Synthesis of Ti₃C₂T<i>_x</i>/TiO₂ Nanowires for Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine, and Uric Acid Simultaneous Sensing

The development of electrochemical sensors with high sensitivity for the simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) is urgently desirable in clinical medicine. However, the challenge lies in achieving simultaneous detection due to their close oxidation potentials. In this work, we present the synthesis of a composite material comprised of in situ-grown TiO₂ nanowires (NWs) on a Ti₃C₂T<i>_x</i> substrate (Ti₃C₂T<i>_x</i>/TiO₂ NWs) through a facile alkali process. By modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with Ti₃C₂T<i>_x</i>/TiO₂ NWs (Ti₃C₂T<i>_x</i>/TiO₂ NWs/GCE), it showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for the simultaneous detection of AA/DA/UA by regulating the surface functional groups of Ti₃C₂T<i>_x</i>. Remarkably, the Ti₃C₂T<i>_x</i>/TiO₂ NWs/GCE enabled simultaneous detection of AA in the range of 300–1800 μM, DA in the range of 2–33 μM, and UA in the range of 2–33 μM. The limits of detection (LODs) for AA, DA, and UA were estimated as 66.07 μM, 0.023 μM, and 0.011 μM, respectively. The proposed Ti₃C₂T<i>_x</i>/TiO₂ NWs/GCE demonstrated good stability, high selectivity, and reliable reproducibility, making it a promising electrochemical sensor for the detection of AA, DA, and UA. This work offers a new perspective for human health monitoring, paving the way for advancements in this field.