Hasil untuk "Islam. Bahai Faith. Theosophy, etc."

Nithin Sivakumaran, Shoubin Yu, Hyunji Lee et al.

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning sometimes fails to faithfully reflect the true computation of a large language model (LLM), hampering its utility in explaining how LLMs arrive at their answers. Moreover, optimizing for faithfulness and interpretability in reasoning often degrades task performance. To address this tradeoff and improve CoT faithfulness, we propose Reasoning Execution by Multiple Listeners (REMUL), a multi-party reinforcement learning approach. REMUL builds on the hypothesis that reasoning traces which other parties can follow will be more faithful. A speaker model generates a reasoning trace, which is truncated and passed to a pool of listener models who "execute" the trace, continuing the trace to an answer. Speakers are rewarded for producing reasoning that is clear to listeners, with additional correctness regularization via masked supervised finetuning to counter the tradeoff between faithfulness and performance. On multiple reasoning benchmarks (BIG-Bench Extra Hard, MuSR, ZebraLogicBench, and FOLIO), REMUL consistently and substantially improves three measures of faithfulness -- hint attribution, early answering area over the curve (AOC), and mistake injection AOC -- while also improving accuracy. Our analysis finds that these gains are robust across training domains, translate to legibility gains, and are associated with shorter and more direct CoTs.

Hamid Naderi Ghahfarokhi

At the beginning of the revelation (Arabic: اَلْنُّزول, Romanized: al-nuzūl) of the Holy Qurʾān, men in Ḥijāz (Arabic: ٱلْحِجَاز) were allowed to marry (have a permanent marriage in) an indefinite number of women without respecting their rights. However, in the ninety-second chapter revealed (Arabic: ٱلنِّسَاء, An-Nisāʾ; meaning: The Women), men could marry a maximum of four women, provided they observed justice; otherwise, they could only marry one woman. Given the wisdom of the gradual revelation of the Qurʾān, the question arises: What pattern did the active role of the Holy Qurʾān play in establishing this limitation during its revelation? An examination of the wise aspects of the Qurʾān’s revelation and the significance of a gradual approach in cultural transformations necessitates an investigation of this issue. Analytical Examination of Various Evidence Shows: The Holy Quran institutionalized this limitation in three stages: Stage One: A wise silence in response to the prevailing culture, aiming to revive women’s status and establish the desirability of marriage through the Prophet’s practical example (Arabic: اَلْسّیرةُ الْنَبَویَّة, Romanized: Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, prophetic biography). Stage Two: Prohibiting new marriages for the Prophet ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallama in sūrat al-Aḥzāb (Arabic: الأحزاب, meaning: the confederates, or “the clans”, “the coalition”, or “the combined forces”). Stage Three: Limiting the marriages of believers as stated in sūrat an-Nisāʾ. In this process, the first two stages set the groundwork for realizing the third stage.

Ajaharul Islam, Nora Brambilla, Miguel Ángel Escobedo et al.

By employing the potential non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics (pNRQCD) effective field theory within an open quantum system framework, we derive a Lindblad equation governing the evolution of the heavy-quarkonium reduced density matrix, accurate to next-to-leading order (NLO) in the ratio of the state's binding energy to the medium's temperature [1]. The derived NLO Lindblad equation provides a more reliable description of heavy-quarkonium evolution in the quark-gluon plasma at low temperatures compared to the leading-order truncation. For phenomenological applications, we numerically solve this equation using the quantum trajectories algorithm. By averaging over Monte Carlo-sampled quantum jumps, we obtain solutions without truncation in the angular momentum quantum number of the considered states. Our analysis highlights the importance of quantum jumps in the nonequilibrium evolution of bottomonium states within the quark-gluon plasma [2]. Additionally, we demonstrate that the quantum regeneration of singlet states from octet configurations is essential to explain experimental observations of bottomonium suppression. The heavy-quarkonium transport coefficients used in our study align with recent lattice QCD determinations.

Farjana Aktar, Mohd Ruhul Ameen, Akif Islam et al.

