Erzsébet Egyed-Faluvégi, Attila Levente Gergely, József Kántor
Plastic spur gears have gained significant attention in the last couple of decades in all industries where rotational motion is involved. Plastic gears have the advantages of light weight, shock absorption, low operation noise levels, and functioning without lubrication. However, the manufacturing precision of gears and gear tooth profiles has a significant effect on the lifetime of the gears. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3D printing (Fused Deposition Modeling) parameters on the precision of the tooth profile. To study the effect of layer thickness, printing speed, and infill parameters, the Box–Behnken experimental design was utilized. The results show that the mean profile deviation was 0.067 ± 0.02 mm, and the printing speed had a statistically significant effect on the precision of the tooth profile. Plastic 3D printing provides more design freedom; therefore, it is a promising technology for low production volumes and special geometry gear manufacturing.
In submitting conference proceedings of the 8th Eurasian Conference on Educational Innovation 2025 (ECEI 2025) to <i>Engineering Proceedings</i>, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...]
Tomatoes are currently regarded as one of the world’s major vegetable crops. Tomatoes have a significant economic impact on the earnings of many growers worldwide. The tomato is one of the most widely grown vegetables in the world and is ranked second in many nations. The majority of agricultural products have higher moisture content, ranging from 25 to 90%. This moisture content value is significantly higher than what is needed for extended preservation. The effects of bacteria, enzymes, and yeast are slowed down in crops when their moisture content is reduced to a certain degree. This study’s goal is to determine the quality of dried plum tomatoes using various methods. Samples were dried in the sun, on a heated plate, and in a solar dryer. Using accepted techniques, the dried tomato samples were assessed for total lycopene, ascorbic acid, pH, and titratable acidity. The findings demonstrated that, in comparison to the control sample, the sun-dried and solar-dried sample had higher levels of pH. Compared to the control, the ascorbic acid and lycopene levels in the sun-dried and solar-dried tomato were lower. Comparing the heated plate-dried sample to the control sample, a notable rise in lycopene and ascorbic acid content was observed. The results showed that the optimum method for maintaining the quality attributes of dried tomatoes was to use a heated plate drying method.
The main goal of the POREM (LIFE17 ENV/IT/000333) project consisted in demonstrating the applicability of the treated poultry manure for soil restoration or bioremediation. To perform the research activities planned for the project, a considerable amount of poultry manure was stored in a large depot located in a rural, remote, and unattended area. The use of the manure implied the emissions of odors and gases that required continuous and real-time monitoring. This task could not be accomplished by placing expensive instrumentation in such a remote and unattended location, therefore, we have investigated the use of low-cost gas sensors for monitoring such poultry manure emissions. A portable monitoring unit mainly based on chemoresistive gas sensors was used to provide indications about the concentrations of NH<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, and CO<sub>2</sub>. One of these devices was deployed in the manure storage depot, while the second one was deployed far from the storage site to compare the data related to the background environment with the measures coming out from the manure. Both the monitors were wirelessly linked to the internet, even though the radio signal was weak and swinging in that location. This situation gave us the opportunity to test a particular protocol to remotely control the devices based on sending and receiving e-mails containing commands for the remote machines. This experiment proved the feasibility of the use of low-cost devices in such particular environments, and data gathered seem to indicate that, if properly stored, gases and odors emitted by poultry manure have a limited impact on the air quality of the surrounding environment.
Michaela Ruzickova, Martina Laubertova, Jarmila Trpcevska
et al.
Pyrometallurgical copper production is carried out in thermal aggregates. Input waste materials with a copper content between 5% and 99% Cu are treated in the individual aggregates. In a shaft furnace, except for molten black copper, slag and shaft flue dust (SFD) are produced as waste. SFD is emitted from the melt and then is captured by fabric filters. This kind of SFD is defined as ‘hazardous waste’ according to the European Waste Catalogue. SFD contains an attractive quantity of valuable metals like Zn, Sn and Pb. This work focuses on the hydrometallurgical treatment of SFD from secondary copper production with the aim of obtaining usable lead-based products.
Siwiec Dominika, Pacana Andrzej, Gavurová Beáta
et al.
