Hasil untuk "History of France"

L. Wolpert

Henry Mintzberg, Bruce W. Ahlstrand, J. Lampel

Édouard Glissant, B. Wing

In Poetics of Relation, French-Caribbean writer and philosopher Edouard Glissant turns the concrete particulars of Caribbean reality into a complex, energetic vision of a world in transformation. He sees the islands of the Antilles as enduring an "invalid" suffering imposed by history, yet also as a place whose unique interactions will one day produce an emerging global consensus. Arguing that the writer alone can tap the unconscious of a people and apprehend its multiform culture in order to provide forms of memory and intent capable of transcending "nonhistory, " Glissant therefore defines his "poetics of relation" - both aesthetic and political - as a transformative mode of history, capable of enunciating and making concrete a French-Caribbean reality with a self-defined past and future. In Poetics of Relation, we come to see that relation in all its senses - telling, listening, connecting, and the parallel consciousness of self and surroundings - is the key to transforming mentalities and reshaping societies. The issues raised about identity as built in relation and not in isolation are central to current discussions not only of Caribbean creolization but of U.S. multiculturalism as well.

Bronwyn H Hall, J. Mairesse

G. Lukács, R. Livingstone

Jada Cheek

Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences. Baltimore, MD. Society of Black Alumni Presidential Professor. 2017-present. Professor of History. 2017-present. Professor of the SNF Agora Institute. 2020-present. Director, Hard Histories at Hopkins. 2020-present. University of Michigan, College of Literature, Science and Arts. Ann Arbor, MI. 20012017. Presidential Bicentennial Professor. 2016-2017. Arthur F. Thurnau Professor. 2013-2017. Professor of History and Afroamerican and African Studies. 2015-2017. Associate Professor of History and Afroamerican and African Studies. 2007-2015. Assistant Professor of History and Afroamerican and African Studies. 2001-2007. University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, MI. 2004-2017. Affiliated LSA Faculty. 2010-2017. Visiting Professor of Law. 2008-2017. Visiting Assistant Professor of Law. 2004-2007. Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History, Summer Teacher’s Institute, NY. 2002-2016. Instructor, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (with Eric Foner). École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris, France. 2006, 2007 & 2009. Directrice d’Études Invitée. Barnard College. New York, NY. 2000-2001. Visiting Assistant Professor of History. New School University, Eugene Lang College. New York, NY. 1997-2001 Adjunct Lecturer.

Anbu Poosakkannu, Yanjie Xu, Kati M. Suominen et al.

ABSTRACT Identifying the wildlife reservoirs of bacterial pathogens, spatially and temporally, is important for assessing the threats to human and the rest of the biosphere. Our objective was to study Europe-wide characteristics of the fecal microbiota of four highly mobile migratory vertebrates, that is, one bat (Pipistrellus nathusii) and three bird species (Turdus merula, Anas platyrhynchos, Columba palumbus). The 351 sample PacBio data set of almost the entire 16S rRNA gene with 438,997 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) assigned 3,277 bacterial species. A significant proportion of the ASVs were assigned to bacterial genera having species pathogenic to human or animals. These pathogen ASVs accounted for 45% of all the ASVs and statistically were more frequent at higher latitudes and in younger age groups. In 36 samples, more than >90% of all the PacBio reads were assigned to these pathogenic genera. We designate to individuals of these samples a new term, that is, a pathogen bloomer. The pathogen bloomers, which did not display apparent macroscopic disease symptoms, were detected in Nathusius bat (n = 8; Finland and Latvia), blackbird (n = 6; Finland, Latvia and Denmark), and wood pigeon (n = 22; Finland and France), but not in mallard. Key species-level taxonomic assignments in the pathogen bloomers were the two well-known enteropathogens (Campylobacter jejuni or Escherichia coli) and one emerging enteropathogen (Escherichia marmotae). Our data imply that the studied common migratory vertebrates may contribute to the transmission of bacterial pathogens across the European continent.IMPORTANCEThe understanding of gut microbiota composition and dynamics in wild vertebrate populations, especially in highly mobile vertebrates, birds and bats, remains limited. Our study sheds light on the critical knowledge gap in how common pathogenic bacterial taxa of fecal microbiota are in migratory bats and birds in Europe. We found out that bacterial genera having species pathogenic to human or animals constituted a substantial portion of the fecal microbiota in all the studied host taxa. Most importantly, we identified asymptomatic individuals that were dysbiotic with bacterial pathogen overgrowth. These previously unknown pathogen bloomers appear as potent Europe-wide transmitters of bacterial pathogens, which cause, for example, diarrhea and bacteremia in human. Our findings may contribute to better understanding of seasonal disease hotspots and pathogen spillover risks related to migratory vertebrates.

