Hasil untuk "Chemistry"

Monika Gandhi, Rashpal Singh Gill, Aishwarya Sharma et al.

Background: Proper pain control before subarachnoid block (SAB) is must in proximal femur fractures as patients cannot tolerate movement due to severe pain. This study compares ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block (USG-FICB) with femoral nerve block (USG-FNB) for pre-SAB analgesia. Materials and Methods: Ninety patients scheduled for elective femur fracture surgery under SAB were randomly divided. Group FICB received 25 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine and Group FNB got 15 ml. Pain was assessed using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scale. Time for first rescue dose, side effects, and patient satisfaction also noted. Results: Both groups had similar baseline NRS. Group FICB showed faster pain relief and better positioning comfort during SAB (NRS 3.00 vs. 4.28 P = 0.001). Time to first rescue analgesia was more in FICB (4.67 vs. 2.71 h P = 0.001). Satisfaction scores were also higher. Hemodynamics stayed stable, and adverse events were rare. Conclusion: USG-FICB is more effective than USG-FNB in controlling pain before SAB in femur fracture surgery.

Bakul Akter, Silvia Aishee, Abdullah Hridoy et al.

Etoricoxib (ETC), a selective cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-2) inhibitor, is widely utilized to manage pain and inflammation. Nevertheless, its therapeutic efficacy is limited by poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, and significant cardiovascular risks, including increased blood pressure, thrombosis, and the potential for myocardial infarction. This study aimed to address these limitations through structural modifications of etoricoxib. A total of 21 derivatives were designed by introducing various functioning sets at the R3, R2, and R1 sites of ETC. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to assess alterations in physicochemical properties, such as HOMO–LUMO energy gaps, electrostatic potential, enthalpy, and dipole moments. Notably, most of the derivatives showed improved binding affinities, particularly ETC9 and ETC19, demonstrating the highest binding interactions in molecular docking studies (-10.1 and -10.8 kcal/mol, respectively). Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations accomplished by exploiting the YASARA dynamics software program with the AMBER14 energy field throughout 100 ns revealed that the ETC9 and ETC19 derivatives exhibited enhanced stability and flexibility profiles compared to the parent drug, ETC. ADMET and PASS predictions confirmed the drug-like properties of most derivatives, particularly ETC19 and ETC9, which also showed improved absorption, better blood-brain barrier penetration, and reduced toxicity. These outcomes underscore the prospect of the de novo-designed etoricoxib analogues as safer and more effective alternatives, effectively addressing the pharmacological limitations and safety concerns associated with the parent drug.

Amol U. Pawar, Ignasia H. Mahardika, Young S. Son et al.

ABSTRACT Achieving carbon neutrality is urgent due to the critical issue of climate change. To reach this goal, the development of new, breakthrough technologies is necessary and urgent. One such technology involves efficient carbon capture and its conversion into useful chemicals or fuels. However, achieving considerable amounts of efficiency in this field is a very challenging task. Even in natural photosynthesis occurring in plant leaves, the CO2 conversion efficiency into hydrocarbons cannot exceed a value of 1%. Nevertheless, recently few reports show comparable higher efficiency in CO2 to gaseous products such as carbon monoxide (CO), but it is hard to find selective liquid fuel products with a high value of solar to liquid fuel conversion efficiency. Herein, a NiFe‐assisted hybrid composite dark cathode is employed for the selective production of solar‐to‐liquid fuels, in conjunction with a BiVO4 photoanode. This process results in the generation of significant amounts of formaldehyde, ethanol, and methanol selectively. The primary objective of this study is to design and optimize a novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) system to produce solar‐to‐liquid fuels selectively. This study shows the enhancement of the solar‐to‐fuel conversion efficiency over 1.5% by employing a hybrid composite cathode composed of NiFe‐assisted reduced graphene oxide (rGO), poly(4‐vinyl)pyridine (PVP), and Nafion.

Karine Sartelet, Jules Kerckhoffs, Eleni Athanasopoulou et al.

