resultado de su aplicación. Para el logro de lo anterior se ha recurrido al método cualitativo realizando el análisis documental de diversos textos relacionados con la historia del país, el análisis de las políticas de seguridad, la violencia e informes, entre otros; así mismo, se ha tenido en cuenta el enfoque de gestión de los derechos como una manera de realizar el juicio sobre la base de su realización efectiva.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political science (General)
United States and European Union trademark laws have common foundations in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and also in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). As parties to these international agreements, both jurisdictions are obligated to adhere to certain fundamental parameters regarding trademark law and its enforcement. Despite these shared roots, a comparison of the European Court of Justice’s ruling in L’Oréal v. Bellure with the factually similar US Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals case Smith v. Chanel reveals a divergence between the US and the EU in these two jurisdictions’ construal of the interaction between trademark law and comparative advertising law. This variance reflects differences in the cultural and policy considerations behind these jurisdictions’ creation of the laws. Ultimately, however, it is due to fundamental differences in subsequent interpretations of those laws, as illustrated by diverging developments in the relevant case law. An understanding of these differences and developments can help clarify not only the reasons for their emergence, but may also help predict future directions the laws may take. This paper is divided into four main sections. Section 1 presents an overview of comparative advertising laws in the EU and the US, providing background for the case law discussion that follows. Section 2 delves further into these jurisdictions’ respective trademark and comparative advertising laws to reveal their interrelationship, the foundations upon which they are based, and the values they are intended to protect. Section 3 reviews the cases at issue in light of those laws and proposes that the divergence in laws between the EU and US stems primarily from opposing interpretations of anti-dilution laws. This divergence then triggers different interpretations regarding the way in which trademark law should intersect with comparative advertising law. Section 4 suggests that the Max Planck Institute’s Study on the Overall Functioning of the European Trade Mark System indicates that in the future, the EU laws are likely to align more closely with their US counterparts, if certain proposals made by the Institute are implemented by the European Commission.
Agung Sosiawan, Ahmad Yudianto, Abdul Hadi Furqoni
et al.
Abstract Background Sibling relation over chosen STR loci and localized database is yet to be developed in Indonesia like into many other countries despite the demand of varied ethnic population, catastrophes and civil conflict that call forensic preparedness. The targeted application includes human genomic typing and profile, kinship/sibship relation, forensic applications, individual identification, and or claneology tracing. Consequently, this study devotes on sibship in assessing and establishing preferable STR loci and allelic sharing extent amongst Madurese full sibling. Materials and methods One hundred blood samples were used to examine sibling relationship among 50 full siblings (25 pairs) assigned from a total of 100 individuals of 25 Madura families. Sibship relation was done by STR technique profile by 12 loci (CSF1PO, F13B, FES, TH01, TPOX, vWA, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, and D18S51) and a sex-typing amelogenin gene locus Results From 300 observations (25 pairs of full-sibling × 12 loci) of genotyped STR allele, of allele sharing, has found 4 STR loci: FES, CSF1PO, F13, and D8S1179 with high-shared allelic frequency in two alleles sharing among twelve STR loci by 52%, 52%, 44%, and 40% respectively. As for the four main loci of full sibling with one allele sharing, i.e, D7S820, D18S51, vWA, and THO1, have a sequence of percentages from large to small as follows: 76%, 76%, 72%, and 60%, respectively. Furthermore, STR locus VWA expressed null shared allele in 24 allele-sharing category. Likewise, F13 and FES both typed null allele in zero allele-sharing category among these full sibling Conclusion Through the use of 12 autosomal STR loci, the study has signified the strength of 2 shared allele evidence by 51.2% in establishing sibship and recommend D7S820, VWA, TH01, and D18S51 as STR loci of choice when typing sibling among Madurese.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Medicine (General)
Matheus Macedo Lima Porto, Clara Cardoso Machado Jaborandy
RESUMO:
O presente trabalho pretende analisar o tratamento jurídico da dignidade da pessoa humana a partir do constitucionalismo latino americano. Num primeiro momento, verificar-se-á a essência da dignidade humana para o direito através de uma rápida evolução conceitual com base na história e na filosofia. Num segundo momento, o artigo abordará o movimento do chamado novo constitucionalismo latino-americano, a fim de verificar as possibilidades de inserção da Constituição brasileira de 1988. Por fim, far-se-á uma análise crítica da forma que a dignidade da pessoa humana vem sendo interpretada no instituto denominado Estado de Coisas Inconstitucional, especialmente nas decisões da Corte Constitucional da Colômbia e do Supremo Tribunal Federal. O desfecho da investigação pretende comprovar que há um simbolismo na decisão que adota o Estado de coisas inconstitucional em prol do respeito à dignidade humana.
ABSTRACT:
The present work is intended to analyze the legal treatment of the dignity of the human being from the Latin American constitutionalism. In the first instance, an essence of human dignity will be verified for the right through a rapid conceptual evolution based on history and philosophy. In a second moment, the article approaches the movement of the new Latin American constitutionalism, objecting to verificate the possibilities of insertion of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988. Finally, it will be done a critical analysis of the form that a dignity of the human person has been interpreted, especially in the decisions of Constitution Court of Colombia and the Supreme Court of Brazil. The outcome of the investigation is intended to prove that there is a symbolism in the decision that adopts the unconstitutional state of affairs in favor of respect for human dignity.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
"A partir de un análisis preciso, la idea de una religión "popular", ahistórica e inmóvil, se revela como insostenible. En su lugar hay que plantear la idea compleja de una lucha entre religión de las clases hegemónicas y religión de las clases subalternas, conformada como toda lucha, por confrontaciones abiertas, por compromisos, por situaciones de una paz forzada, por guerrillas".