Achieving both accurate and interpretable classification of motor-imagery EEG remains a key challenge in brain-computer interface (BCI) research. In this paper, we compare a transparent fuzzy-reasoning approach (ANFIS-FBCSP-PSO) with a well-known deep-learning benchmark (EEGNet) using the publicly available BCI Competition IV-2a dataset. The ANFIS pipeline combines filter-bank common spatial pattern feature extraction with fuzzy IF-THEN rules optimized via particle-swarm optimization, while EEGNet learns hierarchical spatial-temporal representations directly from raw EEG data. In within-subject experiments, the fuzzy-neural model performed better (68.58% +/- 13.76% accuracy, kappa = 58.04% +/- 18.43), while in cross-subject (LOSO) tests, the deep model exhibited stronger generalization (68.20% +/- 12.13% accuracy, kappa = 57.33% +/- 16.22). The study therefore provides practical guidance for selecting MI-BCI systems according to the design goal: interpretability or robustness across users. Future investigations into transformer-based and hybrid neuro-symbolic frameworks are expected to further advance transparent EEG decoding.

Mehedi Hasan, Ishtiaq Murshed, Khayrul Islam et al.

The development of next-generation electrochemical energy storage requires devices that combine the high energy density of batteries with the power capability and long cycle life of supercapacitors. However, the interfacial phenomena governing performance in these systems remain poorly unified. The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), a nanoscale film formed by electrolyte decomposition, is well studied in batteries but its counterpart in supercapacitors has received limited systematic investigation despite growing experimental evidence. This review argues that SEI formation is a universal electrochemical process that occurs whenever electrode potentials drive electron transfer into electrolyte orbitals beyond their stability limits, independent of whether charge storage is Faradaic or non-Faradaic. Differences between battery SEIs and supercapacitor interphases arise mainly from operating conditions, not fundamental chemistry. Engineered interphases created through electrolyte additives, protective coatings, or surface functionalization suppress leakage currents, improve capacitance retention, and enable stable high-voltage operation. By identifying shared mechanisms and establishing transferable design rules, this unified framework provides a foundation for predictive interphase engineering that supports long-lived, high-performance energy-storage technologies.

Mohamad Anas Sarmını

تتجه هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل كتابين من الكتب التي وصلتنا عن أبي يوسف يعقوب بن إبراهيم الأنصاري (113-182/731-798) تلميذ أبي حنيفة النعمان (80-150/699-767)، -وهما كتاب اختلاف أبي حنيفة وابن أبي ليلى، وكتاب الرد على سير الأوزاعي -، تحليلا كميا كيفيا. ولا يخفى أن علاقة أبي يوسف مع الأوزاعي (88-157/707-774) هي من جنس الخلاف العالي باعتباره قريبا من مدرسة الحديث. وأن علاقته مع ابن أبي ليلى (74-148/693-765) هي من جنس الخلاف النازل باعتباره قريبا من مدرسة الرأي. وأما عن أسئلة الدراسة فأهمها: كيف تعامل أبو يوسف في كتابيه مع سؤال توثيق السنة؟ وهل احتجَّ أبو يوسف بمنهج المحدثين في التصحيح؟ وهل هناك فروق منهجية في جدله مع كل من الأوزاعي وابن أبي ليلى؟ وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن الحجية عند أبي يوسف هي للعمل قبل الرواية، وأن التوثيق يكون برواية الفقهاء لا الحفاظ فحسب. وقد وجَّهنا استخدامه لمصطلح ثقات في كتبه إلى الفقهاء الثقات لا الرواة الثقاة. وأوضحت الدراسة أن هناك فارقا كبيرا بين منهجية أبي يوسف في الرد على الأوزاعي باعتباره من أهل الحديث، وبين منهجيته في الرد على ابن أبي ليلى باعتباره من أهل الرأي، فإنه ما كان يتوسع في حشد الأدلة الحديثية وفي توثيقها مع ابن أبي ليلى بقدر تركيزه على فهمها وتأويلها لأن الخلاف معه خلاف نازل. ولكنه في الخلاف العالي مع الأوزاعي فإنه كان يهتم بإيراد الأحاديث وبجودة أسانيدها باعتبارها حجة ملزمة للطرف الآخر.