Sustainable development has caused companies to try to adapt their activities to changing customer expectations, but also to climate change. This poses a particular challenge for SMEs from developing countries. Therefore, the objective of the investigation was to analyse the qualitative-environmental aspects of the improvement of the products in SMEs from the countries of the Visegrad Group (V4). The results analysed constituted a research sample of 379 companies in the electrical machinery industry (machine processing industry), which were obtained in the period from March to September 2023 through a targeted survey. The area of analysis included, e.g.: (i) environmental issues of selected areas of activity, (ii) measures of environmental activity, and (iii) selected qualitative-environmental aspects. Analyses of the research results were carried out using quantitative and qualitative analyses, including comparative analyses, e.g. regarding the implementation status of ISO 14001, EMAS, and ISO 9001. These techniques were used: word cloud, ANOVA test and Mann Whitney U test at the significance level of α=0.05. It has been shown that SMEs in V4 countries focus their activities on improving products to improve their quality rather than limiting their negative environmental impact. Originality of the research is the identification of significant differences in the qualitative-environmental aspects undertaken when SMEs from V4 countries. Research results may contribute to the development activities more effective and coherent in the V4 countries, to achieve a stable and competitive advantage on the market as part of the qualitative and environmental improvement of the products. The research results and the conclusions drawn from them can be used by scientists and practitioners to shape the target states of enterprises in the period of increasing involvement in proecological ideas.
Machine design and drawing, Engineering machinery, tools, and implements
Smartphones are usually equipped with simple, cost-effective GNSS chips and antennas. They provide mainly single-frequency, low-quality, and challenging GNSS measurements. We demonstrate the difficulties of processing raw GNSS data from Android devices and introduce solutions to break the one-meter accuracy level with smartphones and Precise Point Positioning. With the logged data of a Samsung Galaxy S23+ and a Google Pixel 7 smartphone, a horizontal position accuracy of around one meter and a few decimeters was accomplished, respectively. These results were achieved after about two minutes of convergence time with our open-source software raPPPid in quasi-real-time settings. Furthermore, the corrections provided by the Galileo High-Accuracy Service proved to be sufficient to achieve sub-meter accuracy with smartphones.
Based on theoretical and long-term field researche, the article provides assessment of the management of engineering and technical structures of the Zhinvali hydroengeneering complex. The methodology and quantitative assessment of the risk of loss resulting from accidents at hydraulic structures are described. The implementation of the recommendations of scientific researche related to the protection of the waters of the Zhinvali reservoir will allow to extend its service life for at least another twenty years, which, subject to one-time-only investments in protection measures in the amount of 35 million GEL (1 USA Dollar - 2,90 GEL), will provide an opportunity to bring the amount of direct and indirect loss prevented to 25 million GEL per year. The calculation showed that rational management of the reservoir will allow, with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 42%, to accumulate net present value (NPV) in the amount of 87.6 million GEL over twenty additional years of operation, which in turn indicates a high efficiency of investments in the protection of reservoir waters.
Machine design and drawing, Engineering machinery, tools, and implements
The reality of the professional burnout of social workers has never been more topical than in today’s transformative, dynamic, and anxiety-filled society. Thus, this study aims to stress the necessity and importance of prevention of social workers’ burnout syndrome based on empirical research data on the topicality of the problem and the application of diverse and contradictory solutions. Although social work is purposefully structured, mentally rewarding, rejuvenating, and inspiring, it is also tedious, demanding, and emotionally draining at times, as it requires inexhaustible intellectual and emotional resources from social work professionals, consistently qualified professional activities, and effective cooperation with the client. The research data obtained from surveying social workers confirm the topicality of the problem and the need for preventive activities for the promotion and preservation of the mental health of professionals. The study result offers theory-based recommendations and suggestions for the reduction of burnout syndrome symptoms and prevention strategies when implementing professional self-efficacy of social workers in the era of constantly pulsating changes and challenges.
The development of electrochemical sensors with high sensitivity for the simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) is urgently desirable in clinical medicine. However, the challenge lies in achieving simultaneous detection due to their close oxidation potentials. In this work, we present the synthesis of a composite material comprised of in situ-grown TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowires (NWs) on a Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i> substrate (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i>/TiO<sub>2</sub> NWs) through a facile alkali process. By modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i>/TiO<sub>2</sub> NWs (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i>/TiO<sub>2</sub> NWs/GCE), it showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for the simultaneous detection of AA/DA/UA by regulating the surface functional groups of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i>. Remarkably, the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i>/TiO<sub>2</sub> NWs/GCE enabled simultaneous detection of AA in the range of 300–1800 μM, DA in the range of 2–33 μM, and UA in the range of 2–33 μM. The limits of detection (LODs) for AA, DA, and UA were estimated as 66.07 μM, 0.023 μM, and 0.011 μM, respectively. The proposed Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i>/TiO<sub>2</sub> NWs/GCE demonstrated good stability, high selectivity, and reliable reproducibility, making it a promising electrochemical sensor for the detection of AA, DA, and UA. This work offers a new perspective for human health monitoring, paving the way for advancements in this field.