Mapping urban pollution is essential for assessing population exposure and addressing associated health impacts. High urban concentrations are due to the proximity of sources such as traffic or residential heating, and to urban density with the presence of buildings that reduce street ventilation. This urban complexity makes fine-scale mapping challenging, even for regulated pollutants such as NO2 and PM2.5. In this study we apply state-of-the-art empirical and deterministic modeling approaches to produce high-resolution (<100 m) pollution maps across five European cities (Paris, Athens, Birmingham, Rotterdam, Bucharest). These methodologies enable full-city mapping capturing intra-urban gradients of concentrations. Depending on the methodology, regulated pollutants (NO2, PM2.5) and/or emerging pollutants (black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP characterized here by particulate number concentration PNC)) are considered. For deterministic modelling, different approaches are presented: a multi-scale Eulerian modelling chain down to the street scale with chemistry/aerosol dynamics at all scales, multi-scale hybrid models with Eulerian regional dispersion and Gaussian subgrid dispersion, and a Gaussian-based model. Empirical land use regression models were developed based upon mobile monitoring.To compare the relative performance of the methodologies and to evaluate their performance and limitations, the modelling results are compared to fixed measurement stations. We introduce a standardized metric to quantify spatial and seasonal variability and assess each method’s capacity to reproduce fine-scale urban heterogeneity. We also evaluate how data assimilation affects both concentration accuracy and variability representation—particularly relevant for emerging pollutants where measurement data are sparse. We confirm established seasonal and spatial patterns: spatial variability is more pronounced for PNC, NO2 and BC than PM2.5, and concentrations are higher during the winter periods. We also observe reduced spatial variability in winter for PM2. 5 (linked to residential heating) and for BC in cities with significant wood burning emissions. This study adds unique value by evaluating these patterns using fixed measurement stations, and quantifying them across entire urban areas at very fine spatial resolution (<100 m). Furthermore, important methodological strengths and limitations are pointed out, providing practical guidance for the selection and improvement of urban exposure mapping methods, supporting the implementation of the new EU Air Quality Directive.

YUE Yan, LI Yu, ZHOU Xianxian et al.

[Purposes] Because of the high charging overpotential and lagging electrochemical reaction kinetics caused by the low electronic conductivity of Li2O2 in Li-O2 batteries, it is important to develop cathode catalysts with high activity. [Methods] By coating nitrogen-doped molybdenum disulfide ultra-thin nanosheets on the surface of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes, the N-MoS2/N-CNTs composite was prepared through hydrothermal method combined with ammonia annealing method. The morphology, surface element state, and Li-O2 battery electrochemical performance of N-MoS2/N-CNTs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical tests. [Results] The cathode obtains high initial charge/discharge capacity (7909/10015 mAh g-1), low charging overpotential, and high catalytic activity. Moreover, the performance of Li-O2 battery is further improved at large O2 mass transfer area. According to electrochemical reaction engineering, it is proposed that the possible initial discharge reaction interface is electrode/Li2O2 interface, and the charging reaction interface is electrode/electrolyte/Li2O2 interface. Three overpotential theories are used to explain the capacity and rate performance improvement mechanism of N-MoS2/N-CNTs cathode Li-O2 batteries, which is the decrease of electrochemical reaction overpotential (ηR) providing more space for the increase of concentration overpotential (ηC).

Iva Pukleš, Csilla Páger, Nikola Sakač et al.

Amino acids (AAs) have broad nutritional, therapeutic, and medical significance and thus are one of the most common active ingredients of nutritional supplements. Analytical strategies for determining AAs are high-priced and often limited to methods that require modification of AA polarity or incorporation of an aromatic moiety. The aim of this work was to develop a new method for the determination of L-arginine, L-ornithine, and L-lysine on low-cost microchip electrophoresis instrumentation conjugated with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. A solution consisting of 0.3 M acetic acid and 1 × 10⁻⁵ M iminodiacetic acid has been identified as the optimal background electrolyte, ensuring the shortest possible analysis time. The short migration times of amino acids (t ≤ 64 s) and method simplicity resulted in high analysis throughput with high precision and linearity (R²<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>≥</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 0.9971). The limit of detection values ranged from 0.15 to 0.19 × 10⁻⁶ M. The accuracy of the proposed method was confirmed by recovery measurements. The results were compared with CE-UV-VIS and HPLC-DAD methods and showed good agreement. This work represents the first successful demonstration of the ME-C⁴D analysis of L-arginine, L-ornithine, and L-lysine in real samples.

