Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Stanley L. Engerman, Kenneth L. Sokoloff

R. Inglehart

R. Madlener, Y. Sunak

M. Vítková, J. Müllerová, J. Sádlo et al.

S. Chowdhury, D. Mok, L. Leenen

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia espoused “Vision 2030” as a strategy for economic development and national growth. The vision demonstrated the Kingdom’s objectives to become a pioneer nation globally by achieving three main goals: a vibrant society, a thriving economy, and an ambitious nation. To fulfill this, the Kingdom launched a national transformation program (NTP) as outlined in “vision 2030” in June 2016. The health care transformation is one of the eight themes of the NTP’s. The history of health care facilities in the Kingdom is almost a century. Although the Kingdom has made notable progress in improving its population’s health over recent decades, it needs to modernize the health care system to reach the “vision 2030” goal. This article aims to describe the new Model of Care (MOC) according to the recent Saudi health care transformation under the Kingdom’s vision 2030. The MOC concept started with understanding the current state and collecting learnings. It is based on the six systems of care (SOC)- keeping well, planned procedure, women & children, urgent problems, chronic conditions, and the last phase of life. The SOC is cut across different “service layers” to support people’s stay well and efficiently get them healthy again when they need care. The new MOC describes a total of forty-two interventions, of which twenty-seven split across the six SOC and the rest fifteen cut-across the multiple SOC. Implementation of all MOC interventions will streamline the Saudi health care system to embrace the Kingdom’s “vision 2030”.

Ellora Derenoncourt, C. Kim, M. Kuhn et al.

The racial wealth gap is the largest of the economic disparities between Black and white Americans, with a white-to-Black per capita wealth ratio of 6 to 1. It is also among the most persistent. In this paper, we provide a new long-run series on white-to-Black per capita wealth ratios from 1860 to 2020, using data from the US Census, historical state tax records, and a newly harmonized version of the Survey of Consumer Finances (1949-2019), among other sources. We combine these data with a parsimonious framework of wealth accumulation by each racial group to show, given vastly unequal starting conditions under slavery, racial wealth convergence is an extremely distant scenario even if wealth-accumulating conditions were equal for the two groups post-Emancipation. Observed convergence has followed a slower path relative to this equal conditions benchmark, and today’s wealth gap is on track to diverge, rather than converge, due to rising wealth inequality. Our framework sheds light on the implications of policies like reparations, which address the historical origins of today’s gap, versus overall redistributive policies for the future evolution of the wealth gap. ∗We thank Sandy Darity, Damon Jones, Trevon Logan, Martha Olney, Fabian Pfeffer, David Romer, Emmanuel Saez, Bill Spriggs, Jón Steinsson, Alan Taylor, Gabriel Zucman, and members of the Economics of Racism and the UC Berkeley Economic History seminars for valuable feedback. We also thank all participants of the NBER Race and Stratification program meeting and the NBER Summer Institute Development of the American Economy program meeting. We thank Soumyajit Mazumder for generously sharing data for the state of Georgia. Isbah Bandeali, Santiago Deambrosi, Kendra Marcoux, Will McGrew, and Moritz Scheidenberger provided outstanding research assistance.

Anwulika Ogechukwu Scott, Prisca Amajuoyi, Kudirat Bukola Adeusi

Advanced risk management solutions are essential for mitigating credit risk in financial operations, particularly in today's volatile economic environment. This Review explores the innovative approaches and technologies being utilized to enhance credit risk management and safeguard financial institutions against potential losses. Credit risk, the possibility that a borrower will default on their obligations, poses a significant threat to financial stability. Traditional methods of assessing and managing credit risk, such as credit scoring and historical data analysis, are no longer sufficient to address the complexities of modern financial markets. Advanced risk management solutions offer more robust and dynamic tools for identifying, assessing, and mitigating credit risk. One of the key advancements in this field is the integration of big data and machine learning algorithms. By analyzing vast amounts of data from diverse sources, financial institutions can gain deeper insights into borrower behavior, market trends, and economic indicators. Machine learning models can predict default probabilities with greater accuracy, allowing for proactive risk mitigation strategies. Additionally, real-time risk monitoring systems have become increasingly prevalent. These systems provide continuous oversight of credit portfolios, enabling financial institutions to detect early warning signs of potential defaults and take timely action. Advanced analytics and visualization tools facilitate the identification of emerging risks and the implementation of targeted interventions. Another crucial component of advanced risk management solutions is the use of stress testing and scenario analysis. These techniques simulate various economic conditions and assess the impact on credit portfolios, helping financial institutions prepare for adverse scenarios and develop contingency plans. Furthermore, blockchain technology is emerging as a promising tool for enhancing transparency and reducing fraud in credit transactions. By providing a secure and immutable record of credit histories and transactions, blockchain can improve trust and reliability in credit assessments. In conclusion, advanced risk management solutions are transforming the way financial institutions mitigate credit risk. By leveraging big data, machine learning, real-time monitoring, stress testing, and blockchain technology, financial institutions can achieve more accurate risk assessments and implement more effective risk mitigation strategies. These innovations not only enhance the stability and resilience of financial operations but also contribute to a more secure and trustworthy financial system.