Birte Gnaegy

Amine Chakli, Grégory Lecouvey, Florence Fraisse et al.

Background: The words people use in everyday life tell us about their emotions, their mental state and allow us to understand how people process and interpret an event. Previous research has established a link between the content analysis of narrative texts and the psychopathology of people who have experienced trauma.Objectives: This study examines whether the development of PTSD following exposure to a previous traumatic event alters the way people express themselves in the context of an anxiety-provoking event, the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This study is based on semi-structured interviews conducted during the first lockdown period in France (23 April–16 May 2020) with people exposed to the 13 November 2015 attacks (N = 31) and nonexposed people (N = 57).Results: People with PTSD had longer narratives and used more first-person singular pronouns, lower first-person plural pronouns, more words related to negative emotions and anxiety compared to the nonexposed group. Within the PTSD group, there was no significant difference between the use of words related to the attacks and the pandemic. Conversely, the nonexposed group used more words related to the COVID-19 pandemic compared to words related to the attacks.Conclusion: These results confirm, as have other studies, that a history of PTSD can specifically modify the style and narrative of past experiences. They underline the importance of including linguistic analyses in psychological assessments of PTSD.

Juliette Grange

For several years now, extreme right in France has presented two tendencies, quite far from the doctrinal point of view. These two political entities come from very different political backgrounds despite their connections. One, a neo-conservative, is of American origin and was transposed to France in the early 2000s, the other, nationalist and populist, was structured in the nineteenth and especially in the twentieth century in France. This chapter will first analyse the history of the nationalist extreme right in France and then that of French neoconservatism, before drawing up a picture of their meeting and a partial analysis of the tensions this generates.

Igor Bogomolov

Introduction. The review is devoted to modern foreign literature on the military intervention of the Entente powers and their allies in Russia in 1918–1922. The centenary of the Russian Civil War is a suitable occasion to characterize the modern historiography of intervention and the prospects for its research. Methods and materials. In the analysis of the literature, historical-genetic, historical-typological and historical-comparative methods were used. Analysis. The centenary of the Civil War in Russia passes almost unnoticed in foreign historiography, which is also due to the shift of attention to the Russian revolution. The Russian Civil War is often considered as an integral part of the revolutionary era, so its research in recent years has not gone beyond the generalizing works on the history of the revolution. The intervention is in a more advantageous position, since the military personnel of the United States, Great Britain, France, Japan, Canada, and Australia participated in it. Accordingly, the interest of researchers from these countries remains. Nevertheless, despite the “anniversaries” of the landings of Allied troops in Arkhangelsk, Transcaucasia and Vladivostok, operations in the Baltic and Siberia, only a small number of monographs and articles were published. A certain surge of interest is visible in popular science books about the operations of British and American troops in the North of Russia, but their authors used a small number of sources and did not present fundamentally new conclusions. Results. The “jubilee” historiography of the intervention is quite modest, but the topic of intervention has prospects due to numerous “white spots”, a lot of unexplored sources. The topic of foreign interventions remains relevant for the modern world.

Salima Naït Ahmed

Résumé en français : Les écrits de Theodor W. Adorno (1903-1969) présentent deux types de réflexions sur les femmes. Le premier « dénaturalise » la féminité en montrant ses ressorts historiques. Le second contribue à la « renaturaliser » symboliquement, notamment en faisant de ses caractéristiques dites naturelles autant de leviers pour la résistance au patriarcat. L’article propose d’interroger ces deux gestes tout en s’attardant sur le second, qui semble plus difficilement intégrable à la dialectique adornienne. Le geste de renaturalisation symbolique est-il réellement compatible avec la puissante démystification de la féminité qu’on trouve chez Adorno ? Comment s’intègre-t-il dans la dialectique adornienne de la nature ?