CARLO GINZBURG, "Premessa Giustificativa" en Quaderni Storici, num. 41, 1979.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
As cavernas se estabelecem como feições geológicas subterrâneas dotadas de complexa e variada rede de atributos ambientais. No entanto, ao lado da vertente ambiental, questões econômicas também se manifestam em relação ao meio subterrâneo. Diante deste aspecto, a disciplina jurídica ambiental aplicável às cavernas sofreu alteração nos últimos anos após o advento do Decreto Federal nº 6.640/2008. Por meio do mencionado diploma, estatuiu-se no Brasil uma nova forma de tratamento das cavernas com a definição de sua proteção efetivando-se por meio de sua “classificação do grau de relevância”. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar a nova sistemática aplicável às cavernas encarando a classificação do grau de relevância como mecanismo de compatibilização. Desta forma, são analisados os critérios de execução deste instrumento, bem como identificado o seu enquadramento frente a dupla dimensão do bem ambiental (macro e microbem) e em relação à garantia constitucional do equilíbrio ecológico.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Baseado na perspectiva rousseauniana, que confere à Vontade Geral a condição para o exercício da soberania popular, o artigo em questão, a partir da dialética instituinte/instituído, desenvolve as implicações que tal noção carrega e impõe ao referido conceito a ideia que encerra tanto um processo ético-jurídico que envolve as decisões coletivas e, antes, a sua elaboração, quanto um princípio de integração dinâmico-dialética que traz como fundamento um fim comum e que se manifesta através de um movimento econômico-político de objetivação de valores, necessidades e fins do povo enquanto corpo coletivo e moral que converge para a universalidade concreta que cabe à Constituição e às leis.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
در حوزه حقوق معاهدات، رضایت، یکی از اصول بنیادین است. ماده 36 کنوانسیون وین راجع به حقوق معاهدات با شرایطی سروکار دارد که بهموجب آن، هر دولت میتواند به حقی بهموجب معاهدهای استناد کند که وی عضو آن نیست. برقراری حق به نفع ثالث را باید در پرتو معیار اساسی رضاییبودن تعهدات قراردادی در نظام حقوق بینالملل مورد توجه قرار داد. در این صورت، این مسئله قابل طرح است که آیا حق دولت ثالث، ناشی از معاهده اصلی یا ناشی از قبولی حق توسط دولت ثالث و به عبارت دیگر، انعقاد معاهده فرعی میان ثالث و طرفهای معاهده اصلی است. با توجه به نقش معاهدات در حقوق بینالملل، شناخت ابعاد حقوقی این نهاد در حوزه حقوق قراردادی و در چارچوب کنوانسیون وین، بسیار مهم است. در ارتباط با این موضوع اگرچه رویه قضایی اندک است، میتوان رد پای آن را در برخی نظرات منضم به آرای دیوان دائمی و دیوان فعلی دادگستری بینالمللی یافت. این تحقیق، ضمن بررسی ماهیت حقوقی تعهد به نفع ثالث، مواردی را که بهظاهر در این حوزه قرار میگیرد، اما واقعاً مصداق ماده 36 کنوانسیون نیست تجزیه و تحلیل میکند.
Carlos Alonso Cidad, Iñaki Barcena Hinojal, Izaro Gorostidi Bidaurrazaga
<p>This article offers an analysis of the process of criminalization, which, in the authors’ opinion, the Basque Ecologist Movement (BEM) has suffered in its fight against the High Speed Train (HST). The text is structured in five sections. The initial section highlights the main characteristics of the BEM from its origins to the present, indicating the importance in its development of the Basque national question and political violence on one side, and a combined discourse that is at once local and global on the other. The second section provides data referring to the HST project, indicating its political and socio-economic impacts, while the third section is dedicated to clarifying the main identity features and lines of action of the anti-HST movement. The fourth section shows both the repertory of collective action of the opponents of the HST and the policies of repression and criminalization exercised against them. The fifth and final section is situated in today’s new political cycle, which follows the end of ETA’s armed activity and sets out possible future scenarios. Rather than an academic article consisting of intellectual reflection, this article is intended as a political testimony of the long struggle of this social movement, involving 20 years of ecologist activism, a struggle that continues today, since the infrastructure project is still in force, although the conflict is little known at the international level.</p> <hr /><p>Este artículo ofrece un análisis del proceso de criminalización, que, en opinión de los autores, el Movimiento Ecologista Vasco ha sufrido en su lucha contra el Tren de Alta Velocidad (TAV). El texto se estructura en cinco partes. En la primera se destacan las principales características del Movimiento Ecologista Vasco, desde sus orígenes hasta la actualidad, subrayando la importancia en su desarrollo de la cuestión nacional vasca y la violencia política por un lado, y por otro, un discurso combinado local y global a la vez. En el segundo punto se ofrecen datos referentes al proyecto del TAV, indicando sus impactos políticos y socio-económicos, mientras que la tercera parte está dedicada a esclarecer los rasgos de identidad y líneas de acción principales del movimiento anti-TAV. En el cuarto punto se muestran tanto el repertorio de la acción colectiva de los opositores del TAV como las políticas de represión y criminalización ejercida contra ellos. La quinta y última parte se sitúa en el actual nuevo ciclo político, que sigue al final de la actividad armada de ETA y establece posibles escenarios futuros. En lugar de un artículo académico que consiste en la reflexión intelectual, este artículo pretende ser un testimonio político de la larga lucha de este movimiento social, incluyendo 20 años de activismo ecologista, una lucha que continúa en la actualidad, ya que el proyecto de infraestructura se encuentra aún en vigor, aunque el conflicto sea poco conocido a nivel internacional.