Hasil untuk "Philosophy. Psychology. Religion"

Marco Pollanen

Explanations of the replication crisis often emphasize misconduct, questionable research practices, or incentive misalignment, implying that behavioral reform is sufficient. This paper argues that a substantial component is architectural: within binary significance-based publication systems, even perfectly diligent researchers face structural limits on the reliability they can deliver. The posterior log-odds of a finding equal prior log-odds plus log(Lambda), where Lambda = (1-beta)/alpha is the experimental leverage. Interpreted architecturally, this implies a hard constraint: once evidence is coarsened to a binary significance decision, the decision rule contributes exactly log(Lambda) to posterior log-odds. A target reliability tau is feasible iff pi >= pi_crit, and under fixed alpha this generally cannot be rescued by sample size alone. Two mechanisms can drive effective leverage to 1 without bad faith: persistent unmeasured confounding in observational studies and unbounded specification search under publication pressure. These results concern binary significance-based decision architectures and do not bound inference based on full likelihoods or richer continuous evidence summaries. Two collapse results formalize these mechanisms, while the Replication Pipeline Theorem and Minimum Pipeline Depth Corollary identify a quantitative evidentiary standard for escape. Using independently documented parameters for pre-reform psychology (pi about 0.10, power about 0.35), the framework implies a replication rate of 36%, consistent with the Open Science Collaboration. The framework also provides quantitative bridges to Popper, Kuhn, and Lakatos. In low-prior settings below the single-study feasibility threshold, the natural unit of evidence is the replication pipeline rather than the individual experiment.

Qingyang Xu, Yaling Shen, Stephanie Fong et al.

The increasing use of large language models (LLMs) in mental healthcare raises safety concerns in high-stakes therapeutic interactions. A key challenge is distinguishing therapeutic empathy from maladaptive validation, where supportive responses may inadvertently reinforce harmful beliefs or behaviors in multi-turn conversations. This risk is largely overlooked by existing red-teaming frameworks, which focus mainly on generic harms or optimization-based attacks. To address this gap, we introduce Personality-based Client Simulation Attack (PCSA), the first red-teaming framework that simulates clients in psychological counseling through coherent, persona-driven client dialogues to expose vulnerabilities in psychological safety alignment. Experiments on seven general and mental health-specialized LLMs show that PCSA substantially outperforms four competitive baselines. Perplexity analysis and human inspection further indicate that PCSA generates more natural and realistic dialogues. Our results reveal that current LLMs remain vulnerable to domain-specific adversarial tactics, providing unauthorized medical advice, reinforcing delusions, and implicitly encouraging risky actions.

Shengyi Xie

With the advancement of science and technology, the philosophy of creativity has undergone significant reinterpretation. This paper investigates contemporary research in the fields of psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and the philosophy of creativity, particularly in the context of the development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. It aims to address the central question: Can AI exhibit creativity? The paper reviews the historical perspectives on the philosophy of creativity and explores the influence of psychological advancements on the study of creativity. Furthermore, it analyzes various definitions of creativity and examines the responses of naturalism and cognitive neuroscience to the concept of creativity.

Tiehuai Liang, Dongyuan Wei, Qi Zhang

Wearable sensors are critical components in smart sports systems for real-time monitoring of athletic performance, physiological conditions, and psychological states. In this work, a sodium alginate/gelatin-based triboelectric nanogenerator (SG-TENG) was developed for mechanical energy harvesting and real-time sensing in track and field applications. The SA/gelatin composite film exhibits high transparency, good flexibility, and uniform morphology, enabling stable triboelectric output. The SG-TENG delivers high electrical performance, including an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 156.6 V, short-circuit current (Isc) of 46.9 uA, and transferred charge (Qsc) of 139.6 nC, with a maximum power of 13.5 mW under optimal loading. Its output characteristics are closely related to mechanical parameters such as frequency, force, displacement, and contact area. Furthermore, the device demonstrates energy storage capability by charging capacitors under various dynamic conditions. Integrated into a running shoe, the SG-TENG enables self-powered gait monitoring and can distinguish between walking, running, and jumping. It also shows potential for inferring psychological and physiological states from gait features, offering a promising solution for battery-free, multifunctional sensing in sports performance evaluation and health monitoring.

Amin Banayeeanzade, Ala N. Tak, Fatemeh Bahrani et al.