Wei Wei, Die Chen, Lixin Wang et al.

Shaoda Wang, David Y. Yang

Many governments have engaged in policy experimentation in various forms to resolve uncertainty and facilitate learning. However, little is understood about the characteristics of policy experimentation, and how the structure of experimentation may affect policy learning and policy outcomes. We aim to describe and understand China’s policy experimentation since 1980, among the largest and most systematic in recent history. We collect comprehensive data on policy experimentation conducted in China over the past four decades. We find three main results. First, more than 80% of the experiments exhibit positive sample selection in terms of a locality’s economic development, and much of this can be attributed to misaligned incentives across political hierarchies. Second, local politicians allocate more resources to ensure the experiments’ success, and such effort is not replicable when policies roll out to the entire country. Third, the presence of sample selection and strategic effort is not fully accounted for by the central government, thus affecting policy learning and distorting national policies originating from the experimentation. Taken together, these results suggest that while China’s bureaucratic and institutional conditions make policy experimentation at such scale possible, the complex political environments can also limit the scope and bias the direction of policy learning.

P. Aragona, Giuseppe Giannaccare, R. Mencucci et al.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a growing public health concern affecting quality of life and visual function, with a significant socio-economic impact. It is characterised by the loss of homoeostasis, resulting in tear film instability, hyperosmolarity and inflammation of the ocular surface. If the innate immune response is unable to cope with internal bodily or environmental adverse conditions, the persistent, self-maintaining vicious circle of inflammation leads to the chronic form of the disease. Treatment of DED should be aimed at the restoration of the homoeostasis of the ocular surface system. A proper diagnostic approach is fundamental to define the relevance and importance of each of the DED main pathogenic factors, namely tear film instability, epithelial damage and inflammation. Consideration also needs to be given concerning two other pathogenic elements: lid margin changes and nerve damage. All the factors that maintain the vicious circle of DED in the patient’s clinical presentation have to be considered and possibly treated simultaneously. The treatment should be long-lasting and personalised since it has to be adapted to the different clinical conditions observed along the course of the disease. Since DED treatment is frequently unable to provide fast and complete relief from symptoms, empathy with patients and willingness to explain to them the natural history of the disease are mandatory to improve patients’ compliance. Furthermore, patients should be instructed about the possible need to increase the frequency and/or change the type of treatment according to the fluctuation of symptoms, following a preplanned rescue regimen.

Alberto Bisin, Jared Rubin, Avner Seror et al.

A. Williams-Jones, O. Vasyukova

Cobalt is in high demand because of the key role that cobalt-lithium-ion batteries are playing in addressing the issue of global warming, particularly in facilitating the transition from the internal combustion engine to electrically driven vehicles. Here, we review the properties of cobalt and the history of its discovery, briefly describe its mineralogy, and explore the processes that concentrate it to potentially exploitable levels. Economic cobalt deposits owe their origin to the compatible nature of Co2+, its concentration in the mantle in olivine, and its release, after high degrees of partial melting, to komatiitic and (to a lesser extent) basaltic magmas. Primary magmatic deposits, in which Co is subordinate to Ni, develop through the separation of immiscible sulfide liquids from mafic and ultramafic magmas and the very strong partitioning of these metals into the sulfide liquid. We evaluate the factors that concentrate cobalt to economic levels by these processes. Cobalt is also concentrated by aqueous fluids, either at ambient temperature in laterites developed over ultramafic rocks or hydrothermally in sediment-hosted copper deposits and in cobalt-rich vein deposits, where it crystallizes mainly as sulfide and arsenic-bearing minerals, respectively. Using the available thermodynamic data for aqueous Co species, we evaluate cobalt speciation as a function of temperature and show that, whereas it is transported at ambient temperature in most environments as the simple ion (Co2+), it is most mobile in hydrothermal systems as chloride species. Based on thermodynamic data compiled from a variety of sources, we evaluate stability relationships among some of the principal cobalt sulfide and oxide minerals as a function of temperature, pH, fO2, and αH2S and, in conjunction with the aqueous speciation data, determine their solubility. This information is used, in turn, to predict the physicochemical conditions most favorable for cobalt transport and ore formation by hydrothermal fluids. As thermodynamic data are not available for the cobalt arsenide and sulfarsenide minerals that form the vein-type ore deposits, we use chemographic analysis to qualitatively evaluate their stability relationships and predict the physicochemical controls of ore formation. The data and interpretations of processes presented in this paper provide the theoretical basis for a companion paper in this issue in which we develop plausible models for the genesis of the principal cobalt deposit types.