Jiashu Yao, Heyan Huang, Zeming Liu et al.

Following formatting instructions to generate well-structured content is a fundamental yet often unmet capability for large language models (LLMs). To study this capability, which we refer to as format faithfulness, we present FormatBench, a comprehensive format-related benchmark. Compared to previous format-related benchmarks, FormatBench involves a greater variety of tasks in terms of application scenes (traditional NLP tasks, creative works, autonomous agency tasks), human-LLM interaction styles (single-turn instruction, multi-turn chat), and format types (inclusion, wrapping, length, coding). Moreover, each task in FormatBench is attached with a format checker program. Extensive experiments on the benchmark reveal that state-of-the-art open- and closed-source LLMs still suffer from severe deficiency in format faithfulness. By virtue of the decidable nature of formats, we propose to Reinforce Format Faithfulness (ReFF) to help LLMs generate formatted output as instructed without compromising general quality. Without any annotated data, ReFF can substantially improve the format faithfulness rate (e.g., from 21.6% in original LLaMA3 to 95.0% on caption segmentation task), while keep the general quality comparable (e.g., from 47.3 to 46.4 in F1 scores). Combined with labeled training data, ReFF can simultaneously improve both format faithfulness (e.g., from 21.6% in original LLaMA3 to 75.5%) and general quality (e.g., from 47.3 to 61.6 in F1 scores). We further offer an interpretability analysis to explain how ReFF improves both format faithfulness and general quality.

Yuyang Sheng, Sophia Bano, Matthew J. Clarkson et al.

Purpose: The recent Segment Anything Model (SAM) has demonstrated impressive performance with point, text or bounding box prompts, in various applications. However, in safety-critical surgical tasks, prompting is not possible due to (i) the lack of per-frame prompts for supervised learning, (ii) it is unrealistic to prompt frame-by-frame in a real-time tracking application, and (iii) it is expensive to annotate prompts for offline applications. Methods: We develop Surgical-DeSAM to generate automatic bounding box prompts for decoupling SAM to obtain instrument segmentation in real-time robotic surgery. We utilise a commonly used detection architecture, DETR, and fine-tuned it to obtain bounding box prompt for the instruments. We then empolyed decoupling SAM (DeSAM) by replacing the image encoder with DETR encoder and fine-tune prompt encoder and mask decoder to obtain instance segmentation for the surgical instruments. To improve detection performance, we adopted the Swin-transformer to better feature representation. Results: The proposed method has been validated on two publicly available datasets from the MICCAI surgical instruments segmentation challenge EndoVis 2017 and 2018. The performance of our method is also compared with SOTA instrument segmentation methods and demonstrated significant improvements with dice metrics of 89.62 and 90.70 for the EndoVis 2017 and 2018. Conclusion: Our extensive experiments and validations demonstrate that Surgical-DeSAM enables real-time instrument segmentation without any additional prompting and outperforms other SOTA segmentation methods.