Marcel Koken, José Ramón Guzmán-Álvarez, Diego Gil-Tapetado et al.

In August 2018, a firefly (<i>Coleoptera: Lampyridae</i>) of American origin was observed in several localities in Girona (Catalonia, Spain) and was described as <i>Photinus immigrans</i> by Zaragoza-Caballero and Vinolas, 2018. Here, we show that this species dispersed very quickly throughout northeastern Spain and was, in 2020, observed in the French Pyrenees. The animal’s quick progress is documented, and part of its biology is described (dispersion speed, land use, phenology, identification of all life stages). An additional population was localized in Extremadura, and its special status is discussed. We were able to determine its Argentinian–Uruguayan origin and propose, therefore, to consider <i>Photinus immigrans</i> as a synonym of <i>Photinus signaticollis</i> (Blanchard, 1846) (=<i>Photinus immigrans</i> Zaragoza-Caballero and Viñolas, 2018, syn. nov.). Our data clearly show that at least the Catalan and French populations are spreading very quickly and are able to settle permanently if adequate ecosystems are found. The species is highly expansive and may well be invasive; our citizen science platforms are ideally suited to monitor their progress throughout Spain and France. This is important for avoiding future ecological problems with diverse native faunas, such as glow-worms, fireflies and earthworms. If no ways are found to stop the species’ progression, the animals will quite probably invade substantial areas of France, Spain and the rest of Europe in the years to come.

D. Pryor, L. Shaw, C. McCants et al.

Paul D. Taylor, Jean-Georges Harmelin, Andrea Waeschenbach et al.

The taxonomy of cyclostome bryozoans is founded on characters of the skeleton, but molecular sequence data have increasingly shown that established higher taxa are not monophyletic. Here we describe the skeletal morphology of a new species from Guadeloupe (French West Indies) with erect ramose colonies consisting of long, curved zooids that are typical of the suborder Cerioporina among living cyclostomes. However, molecular evidence from nuclear ribosomal RNA genes 18S and 28S places the new taxon in the suborder Rectangulata, where this colony-form has not been previously recorded. It nests firmly within the genus Disporella Gray, 1848, in a strongly supported clade that also includes Plagioecia patina (Lamarck, 1816) (Tubuliporina) and the sister taxa Doliocoitis cyanea Gordon & Taylor, 2001 (Rectangulata) and Favosipora rosea Gordon & Taylor, 2001 (Cerioporina). The short and robust branches of the new Guadeloupe cyclostome, here named Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov., are well adapted to life in shallow rocky sites exposed to severe wave action, which appear to be its exclusive habitat.

Sophie Canac, Isabelle Kermen

This paper presents the research conducted to create a history-of-science-based resource that would introduce students to chemical formulas in secondary education in France. This elaboration is based on theoretical frameworks dealing with educational reconstruction of teaching-learning sequences and on the analysis of teaching practices. Preliminary empirical investigations conducted with students and some teachers show the need to articulate the registers of models, reality and language at the submicroscopic and macroscopic levels for learning the concepts of chemical change and chemical reaction. The first part of the resource is implemented in the classroom. The second part that allows to write the reasons justifying the chemical formulas is rejected by two teachers. This leads to a first proposal of the evolution of the resource.

Aude Déruelle

In France, the metaphor of “the march of progress” spreads from 1830. This image has different meanings that this article puts into perspective: it develops a representation of time and humanity at the confluence of history and science, as the emergence of a “march of progress” in natural species coincides with the idea of a “march of progress” in human societies. Moreover, this metaphor brings together several conceptions of progress, which has contributed to its dissemination. The image builds a natural representation of progress, the redundancy underlining its inevitability. It also develops a representation of progress towards an end, leading to a new providentialism in science and history.

T. S. Frank, S. Manley, O. Olopade et al.

É. Huillery

To what extent do colonial public investments continue to influence current regional inequalities in French-speaking West Africa? Using a new database and the spatial discontinuities of colonial investment policy, this paper gives evidence that early colonial investments had large and persistent effects on current outcomes. The nature of investments also matters. Current educational outcomes have been more specifically determined by colonial investments in education rather than health and infrastructures, and vice versa. I show that a major channel for this historical dependency is a strong persistence of investments; regions that got more at the early colonial times continued to get more.

W. Borah