Nivetha Jeyachandran, Wangchao Yuan, Cristina Giordano

A world-wide growing concern relates to the rising levels of CO₂ in the atmosphere that leads to devastating consequences for our environment. In addition to reducing emissions, one alternative strategy is the conversion of CO₂ (via the CO₂ Reduction Reaction, or CO₂RR) into added-value chemicals, such as CO, HCOOH, C₂H₅OH, CH₄, and more. Although this strategy is currently not economically feasible due to the high stability of the CO₂ molecule, significant progress has been made to optimize this electrochemical conversion, especially in terms of finding a performing catalyst. In fact, many noble and non-noble metal-based systems have been investigated but achieving CO₂ conversion with high faradaic efficiency (FE), high selectivity towards specific products (e.g., hydrocarbons), and maintaining long-term stability is still challenging. The situation is also aggravated by a concomitant hydrogen production reaction (HER), together with the cost and/or scarcity of some catalysts. This review aims to present, among the most recent studies, some of the best-performing catalysts for CO₂RR. By discussing the reasons behind their performances, and relating them to their composition and structural features, some key qualities for an “optimal catalyst” can be defined, which, in turn, will help render the conversion of CO₂ a practical, as well as economically feasible process.

Stefanny F. Amaro, Cristiane C. Maciel, Jéssica S. Rodrigues et al.

This research aims to study flexible sensors based on a poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) biodegradable polymer and graphite. Sensors were modified through the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique to improve their electrochemical behavior for paraquat (PQ) detection. Nanostructured films were obtained by alternating layers of anionic and cationic materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and polypyrrole (PPY), respectively. The devices, with and without modification, were characterized by contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemical characterization was labeled via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). PQ molecules were detected using the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique in a concentration range of 0.1 to 2.1 µM. The sensor detection limit (LOD) was obtained using the analytical curve, with it being equal to 0.073 µM. The LbL film gPBAT(PPY/CNT)_n sensor showed good stability, reproducibility, and repeatability, with recovery values ranging from 99.4% to 109.3% for PQ when the analyzed samples were contaminated with tap water. The produced electrodes have the advantage of being flexible, disposable, reproducible, and of low manufacturing cost, which makes them attractive for portable environmental analysis.

Bhaskar J. Choudhury, Vijayanand S. Moholkar

Commercial application of supercapacitors (SCs) requires high mass loading electrodes simultaneously with high energy density and long cycle life. Herein, we have reported a ternary multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/MnO2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite for SCs with commercial-level mass loadings. The ternary nanocomposite was synthesized using a facile ultrasound-assisted one-pot method. The symmetric SC fabricated with ternary MWCNT/MnO2/rGO nanocomposite demonstrated marked enhancement in capacitive performance as compared to those with binary nanocomposites (MnO2/rGO and MnO2/MWCNT). The synergistic effect from simultaneous growth of MnO2 on the graphene and MWCNTs under ultrasonic irradiation resulted in the formation of a porous ternary structure with efficient ion diffusion channels and high electrochemically active surface area. The symmetric SC with commercial-level mass loading electrodes (∼12 mg cm−2) offered a high specific capacitance (314.6 F g−1) and energy density (21.1 W h kg−1 at 150 W kg−1) at a wide operating voltage of 1.5 V. Moreover, the SC exhibits no loss of capacitance after 5000 charge−discharge cycles showcasing excellent cycle life.

Oana Andreea Lazar, Călin Constantin Moise, Anastas Savov Nikolov et al.