Fatma Kırman

İnsanlar zaman zaman hayatlarını etkileyen ya da altüst edebilen bazı olağanüstü olaylar ve durumlarla karşılaşabilir. Beklenmedik ve ani nitelikteki doğal afetler, deprem, tsunami, ölüm, kaza gibi birtakım olaylar, bireylere travma etkisi yaparak strese neden olabilir. 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde peş peşe yaşanan Kahramanmaraş merkezli 7 üstü iki deprem de Türkiye’de şok etkisi yapmıştır. İnsanlar yaşadığı deprem şokunun etkisiyle farklı tepkiler vermiştir. Bazıları duygu, düşünce ve davranışlarını kimseyle paylaşmayıp içine atarken bazıları da sosyal medyada paylaşma ihtiyacı duymuştur. Bu çalışmada depremin yol açtığı travmatik stresin sosyal medyadaki yansımaları Twitter platformu üzerinden ele alınmıştır. Bu platformda paylaşım yapan bireylerin yorumlarında, içinde bulundukları şokun etkisi altındayken depremi nasıl algıladıkları, nasıl tepki verdikleri, bu tepkili yorumlarda dine nasıl başvurdukları ve depreme nasıl anlamlar yükledikleri psikolojik yönden incelenmiştir. Araştırmada depremden hemen sonra başlayıp ilk 20 günde deprem gündem maddesine yapılan 160 paylaşım not alınmış, tasnif edilmiş ve içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre insan davranışının çok karmaşık yapısı olduğundan paylaşımların da oldukça karmaşık ve çok boyutlu bir yapısı olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte analitik bir yaklaşımla ele alındığında depremin travmatik stres tepkilerinden ilki ya da en sık karşılaşılanı “sebep arama” olmuştur. Sebep arama dinî ve seküler olarak ayrılmıştır. Öte yandan sergilenen travmatik tepkiler arasında acı ve korku duyma, suçluluk duygusu hissetme, anlamsızlık ve belirsizlik durumu yaşama, öfke ve gerginlik hissetme, içe kapanma, ümitsizlik gibi duygular da yer almıştır.

Muhammad Aqil

Permasalahan yang ada dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah pengaruh model inkuiri pada hasil belajar bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas V SDN 20 Palu . Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh model inkuiri terhadap hasil belajar bahasa indonesia di kelas V SDN 20 Palu. Rancangan penelitian ini mempergunakan rancagan metode asosiasi dengan hubungan kasual, yang dalam tujuannya ialah menjelaskan sebab akibat dalam bentuk pengaruh antar variabel melalui pengujian hipotesis. Model pembelajaran inkuiri memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap hasil belajar bahasa indonesia di kelas V SDN 20 Palu. Adanya pengaruh tersbut dapat dibuktikan dengan adanya pengambilan data terhadap nilai hasil semester ganjil 2022/2023, kemudian dengan membagi angket kepada masing-masing siswa, serta dokumentasi. Setelah itu, data dari angket dan nilai semester ganjil diolah secara simultan dengan mempergunakan aplikasi microsoft exel dan aplikasi SPSS 16. Dari pengolahan data tersebut maka hasil yang didapatkan adalah Fhitung = (1,160) > Ftabe l = (5,79) serta nilai probalitas signifikkan (0,386) >α (0,05)  dengan demikin terdapat adanya pengaruh model inkuiri terhadap hasil belajar siswa.

Yue Wu, Yuwen Zhao, Khayrul Islam et al.

Construction of in vitro vascular models is of great significance to various biomedical research, such as pharmacokinetics and hemodynamics, thus is an important direction in tissue engineering. In this work, a standing surface acoustic wave field was constructed to spatially arrange suspended endothelial cells into a designated patterning. The cell patterning was maintained after the acoustic field was withdrawn by the solidified hydrogel. Then, interstitial flow was provided to activate vessel tube formation. Thus, a functional vessel-on-a-chip was engineered with specific vessel geometry. Vascular function, including perfusability and vascular barrier function, was characterized by beads loading and dextran diffusion, respectively. A computational atomistic simulation model was proposed to illustrate how solutes cross vascular lipid bilayer. The reported acoustofluidic methodology is capable of facile and reproducible fabrication of functional vessel network with specific geometry. It is promising to facilitate the development of both fundamental research and regenerative therapy.

Kalpesh Krishna, Erin Bransom, Bailey Kuehl et al.