The ability to control LLMs' emulated emotional states and personality traits is essential for enabling rich, human-centered interactions in socially interactive settings. We introduce PsySET, a Psychologically-informed benchmark to evaluate LLM Steering Effectiveness and Trustworthiness across the emotion and personality domains. Our study spans four models from different LLM families paired with various steering strategies, including prompting, fine-tuning, and representation engineering. Our results indicate that prompting is consistently effective but limited in intensity control, whereas vector injections achieve finer controllability while slightly reducing output quality. Moreover, we explore the trustworthiness of steered LLMs by assessing safety, truthfulness, fairness, and ethics, highlighting potential side effects and behavioral shifts. Notably, we observe idiosyncratic effects; for instance, even a positive emotion like joy can degrade robustness to adversarial factuality, lower privacy awareness, and increase preferential bias. Meanwhile, anger predictably elevates toxicity yet strengthens leakage resistance. Our framework establishes the first holistic evaluation of emotion and personality steering, offering insights into its interpretability and reliability for socially interactive applications.

Bichen Wang, Yixin Sun, Junzhe Wang et al.

The mismatch between the growing demand for psychological counseling and the limited availability of services has motivated research into the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in this domain. Consequently, there is a need for a robust and unified benchmark to assess the counseling competence of various LLMs. Existing works, however, are limited by unprofessional client simulation, static question-and-answer evaluation formats, and unidimensional metrics. These limitations hinder their effectiveness in assessing a model's comprehensive ability to handle diverse and complex clients. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{CARE-Bench}, a dynamic and interactive automated benchmark. It is built upon diverse client profiles derived from real-world counseling cases and simulated according to expert guidelines. CARE-Bench provides a multidimensional performance evaluation grounded in established psychological scales. Using CARE-Bench, we evaluate several general-purpose LLMs and specialized counseling models, revealing their current limitations. In collaboration with psychologists, we conduct a detailed analysis of the reasons for LLMs' failures when interacting with clients of different types, which provides directions for developing more comprehensive, universal, and effective counseling models.

Sola Kim, Dongjune Chang, Jieshu Wang

Despite advances in designing personas for Large Language Models (LLM), challenges remain in aligning them with human cognitive processes and representing diverse stakeholder perspectives. We introduce a Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) agent design framework for designing, evaluating, and implementing psychologically grounded LLMs with consistent behavior. Our framework operationalizes SCT through four personal factors (cognitive, motivational, biological, and affective) for designing, six quantifiable constructs for evaluating, and a graph database-backed architecture for implementing stakeholder personas. Experiments tested agents' responses to contradicting information of varying reliability. In the highly polarized renewable energy transition discourse, we design five diverse agents with distinct ideologies, roles, and stakes to examine stakeholder representation. The evaluation of these agents in contradictory scenarios occurs through comprehensive processes that implement the SCT. Results show consistent response patterns ($R^2$ range: $0.58-0.61$) and systematic temporal development of SCT construct effects. Principal component analysis identifies two dimensions explaining $73$% of variance, validating the theoretical structure. Our framework offers improved explainability and reproducibility compared to black-box approaches. This work contributes to ongoing efforts to improve diverse stakeholder representation while maintaining psychological consistency in LLM personas.

Dyah Ayu Chandra Pertiwi, Berliana Widi Scarvanovi

Easy internet access and rising usage intensity have contributed to the rise in Online Gender Based Violence (OGBV), with early adult showing the highest internet use and OGBV cases. Resilience has an important role for victims to deal with the negative impact. Spirituality is one predictor of resilience, but previous findings show a weak relationship between the two, so a mediator variable is needed. Spirituality, which also affects self-esteem, may help enhance resilience. This study aims to determine the role of self-esteem in mediating the effect of spirituality on resilience in early adult victims of OGBV. A total of 116 OGBV victims aged 18–25 and living in West Java participated by completing the CD-RISC, SWBQ and SLCS-R scale questionnaires online. Data were analyzed using path regression and bootstrapping with Process Macro for SPSS 4.2. The results showed that there was a significant effect of spirituality on resilience in early adult victims of OGBV by 0.0135 (p < 0.05). Then there is a significant effect of self-esteem on resilience in early adult victims of OGBV by 0.0000 (p < 0.05). Then it is proven that there is a role of self-esteem in mediating the effect of spirituality on the resilience of early adult victims of OGBV by 0.8463 (p < 0.05). Therefore, all hypotheses in this study are accepted. Spirituality contributes 56.82% to resilience through self-esteem, and the remaining 43.18% is explained by other variables excluded from the study. Practically, spiritual activities help boost self-esteem and resilience in OGBV survivors.

Claudio Lucchiari, Maria Elide Vanutelli, Fernando Echarri et al.

Digby Chappell, Zeyu Yang, Angus B. Clark et al.