Our work presents, for the first time, a comprehensive study of the synthesis of fully metallic platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) involving the ablation process in double distilled water using a KrF excimer laser. To obtain detailed information on Pt-NP morphology and optical properties, prepared colloids were characterized using High Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-STEM) with advanced capabilities for Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), UV/Vis optical spectroscopy, and Direct Analysis in Real Time—Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS). The influence of the applied laser fluence and laser repetition rate (RR) values on the characteristics of the obtained Pt-NPs and the ablation process, respectively, were also analyzed. Spherical and spherical-like nanoparticles exhibiting aggregation were produced. The Pt-NP mean size values were between 2.2 ± 1.2 nm and 4.0 ± 1.0 nm, while their interplanar distance measurements showed a face-centered cubic (FFC) Pt lattice (111), as revealed by HR–STEM measurements, for all investigated samples. The smallest mean size of 2.2 nm of the Pt-NPs was obtained using a 2.3 J cm⁻² laser fluence at a 10 Hz RR, and the narrowest size distribution of the NPs was obtained with a 2.3 J cm⁻² laser fluence at a 40 Hz RR. A linear dependence of the Pt-NP diameters versus the laser repetition rate was found at a constant fluence of 2.3 J cm⁻². The proposed eco-friendly synthesis route of Pt-NPs, because of its relative simplicity, has the potential for use in industrial production.

Chong Wang, Jian-Hao Lu, An-Bang Wang et al.

The shuttling effect of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and the sluggish conversion kinetics of polysulfides into insoluble Li₂S₂/Li₂S severely hinders the practical application of Li-S batteries. Advanced catalysts can capture and accelerate the liquid–solid conversion of polysulfides. Herein, we try to make use of bismuth tantalum oxide with oxygen vacancies as an electrocatalyst to catalyze the conversion of LiPSs by reducing the sulfur reduction reaction (SRR) nucleation energy barrier. Oxygen vacancies in Bi₄TaO₇ nanoparticles alter the electron band structure to improve instinct electronic conductivity and catalytic activity. In addition, the defective surface could provide unsaturated bonds around the vacancies to enhance the chemisorption capability with LiPSs. Hence, a multidimensional carbon (super P/CNT/Graphene) standing sulfur cathode is prepared by coating oxygen vacancies Bi₄TaO_7−x nanoparticles, in which the multidimensional carbon (MC) with micropores structure can host sulfur and provide a fast electron/ion pathway, while the outer-coated oxygen vacancies with Bi₄TaO_7−x with improved electronic conductivity and strong affinities for polysulfides can work as an adsorptive and conductive protective layer to achieve the physical restriction and chemical immobilization of lithium polysulfides as well as speed up their catalytic conversion. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of different components, the S/C@Bi₃TaO_7−x coin cell cathode shows superior cycling and rate performance. Even under a high level of sulfur loading of 9.6 mg cm⁻², a relatively high initial areal capacity of 10.20 mAh cm⁻² and a specific energy density of 300 Wh kg⁻¹ are achieved with a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 3.3 µL mg⁻¹. Combined with experimental results and theoretical calculations, the mechanism by which the Bi₄TaO₇ with oxygen vacancies promotes the kinetics of polysulfide conversion reactions has been revealed. The design of the multiple confined cathode structure provides physical and chemical adsorption, fast charge transfer, and catalytic conversion for polysulfides.

Ivan S. Zhidkov, Ernst Z. Kurmaev, Marcello Condorelli et al.

The results of X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) characterization of the surface of Ag-Au colloidal nanoparticles (Ag-Au NPs), prepared by laser ablation in water before and after interaction with linear carbon chains (LCC), are presented. No additional features appear in high-energy resolved XPS core level spectra of Ag-Au NPs which indicates that surface is not oxidized. The measurements of XPS Ag 3d-spectrum of (Ag-Au)@LCC manifests the additional low-energy structure that is associated with the formation of Ag–C bonds. The charge transfer between Au atoms on the NPs surface and LCC was established. Additionally, some oxidation of the Ag atoms on the surface of (Ag-Au)@LCC is observed which arises during laser ablation in water. We assume that oxidative species will preferably interact with the areas outside the LCC instead of oxidizing the carbon chains which was confirmed by XPS C 1s spectra.