While human evaluation remains best practice for accurately judging the faithfulness of automatically-generated summaries, few solutions exist to address the increased difficulty and workload when evaluating long-form summaries. Through a survey of 162 papers on long-form summarization, we first shed light on current human evaluation practices surrounding long-form summaries. We find that 73% of these papers do not perform any human evaluation on model-generated summaries, while other works face new difficulties that manifest when dealing with long documents (e.g., low inter-annotator agreement). Motivated by our survey, we present LongEval, a set of guidelines for human evaluation of faithfulness in long-form summaries that addresses the following challenges: (1) How can we achieve high inter-annotator agreement on faithfulness scores? (2) How can we minimize annotator workload while maintaining accurate faithfulness scores? and (3) Do humans benefit from automated alignment between summary and source snippets? We deploy LongEval in annotation studies on two long-form summarization datasets in different domains (SQuALITY and PubMed), and we find that switching to a finer granularity of judgment (e.g., clause-level) reduces inter-annotator variance in faithfulness scores (e.g., std-dev from 18.5 to 6.8). We also show that scores from a partial annotation of fine-grained units highly correlates with scores from a full annotation workload (0.89 Kendall's tau using 50% judgments). We release our human judgments, annotation templates, and our software as a Python library for future research.

Budi Hariyono, Ahyar, Syarif Hidayat et al.

KSPPS Yaummi Maziyah Assa’adah Pati merupakan lembaga keuangan non bank atau koperasi yang berbasis syari’ah, memberikan pembiayaan dengan prinsip jual beli dilakukan dengan akad murabahah. Nasabahnya banyak dari kalangan pedagang kecil, maka persepsi dan perilaku pedagang kecil berpengaruh terhadap minat memilih pembiayaan murabahah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh persepsi pedagang kecil terhadap pembiayaan minat memilih pembiayaan murabahah di KSPPS Yaummi Maziyah Assa’adah Pati, 2) untuk mengetahui pengaruh perilaku pedagang kecil terhadap minat memilih pembiayaan murabahah di KSPPS Yaummi Maziyah Assa’adah Pati, 3) Untuk mengetahui persepsi dan perilaku pedagang kecil berpengaruh terhadap minat memilih pembiayaan murabahah di KSPPS Yaummi Maziyah Assa’adah Pati. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan (Field Research). Tempat penelitian di KSPPS Yaummi Maziyah Assa’adah Pati. Pendekatan penelitian ini adalah pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah kuesioner, observasi dan dokumentasi, metode analisis data yaitu uji validitas dan reliabilitas instrument, uji asumsi klasik, uji analisis regresi linier berganda, uji t, uji F, dan uji koefisien determinasi R2. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah: 1) Persepsi pedagang kecil berpengaruh terhadap pembiayaan minat memilih pembiayaan murabahah di KSPPS Yaummi Maziyah Assa’adah Pati. 2) Perilaku pedagang kecil berpengaruh terhadap minat memilih pembiayaan murabahah di KSPPS Yaummi Maziyah Assa’adah Pati. 3) Persepsi dan perilaku pedagang kecil berpengaruh terhadap minat memilih pembiayaan murabahah di KSPPS Yaummi Maziyah Assa’adah Pati.

Ahmad Hudaifah, Bambang Tutuko, Ahmad Dahlan Malik

Zakat is undeniably an important instrument in Islamic economics that can support and improve the welfare of the people in Indonesia. With the high awareness of the Indonesian people in caring for others, the potential for collecting zakat funds in Indonesia is still not reaching the maximum level. By wielding the theoretical approach of the holistic spirituality model and its micro was giving behavioural constructs, which are transcribed into online survey indicators buttressed with in-depth interviews / direct observations, this study endeavours to understand and examine how the preferences and habits of Indonesian people in donating zakat (alms) through the crowdfunding portal. The study discovers that the crowdfunding portal classification is elaborated into two predominant clusters: the collaborative and corporate platforms. Corporations specialising in social finance fundraising issues created the first collective fashionable means. Various programs uploaded and generated within one platform website will create and initiate the program campaign by co-working and collaborating with others. The second corporate ones are designed and launched by the respective exclusive institution without other brand zakat involvement. Both initiations must be built by an official amil zakat institution. The preference of the zakat payer community is affected by literacy and frequent religiosity sense. Muzaki in entrusting and donating funds toward amil zakat institutions is not only prompted by its membership and affiliation of an institutional entity but also influenced by the inherent choice of literacy perception and religious understanding of individuals.