Bilal Ahmed, Zia Ahmad, Amina Khatoon et al.

Roland Gurály

Economists are divided over the potential impact of robotisation, especially when the effects on labour are considered. Several experts fear that the labour substitution effects will outpace the number of new jobs created, while others find that balancing forces will work this time as well. In this article, I focus on the impact of these processes on the Hungarian manufacturing industry, as Hungary is a good example of an FDI-dependent, production-focused country. The analysis is based on several interviews with experts and managers, mostly from the automotive industry. The result of the discussions shows that there is a growing robotisation trend in Hungary, along with the other Visegrad Four countries. While this trend decreases the number of workers needed for a certain production volume, it does not pose a serious immediate threat as it is balanced by the tendency of a lack of workforce with the necessary skills.

Rafael Camatta, Alexandre Ottoni Teatini Salles

Este artigo objetiva analisar as contribuições teóricas acerca do consumo e taxação de bens conspícuos, na ciência econômica, entre o final do século XVII até a metade do século XX. Particularmente, busca-se analisar a contribuição de autores da Escola Clássica (Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Rae e John Stuart Mill), do Institucionalismo Original (Thorstein Veblen e Wesley C. Mitchell) e da abordagem de John Maynard Keynes. Procura-se também discutir alguns motivos que podem explicar a diminuição do interesse sobre o tema entre 1900 e 1950.

سید امین دهقان بنادکی, محمد حسن پیمان فر

صنعت ورزش تأثیر فوق العاده‌ای بر محیط طبیعی دارد؛ لذا سازمان‌های ورزشی باید روش‌های مدیریت مناسبی را برای پایداری محیط بکار بگیرند. هدف پژوهش حاضر، ارزیابی ارتباط و ارائه مدل مدیریت سبز و توسعه پایدار با نقش میانجی نگرش کارکنان به محیط زیست در فدراسیون فوتبال ایران می‌باشد. روش پژوهش توصیفی – همبستگی بود که به روش میدانی انجام شد. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل تمامی مدیران و کارکنان فدراسیون فوتبال ایران به تعداد ۱۵۷ نفر بود که از این تعداد، 111 نفر در این مطالعه همکاری داشتند. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از پرسش‌نامه‌های استاندارد استفاده شد. روایی پرسشنامه با نظر اساتید متخصص مورد بررسی و تأیید قرار گرفت و پایایی آن با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد. نتایج نشان داد که مدیریت سبز اثر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر توسعه پایدار دارد و مدیریت سبز اثر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر نگرش کارکنان به محیط زیست دارد. همچنین، نگرش کارکنان به محیط زیست اثر مثبت و معنی‌ داری بر توسعه پایدار دارد. نتایج حاکی از آن است که با توجه به جذابیت‌های فوتبال و طرفداران بی‌شمار آن، فدراسیون فوتبال جمهوری اسلامی ایران می‌تواند با اجرای مدیریت سبز نقش بسزایی در توسعه پایدار و حفاظت از محیط زیست داشته باشد.

Balogh Karolina, Kovách Imre

A tanulmány célja a községi népességszám változásának elemzése a rendszerváltozástól 2016-ig terjedő időszakban. A kutatás céljának megvalósításához új települési szintű adatbázisba rendeztük a KSH és a TEIR adatait. Az elemzés a községi népesség abszolút számának alakulását, valamint a változatlan közigazgatási besorolású községek adatait is magában foglalja, valamint röviden bemutatja a városi státuszt elnyerő települések népességének változását is. Tanulmányunk a települések, és ezek közül a falvak népességváltozásának hosszú időtartamú trendjeiről szól, és bemutatja az 1995 és 2016 között mindvégig községi státuszú települések vándorlási és demográfiai folyamatait, a népességdinamikai változásokat, a települések fejlettségi dimenzióinak és a népességszám változásának összefüggéseit. A tanulmány alapjául szolgáló elemzések rámutatnak az abszolút községi népességszám nagymértékű csökkenésére, ugyanakkor a községi besorolású települések népességének nagyfokú stabilitására is. Tanulmányunk elemzi a népesség szerinti faluosztályok között végbemenő erőteljes vándorlási folyamatokat, valamint a vándorlás hátterében álló legfontosabb motiváló erőket is. A falvak legnagyobb népességvesztése a 152 várossá nyilvánítás következménye. A folyamatosan községi besorolású falvak népességének a csökkenése csak három százalék körüli, ugyanakkor a „község” kategóriához tartozó települések között jelentős vándorlás történt. A kisfalvak lakossága gyorsuló ütemben csökken, a nagyobb falvakba vándorol, és ez a folyamat mind a nagyobb községek, mind az aprófalvak társadalmának szerkezetét és életesélyeit átalakítja.