Chunchao Li, Yuanxi Peng, Mingrui Su et al.

As the application of real-time requirements gradually increases or real-time processing and responding become the bottleneck of the task, parallel computing in hyperspectral image applications has also become a significant research focus. In this article, a flexible and efficient method is utilized in the noise adaptive principal component (NAPC) algorithm for feature extraction of hyperspectral images. From noise estimation to feature extraction, we deploy a complete CPU-GPU collaborative computing solution. Through the computer experiments on three traditional hyperspectral datasets, our proposed improved NAPC (INAPC) has stable superiority and provides a significant speedup compared with the OpenCV and PyTorch implementation. What’s more, we creatively establish a complete set of uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) photoelectric platform, including UAV, hyperspectral camera, NVIDIA Jetson Xavier, etc. Flight experimental results show, considering hyperspectral image data acquisition and transmission time, the proposed algorithm meets the feature extraction of real-time processing.

X. Zhang, X. Zhang, J. Ortega et al.

Experiments performed in laboratory chambers have contributed significantly to the understanding of the fundamental kinetics and mechanisms of the chemical reactions occurring in the atmosphere. Two chemical regimes, classified as <q>high-NO</q> vs. <q>zero-NO</q> conditions, have been extensively studied in previous chamber experiments. Results derived from these two chemical scenarios are widely parameterized in chemical transport models to represent key atmospheric processes in urban and pristine environments. As the anthropogenic NO_<i>x</i> emissions in the United States have decreased remarkably in the past few decades, the classic <q>high-NO</q> and <q>zero-NO</q> conditions are no longer applicable to many regions that are constantly impacted by both polluted and background air masses. We present here the development and characterization of the NCAR Atmospheric Simulation Chamber, which is operated in steady-state continuous flow mode for the study of atmospheric chemistry under <q>intermediate NO</q> conditions. This particular chemical regime is characterized by constant sub-ppb levels of NO and can be created in the chamber by precise control of the inflow NO concentration and the ratio of chamber mixing to residence timescales. Over the range of conditions achievable in the chamber, the lifetime of peroxy radicals (RO₂), a key intermediate from the atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can be extended to several minutes, and a diverse array of reaction pathways, including unimolecular pathways and bimolecular reactions with NO and HO₂, can thus be explored. Characterization experiments under photolytic and dark conditions were performed and, in conjunction with model predictions, provide a basis for interpretation of prevailing atmospheric processes in environments with intertwined biogenic and anthropogenic activities. We demonstrate the proof of concept of the steady-state continuous flow chamber operation through measurements of major first-generation products, methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), from OH- and NO₃-initiated oxidation of isoprene.

Qi Yao, Hongbing Wang, Jim Uttley et al.

Big lighting data are required for evaluation of lighting performance and impacts on human beings, environment, and ecology for smart urban lighting. However, traditional approaches of measuring road lighting cannot achieve this aim. We propose a rule-of-thumb model approach based on some feature points to reconstruct road lighting in urban areas. We validated the reconstructed illuminance with both software simulated and real road lighting scenes, and the average error is between 6 and 19%. This precision is acceptable in practical applications. Using this approach, we reconstructed the illuminance of three real road lighting environments in a block and further estimated the mesopic luminance and melanopic illuminance performance. In the future, by virtue of Geographic Information System technology, the approach may provide big lighting data for evaluation and analysis, and help build smarter urban lighting.

Antonio Valiente Barderas

En la actualidad muchos de los educadores creen que lo que se puede enseñar son conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes (Rugarcía, 1998). Esta enseñanza se da en el hogar, en el trabajo, en la escuela, con los amigos, viajando, etcétera. Cuando se habla de la escuela ya sea primaria, secundaria, preparatoria o universitaria se requiere, además de instalaciones, profesores y alumnos, de un buen Plan de Estudios, que es como un mapa en el que se indican los lugares que se quieren visitar y el camino que hay que recorrer para hacer el viaje más ameno y para llegar a la meta lo antes y mejor posible.