Tonny Ilham Prayogo, M. Adib Fuadi Nuriz, M. Nurrosyid Huda Setiawan et al.

As an axiom, the existence of God promotes various social inequalities in society and religion, which is inseparable from the modern world. The modern world is inseparable from the philosophical study of three natural of all time; nature, humans, and God. Atheism, in this case, negates the existence of the most realistic entity, God. An influential philosopher and Muslim theologian in both East and West, Ibn Rushd, had his conception of the existence of God. His thought, primarily influenced by Islamic philosophy and law, made him a very rational yet objectively Qur’anic-based Muslim scholar. This paper examines the Atheist's conception and their influence on the existence of God through Ibn Rushd's thought. This research is a type of library research employs a normative-theological approach. The results of this paper indicate that Ibn Rushd used a specific strategy, namely dalil al-‘Inàyah and dalil al-Ikhtirà', to show that his philosophical thinking influenced more on his rational theology. Another exciting thing is how Ibn Rushd reviews the problems that emerged from this discourse. He criticized the opinions of Atheism based on Muslim philosophers and mutakallimin; simultaneously, he offered both parties to return to the Qur'an. Based on this case, the writer assumes that Ibn Rushd's philosophical and theological thinking will not be the same as the thoughts of other philosophers in criticizing the thought of Atheism

Mohayeminul Islam, Ajay Kumar Jha, Ildar Akhmetov et al.

Developers heavily rely on Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) from libraries to build their software. As software evolves, developers may need to replace the used libraries with alternate libraries, a process known as library migration. Doing this manually can be tedious, time-consuming, and prone to errors. Automated migration techniques can help alleviate some of this burden. However, designing effective automated migration techniques requires understanding the types of code changes required to transform client code that used the old library to the new library. This paper contributes an empirical study that provides a holistic view of Python library migrations, both in terms of the code changes required in a migration and the typical development effort involved. We manually label 3,096 migration-related code changes in 335 Python library migrations from 311 client repositories spanning 141 library pairs from 35 domains. Based on our labeled data, we derive a taxonomy for describing migration-related code changes, PyMigTax. Leveraging PyMigTax and our labeled data, we investigate various characteristics of Python library migrations, such as the types of program elements and properties of API mappings, the combinations of types of migration-related code changes in a migration, and the typical development effort required for a migration. Our findings highlight various potential shortcomings of current library migration tools. For example, we find that 40% of library pairs have API mappings that involve non-function program elements, while most library migration techniques typically assume that function calls from the source library will map into (one or more) function calls from the target library. As an approximation for the development effort involved, we find that, on average, a developer needs to learn about 4 APIs and 2 API mappings to perform a migration, and ... (truncated)

Taminul Islam, MD Alamin Hosen, Akhi Mony et al.

Recent years have seen an explosion in social media usage, allowing people to connect with others. Since the appearance of platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, such platforms influence how we speak, think, and behave. This problem negatively undermines confidence in content because of the existence of fake news. For instance, false news was a determining factor in influencing the outcome of the U.S. presidential election and other sites. Because this information is so harmful, it is essential to make sure we have the necessary tools to detect and resist it. We applied Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) to determine if the news is false or real in order to showcase this study. A number of foreign websites and newspapers were used for data collection. After creating & running the model, the work achieved 84% model accuracy and 62.0 F1-macro scores with training data.