By understanding the development level of anti-loosening technology of threaded connectors at all companies from home and abroad, we studied the problem of loosening of threaded fasteners caused by the harsh working environment and strong vibration during the use of coal mine machinery and equipment, resulting in mechanical equipment failures Even hazards such as casualties. Through analysis and research on the basic principles of fastener loosening, we tried to find out the root cause of fastener loosening, through practice accumulation and application, research and discuss several commonly used fastener loosening methods, and by comparing and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of many different anti-loosening methods, a solution is provided for solving the loosening of threaded fasteners of coal mine machinery and equipment. This method is not only applicable to coal mine machinery and equipment, but also provides a reference for solving the loosening problem of threaded fasteners of non-coal machinery and equipment.
The paper explores the design characteristics of tillage tools during the period 1900-1950. (Research purpose) The primary objective of the paper is to undertake a retrospective analysis of the design characteristics of tillage tools used on blackened soils in the first half of the 20th century. (Materials and methods) The paper analyzes the stages involved in the creation and improvement of horse-drawn and tractor plows. The findings reveal the following categories of plows: suspended, front, frame, shuttle (balance), and reversible. (Results and discussion) The designs of horse-drawn and early tractor plows are examined. The paper highlights the benefit of balanced and reversible tools such as plowing without the formation of ridges and furrows, attributed to the alternating operation of right-handing and left-handing bodies. It is revealed that the development of wide-cut arable units occurred due to the modernization of frame sections and the possibility of their restructuring into three- and four-hull versions. It is determined that the October Revolution Plant and the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (VIME), the predecessor to the Federal National Research Center VIM, were the pioneers behind the creation of the initial five-furrow plow in 1936, boasting a working width of 35 centimeters. (Conclusions) With the advent of wide-cut arable units, there was a reduction in labor intensity and energy consumption during the soil cultivation process. Plows equipped with screw moldboards were commonly employed for more effective incorporation of plant residues.
An edge computing resource optimal allocation approach based on blockchain technology is suggested to achieve efficient and safe allocation of edge computing resources. The edge computing resource optimal allocation approach based on priority task is utilized in the method to reduce calculation time and energy consumption while achieving resource optimal allocation based on work priority. In the resource allocation, the resource privacy protection method based on private blockchain is adopted to ensure the resource security in the resource allocation for edge computing. The proposed strategy considerably improves the efficiency of edge computing in resource allocation, according to the experimental results. In comparison with the results before using the method, the energy consumption after using the method is reduced by at least 13 J. The safety coefficient of the optimal allocation of the edge computing resources is as high as 0.95. The time consumption of edge computing resource allocation of this method is shorter. Therefore, the method can quickly adapt to the increase of data volume in comparison with the similar methods, so as to adjust the allocation for edge computing resources at the fastest speed, and achieve the optimal allocation of edge computing resources.
In order to prevent coal spontaneous combustion fire effectively, a new kind of fire-fighting material – gel foam was developed in this paper. The foaming volume and half-life of foaming agent at different concentrations were measured by ROSS-Miles. Four foaming agents with less dosage and higher foaming times were selected. Then different temperatures were set to test the temperature resistance of four foaming agents and record the foaming volume data. Through analyzing the experimental results, the three optimal foaming agents were selected for pairwise compounding. Through the compounding experiment, the compound foaming agent was prepared with mass fraction of 6‰ APG and AEC at a mass ratio of 4:3, and the foaming times reached 13 times. After the addition of foam stabilizer, the foaming times of the compound were up to 15 times at room temperature, and the glue forming time is 13min. The results show that the viscosity of gel foam decreases with the increase of temperature. The higher the temperature, the shorter the gelation time. The gel does not decompose at high temperatures.
Taking double-block ballastless track bed concrete as the object, the influences of low-heat Portland cement (P·LH) and normal Portland cement (P·O) on mechanical properties, adiabatic temperature rise, dry-shrinkage and cracking sensitivity of track bed concrete are studied. The results show that, the track bed concrete prepared with two types of cement can meet the design requirements of C40 concrete. It is also noticed that the strength development of the two is different. That is, the early strength development of track bed concrete with P·LH is lower and the lately strength development is slightly higher than that of concrete with P·O, the 3d and 56d compressive strength of track bed concrete with P·LH is 41% and 9% lower than that of the latter, and 5% higher than that of the latter at age 90d. P·LH can reduces the adiabatic temperature rise of track bed concrete, the 1d, 3d and 7d adiabatic temperature rise of track bed concrete with P·LH is 34%, 24% and 20% lower than that of concrete with P·O, respectively. P·LH can reduce the dry-shrinkage of track bed concrete significantly, the 1d and 3d dry-shrinkage value is 70% and 30% lower than that of concrete with P·O, respectively, and even at shrinkage development stable age with 180d, the dry-shrinkage of former is also slightly lower than the latter. Cracking sensitivity evaluated by the concrete ring test shows that, the cracking sensitivity of track bed concrete with P·LH is significantly decrease and no cracking occurred within 28d, but the concrete with P·O was cracked at age 10d.