Andrii Zolkover, Jurij Renkas

This article is devoted to the development of methods for assessing the integrated level of macroeconomic stability of the country. Systematization of literature sources and approaches to determining the factors influencing macroeconomic stability and methods of its assessment showed that this problem is still unresolved and needs attention, given the epidemiological threats as additional factors destabilizing the world economy. The urgency of solving this scientific problem lies in need of an adequate and timely response to changes in the development of the national economy to prevent them from escalating into crisis phenomena. The study of assessing the integrated level of macroeconomic stability in the country was carried out in the article in the following logical sequence: 1) the formation of the statistical base of the study in terms of three groups of indicators: stimulants, disincentives and nominators; 2) bringing the indicators of the statistical input base of the study to a comparable form; 3) determining the priority of the impact of the components of the indicator in the integrated indicator; 4) assessment of the integrated level of macroeconomic stability, considering both the ranking of input indicators and the strength of their impact on the formation of the desired integrated indicator; 5) conducting a qualitative interpretation of the integrated level of macroeconomic stability. The methodological tools of the study were the following methods: minimax approach to the normalization of the statistical base of the study; sigma-limited parameterization method and Pareto method for determining the priority of the impact of the components of the indicators of the integrated level of macroeconomic stability; Erlang’s formula for estimating the integrated level of macroeconomic stability. The study period was 2006-2019. The countries selected for the study were the following: Poland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary and Slovakia. The article presents the results of the assessment of the integrated indicator, which showed that Lithuania, Latvia, the Czech Republic and Poland achieved macroeconomic stability on average from 2014 at 84%, Slovakia – 65%, while Hungary had relative stability from 2010 to 2016, at the level of 76-82%, but in 2017-2018 there is a destabilization of economic development to 45%. The results of the study can be useful for public authorities in determining macroeconomic stability as an element of national economic management, the use of which will protect against financial and economic crises by taking a set of preventive measures.

Jan Philipp Fritsche, Patrick Christian Harms

Abstract The explosion of Covid-19 cases is looming in Germany. The German Society for Epidemiology has warned that the number of cases could soon overshoot the capacity of the healthcare system. This may be true even if Germany follows the ‘flatten-the-curve’- approach to reduce infection rates. A suppression of the virus remains the best solution for the crisis. Supply will suffer as long the virus persists. Until then, demand side measures will not cure the epidemic. Coordinated measures for business that ensure compliance and European debt instruments may be part of a strategy to solve the crisis.

Marcelo Gabriel Anachuri

Este artículo se propone analizar la dinámica crediticia en la ciudad de Salta (Argentina) ante los sucesos revolucionarios de 1810, momento en el cual se asistió a un estancamiento económico y reordenamiento de los antiguos circuitos comerciales en la región del Tucumán, hasta 1835, año en el cual se evidencia una gradual recuperación. Se propone ahondar en interrogantes sobre los cuales se considera que el crédito notarial arroja luz acerca de la incidencia de la economía local sobre los cambios políticos e institucionales tras el desmoronamiento del orden virreinal y la creciente desigualdad regional en el virreinato del Río de la Plata. Lo anterior permitirá analizar el influjo del cambio, la transformación y las continuidades sobre una economía de Antiguo Régimen, con base en en la dimensión estructural-relacional del crédito y su correlación con la dinámica comercial a la cual financió. Se relevó documentación inédita, como la totalidad de compromisos crediticios registrados y las obligaciones de pago ante los escribanos locales resguardadas hoy en el Archivo Histórico de Salta. Por sus características notariales, estas escrituras permite identificar la evolución de aristas fundamentales del crédito, tales como plazos estipulados, destino del préstamo, garantías exigidas, tasas de interés y distribución espacial, así como reconstruir las relaciones sociales desde el universo relacional de los agentes que concentraron mayor transacciones crediticias.