Selami Yalçın

Hz. Mûsâ Tevrât’ı almak üzere kırk geceliğine Tûr-i Sinâ’ya çıktığında İsrâiloğulları Sâmirî’nin yaptığı altın buzağı heykeline tapmışlardı. Kur’ân’da birkaç sûrede bahsedilen kıssayla ilgili müfessirlerin bazen hem kendileriyle hem de Kur’ân’ın ifadeleriyle çelişen açıklamalarına rastlanılmaktadır. Bu makale bu çelişkile-rin nereden kaynaklandığını tespit etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Kur’ân’da ve Tevrât’ta tafsilatlı olarak anlatılan bu kıssanın benzeşen ve ayrışan yönleri vardır. Makalede önce her iki kutsal kitapta anlatılan kıssa özet-lenmiş, benzerliklerin ve farklılıkların analizi yapılmıştır. Sonra ayrışan noktaların müfessirlerin yorumları üzerindeki etkileri açıklanmıştır. Müfessirlerin bir müphemi veya Kur’ân’ın bahsetmediği bir hususu açık-larken bazen Kur’ân’la örtüşmeyen veya onunla çelişen Tevrât’taki bazı ifadeleri kaynak belirtmeden tef-sirlerine aktardıkları görülmüştür. Yapılan bu nakillerin kaynağının belirtilmemesi, takip eden asırlarda yazılan tefsirlerde çelişkilerin sürdürülmesine yol açmıştır. Ayrıca Hz. Ali (ra) ve İbn Abbâs’tan bu konu-da nakledilen mevkûf rivâyetler de içerik olarak Kur’ân’la örtüşmemektedir. Müfessirlerin, tabiînden nak-ledilen rivâyetlerin kritiğini de pek yapmadıkları görülmektedir. Makalede hedeflenen bir diğer nokta ise bu tür kıssalar üzerinde de eleştirel çalışmaların yapılmasına katkı sağlamaktır.