A new type of cab follow-up hydraulic system and universal valve structure is designed to effectively reduce the design and manufacture cost of commercial vehicle’s parts. In addition to satisfying cab overturning working conditions, the new valve also assumes the follow-up function of the hydraulic system instead of the hydraulic cylinder, and the spring parameters in the hydraulic valve can be adjusted according to different environments to improve the versatility of the valve. In order to achieve better performance, the maximum lift force is optimized using newly proposed multi-swarm PSO. In this paper, the cab overturning process model and objective optimization model are established with Matlab software, and the objective function is optimized and solved by improved multi-swarm PSO. The results show that the new cab follow-up hydraulic system and the new valve structure can meet the requirements of various working conditions of the cab well; the maximum lifting force during the cab overturning process was basically consistent with the experimental results; the improved multi-swarm PSO can solve the parameters with fast convergence, and the objective function value is reduced by 85%.
In the production process, the opaque information flow and the unsmooth material flow are the main factors that restrict the production. In order to increase the output of the movement and eliminate the unfavorable factors in the production process, this paper takes the movement assembly line as the research object, and puts forward a simulation optimization framework of the production process of the assembly line based on digital twinning with the help of OPC UA unified architecture and Flexsim simulation technology. By studying the data acquisition system based on OPC UA, the real-time data acquisition of the assembly line and the real-time update of the production process of the virtual production line are realized. Through the simulation modeling and optimization of the production process of the assembly line, the real-time linkage between the physical and virtual production lines and the continuous improvement of the production process of the physical production line are realized.
In order to improve the simplicity and accuracy of detecting muscle strength, a recognition method based on deep learning is proposed. CNN algorithm and RNN algorithm are used to complete the classification of B-ultrasound images and videos with different muscle strength. The convolutional neural network CNN algorithm is used to extract the features of B-ultrasound video, and then the cyclic neural network RNN is used to complete the time sequence analysis. The experiment uses the data set in this paper for training and testing. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed model for four categories of muscle strength video based on 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of individual maximum strength (MVC) is about 93.45%. The resnet50 RNN algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively classify B-ultrasound videos with different muscle strength. This muscle strength detection model has strong universality for different individuals. The method of processing B-ultrasound image video can provide theoretical guidance for medical rehabilitation treatment, prosthetic limb control, professional sports training, public health and other fields, and promote the development of these fields, which is worthy of our in-depth study.
Ikram Remadna, Labib Sadek Terrissa, Soheyb Ayad
et al.
The turbofan engine is one of the most critical aircraft components. Its failure may introduce unwanted downtime, expensive repair, and affect safety performance. Therefore, It is essential to accurately detect upcoming failures by predicting the future behavior health state of turbofan engines as well as its Remaining Useful Life. The use of deep learning techniques to estimate Remaining Useful Life has seen a growing interest over the last decade. However, hybrid deep learning methods have not been sufficiently explored yet by researchers.
In this paper, we proposed two-hybrid methods combining Convolutional Auto-encoder (CAE), Bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit (BDGRU), Bi-directional Long-Short Term Memory (BDLSTM), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to enhance the RUL estimation. The results indicate that the hybrid methods exhibit the most reliable RUL prediction accuracy and significantly outperform the most robust predictions in the literature.
Engineering machinery, tools, and implements, Systems engineering
In end milling, proper tool life management is crucially important for achieving highly accurate machining, avoiding tool failure, and optimizing production costs. In recent years, a number of tool condition monitoring (TCM) methods aimed at improving tool life management have been proposed. However, these methods have generally been impractical, and tool life still tends to be determined based on machining time or the quantity of the product produced. To address this shortcoming, a practical online TCM method is proposed. The proposed method is based on the idea that the frictional force acting on the flank face of a tool increases with increasing flank wear resulting from an increase in the contact surface area between the flank face and the machined surface. The implication is that tool wear can be indirectly monitored using the change in frictional force on the flank face, which can be determined by tracking the spindle motor torque obtained using a computerized numerical control (CNC) controller and a real time cutting force simulation. The influence of tool wear is not considered in the simulation model; rather, the frictional force is estimated from the difference between the average predicted cutting torque and the average monitored spindle motor torque. With the proposed method, no additional sensor is needed to monitor tool wear. Additionally, no parameter determination is necessary to perform the simulation because the parameters needed for the simulation are immediately determined at the beginning of the milling operation based on the monitored spindle motor torque. Thus, the TCM method proposed here offers a practical online alternative.
Engineering machinery, tools, and implements, Mechanical engineering and machinery