Jinling Jia, Jingyu Wang, Junlei Zhang et al.

Background/Aims: Chondrocyte apoptosis is largely responsible for cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in chondrogenesis and cartilage remodeling. This study explored the effect of miR-125b on inflammatory injury in chondrogenic cells. Methods: LPS was used to simulate inflammatory injury in murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cell lines. Targeting effect of miR-125b on MIP-1α 3’UTR was assessed by dual luciferase activity assay. Regulatory effect of miR-125b on MIP-1α expression and the potential regulatory mechanism on inflammatory injury were assessed by Western blot. Results: miR-125b expression was decreased in LPS-induced ATDC5 cells and overexpression of miR-125b inhibited LPS-induced cell viability decline, the rise of apoptosis and inflammatory factors’ productions. MIP-1α expression was negatively related to miR-125b, and miR-125b directly targeted with 3’UTR of MIP-1α. Knockdown of miR-125b promoted LPS-induced inflammatory response via upregulation of MIP-1α. miR-125b expression in LPS-induced ATDC5 cells was negatively related with activations of NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways. Overexpression of miR-125b inhibited LPS-induced inflammation injury via suppressing MIP-1α expression and inhibiting activations of NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways. Conclusion: miR-125b could play an important role in inflammatory injury of chondrogenic cells and miR-125b affected inflammatory injury of ATDC5 cells via regulating expression of MIP-1α and regulating NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways.

Feng-Yu Du, Xiao-Ming Li, Peng Zhang et al.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of a culture extract of Beauveria felina EN-135, an entomopathogenic fungus isolated from a marine bryozoan, led to the isolation of a new cyclodepsipeptide, iso-isariin D (1); two new O-containing heterocyclic compounds that we have named felinones A and B (2 and 3); and four known cyclodepsipeptides (4–7). The structures were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and CD, respectively. All isolated compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity and brine-shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality.

Sebastiano Calandra, Patrizia Tarugi, Helen E. Speedy et al.

This review integrates historical biochemical and modern genetic findings that underpin our understanding of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) dyslipidemias that bear on human disease. These range from life-threatening conditions of infancy through severe coronary heart disease of young adulthood, to indolent disorders of middle- and old-age. We particularly focus on the biological aspects of those gene mutations and variants that impact on sterol absorption and hepatobiliary excretion via specific membrane transporter systems (NPC1L1, ABCG5/8); the incorporation of dietary sterols (MTP) and of de novo synthesized lipids (HMGCR, TRIB1) into apoB-containing lipoproteins (APOB) and their release into the circulation (ANGPTL3, SARA2, SORT1); and receptor-mediated uptake of LDL and of intestinal and hepatic-derived lipoprotein remnants (LDLR, APOB, APOE, LDLRAP1, PCSK9, IDOL). The insights gained from integrating the wealth of genetic data with biological processes have important implications for the classification of clinical and presymptomatic diagnoses of traditional LDL dyslipidemias, sitosterolemia, and newly emerging phenotypes, as well as their management through both nutritional and pharmaceutical means.

K.-P. Heue, T. Wagner, S. P. Broccardo et al.

In many investigations of tropospheric chemistry information about the two dimensional distribution of trace gases on a small scale (e.g. tens to hundreds of metres) is highly desirable. An airborne instrument based on imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy has been built to map the two dimensional distribution of a series of relevant trace gases including NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, HCHO, C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and BrO on a scale of 100 m. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; Here we report on the first tests of the novel aircraft instrument over the industrialised South African Highveld, where large variations in NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; column densities in the immediate vicinity of several sources e.g. power plants or steel works, were measured. The observed patterns in the trace gas distribution are interpreted with respect to flux estimates, and it is seen that the fine resolution of the measurements allows separate sources in close proximity to one another to be distinguished.