İshak Kızılaslan

Bu çalışmada Endonezya’da Kur’an eğitimi, bu eğitimin tarihi süreç içerisinde geçirdiği aşamalar ve günümüzdeki durumu ele alınacaktır. Bununla birlikte gerektiğinde diğer İslam ülkelerinde Kur’an eğitiminin gelişim noktalarına da genel hatları ile değinilecektir. Sadece eğitim kademelerinde değil, Endonezya’da toplumun kültürel ve sosyal yapısının oluşumunda Kur’an tilaveti ve Kur’an okuma yarışmalarının yeri de konu edinilecektir. Çalışmanın bir diğer hedefi olarak İslam toplumlarında ve özellikle Endonezya’da Kur’an eğitimi tecrübesi oryantalist bakış açısından tahlil edilecektir. Tarihi süreç içerisinde meydana gelen uygulamaların siyasi ve sosyal bakış açısından incelenmesi ve Batılı anlayışın değerlendirme tarzının sunulacak olması bu çalışmanın özgün yönünü oluşturacaktır. Kur’an tilaveti ve kıraat ilmi eğitimi tecrübesinin İslam ülkelerinin nüfusu en yoğun olanı üzerinden tahlili ve diğer köklü Kur’an eğitimi tecrübeleri ile mukayesesi bu alana bir katkı sunması açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada kaynaklara ulaşma ve değerlendirme yolu takip edilecektir. Konuya dair çalışmaların birbirinden farklı yönleri olduğu ve değerlendirmelerde indi görüşlerin de yer aldığı görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla objektif bir bakış açısına ulaşmak bütün bu incelemeleri görmeyi gerekli kılmaktadır. İslam dünyasındaki diğer tecrübelerin de ele alınıp bütün İslam ülkelerinin kullanabileceği bir Kur’an eğitimi şablonu çıkarmanın mümkün olduğu müşahede edilmektedir. Modern eğitim tarzı, müfredatı, hedefi, öğretici ve talebe kişilik yapısı gibi hususların klasik eğitim tarzı ile çatıştığı iddiasının geçerliliği de sorgulama konusu yapılabilecektir. İslam eğitim geleneği içinde Kur’an’ın doğru telaffuz ile tilaveti ve bunun sonraki nesillere aktarımı çok büyük bir yere sahiptir. Bu okuyuş şekline ulaştıracak kurallar dizesini içeren ilim, tecvid ilmî olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Sahabe zamanından itibaren bu ilmin öğretimi ve aktarımı için farklı metotlar kullanılmış ve değişik kurumlar oluşturulmuştur. Özü ve değişmezleri muhafaza edilerek, İslam ülkelerinin bulundukları coğrafya ve kültüre göre şekillenen bu eğitim, doğal olarak farklı isimlendirmelerle bilinir olmuştur. Bir İslam ülkesi olan Endonezya’da Kur’an eğitimi, başlangıç seviyesinden en üst düzeye kadar, dönemlere göre farklılıklar arz etmiştir. Müslümanların idaresindeki zaman dilimi ile uzun bir süre devam etmiş olan Hollanda sömürgesi altında geçirdiği süre ve nihayetinde bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonraki dönemde Kur’an eğitiminin yönteminde ve toplumsal konumunda farklılıklar olduğu görülmektedir. İslami idareler altında geleneksel olarak devam edegelen eğitim anlayışının çeşitli gelişimlerle beraber korunduğu görülmektedir. Seküler Batılı anlayışın eğitimde yaygınlaştırılması ile beraber, hem genel anlamı ile İslami hem de özel anlamda Kur’an eğitiminde değişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. Uzun bir süre, geleneksel İslami anlayışı muhafaza eden büyük bir toplum kesiminin laik okullar anlamındaki Batılı eğitim kurumlarına çocuklarını göndermedikleri görülmüştür. XX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren, özellikle bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra, Batılı eğitim metot ve uygulamalarını takip eden seküler eğitim kurumları ile muhafazakâr İslami yaklaşımın bir etkileşim içerisine girdiği müşahede edilmiştir. Bunun sonucunda bu iki farklı anlayışı mezceden bir adaptasyon sürecinin yaşandığı görülmüştür. Eğitim kurumlarındaki bu gelişmelerin yanında bir İslam toplumu olarak Endonezya’da Kur’an’ın ezberlenmesi anlamındaki tahfîz faaliyetleri hız kesmeden devam etmiştir. Toplumun, Kur’an’ın ezberlenmesi ve okunmasına verdiği bu yüksek önem, her dönemde siyasi idareyi elinde bulunduranların bu durumdan istifade etmeye çalışmalarına yol açmıştır. Bunun bir neticesi olarak özellikle çağdaş dönemde, Kur’an tilaveti yarışmalarının yaygınlaştığı görülmüştür. Sadece hayatın her noktasında belirleyici kurallara sahip olmasıyla değil [“tilavet” kelime olarak, “peşinden gidilen, takip edilen, uygulanan” manalarını da muhtevidir], okunması noktasında da Kur’an belirleyici bir unsur olmuştur. Oryantalist yaklaşım, Kur’an eğitimin gelişim aşamaları ve toplumun oluşturucu unsuru olarak bu eğitimin etkisine ayrı bir alan olarak önem vermiştir. Aynı zamanda yarışmalar merkezli Kur’an tilavetinin ihya hareketleri başta olmak üzere İslam ülkelerinde ve özellikle Endonezya’daki İslami hareketlerin oluşum ve gelişimindeki yeri de oryantalistlerin inceleme alanlarındandır. Bu makale, onların bu hassasiyetlerine dair bir tahlili de sunmaktadır.

Tasnim Sakib Apon, Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan, Abrar Islam et al.

In the world of medical diagnostics, the adoption of various deep learning techniques is quite common as well as effective, and its statement is equally true when it comes to implementing it into the retina Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) sector, but (i)These techniques have the black box characteristics that prevent the medical professionals to completely trust the results generated from them (ii)Lack of precision of these methods restricts their implementation in clinical and complex cases (iii)The existing works and models on the OCT classification are substantially large and complicated and they require a considerable amount of memory and computational power, reducing the quality of classifiers in real-time applications. To meet these problems, in this paper a self-developed CNN model has been proposed which is comparatively smaller and simpler along with the use of Lime that introduces Explainable AI to the study and helps to increase the interpretability of the model. This addition will be an asset to the medical experts for getting major and detailed information and will help them in making final decisions and will also reduce the opacity and vulnerability of the conventional deep learning models.