Myoelectric prosthetic hands are typically controlled to move between discrete positions and do not provide sensory feedback to the user. In this work, we present and evaluate a closed-loop, continuous myoelectric prosthetic hand controller, that can continuously control the position of multiple degrees of freedom of a prosthesis while rendering proprioceptive feedback to the user via a haptic feedback armband. Twenty-eight participants without and ten participants with limb difference were recruited to holistically evaluate the physical and psychological effects of the controller via isolated control and sensory tasks, dexterity assessments, embodiment and task load questionnaires, and post-study interviews. The combination of proprioceptive feedback and continuous control enabled accurate positioning, to within 10% mean absolute motor position error, and grasp-force modulation, to within 20% mean absolute motor force error, and restored blindfolded object identification ability to open-loop discrete controller levels. Dexterity assessment and embodiment questionnaire results revealed no significant physical performance or psychological embodiment differences between control types, with the exception of perceived sensation, which was significantly higher (p < 0.001) for closed-loop controllers. Key differences between participants with and without upper limb difference were identified, including in perceived body completeness and frustration, which can inform future prosthesis development and rehabilitation.

Magdalena Schindl, Felix Reichel

This paper investigates whether spatial proximity shapes psychological-pricing choices on Austria's C2C marketplace willhaben. Two web-scraped snapshots of 826 Woom Bike listings - a standardised product sold on the platform reveal that sellers near direct competitors are more likely to adopt 9-, 90-, or 99-ending prices, who also use such pricing strategy unconditional on product characteristics or underlying spatiotemporal differences. Such strategy is associated with an average premium of approximately cet. par. 3.4 %. Information asymmetry persists: buyer trust hinges on signals such as the "Trusted Seller" badge, and missing data on the "PayLivery" feature. Lacking final transaction prices limits inference.

Parisa Yousefi, Mohsen Shakeri, Kazem Barzegar Bafrooei

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the role of enabling conditions for collective efficacy and character strengths and virtues of teachers in the effectiveness of elementary schools from the perspective of teachers in Marvdasht, Iran (Dorudzan District) in the academic year 2020-2021. Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational study and an applied one in terms of objective. The statistical population included all elementary teachers of the mentioned district (n=420), 201 of whom (129 women and 72 men) were selected by random cluster sampling following determining the sample size by Krejcie and Morgan’s table. Data were collected using Jenni Donohoo’s enabling conditions for collective teacher efficacy questionnaire, character strengths and virtues questionnaire by Peterson and Seligman, and School effectiveness questionnaire by Sergiovanni et al. In addition, data analysis was carried out in AMOS version 24 using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. Results: According to the results, teachers’ character strengths and virtues (β=0/19) and enabling conditions for collective efficacy (β=0/71) positively and significantly predicted school effectiveness. Conclusions: Ultimately, the study of the obtained indicators showed a good fit for the final model of the research.

Boffi, Letícia Carolina

Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as expectativas de homens trans acerca de seus relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais após a transição de gênero. Participaram 15 homens trans, com idades entre 20 e 41 anos, em processo de hormonização. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais guiadas por um roteiro semiestruturado, audiogravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise temática reflexiva. Os participantes reconheceram que, possivelmente, terão possibilidades mais restritas de se engajarem em relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais após a transição de gênero, em decorrência da materialidade corpórea divergente da cisnormatividade. Outra fonte de desconforto presumida é o repúdio social, que alimenta a abjeção e sedimenta o imaginário da exotização e fetichização dos corpos transmasculinos, fixando-os em relações esporádicas. Conclui-se que a persistente fixação na genitália como referente sígnico determinante da sexualidade modula e regula a busca por parceira íntima. Essa perspectiva reforça a heteronormatividade como estratégia de reafirmação do gênero

Kacper Krzeczewski

Głównym celem artykułu jest sklasyfikowanie i omówienie mechanizmów kreowania postprawdy w przestrzeni medialnej. Na wybranych przykładach scharakteryzuję i opiszę funkcjonowanie 10 mechanizmów, które wyróżniłem w trakcie prowadzonych badań. Podzieliłem je na mechanizmy związane z działaniami podjętymi przez nadawcę oraz wynikające z jego zaniechania. Ułatwi to zrozumienie, w jaki sposób te techniki są wykorzystywane w mediach oraz że kreowanie postprawdziwych komunikatów wcale nie musi być intencjonalne. Termin „postprawda” porównam ponadto z takimi pojęciami jak: manipulacja, zwodzenie (ang. deception) czy „wciskanie kitu” (ang. bullshit), chcąc odnaleźć między nimipunkty wspólne i różnice, co pozwoli zrozumieć złożoność problemu również na gruncie semantycznym.

K. Resane

This article compares a Setswana philosophy of community self-upliftment and self-reliance, known as letsema, with communion ecclesiology. The intention is to contribute towards the decolonisation of theology project. The objectives are to enlighten theologians that African philosophies are vital in decolonising theology and that these philosophies of botho or ubuntu enhance understanding of ecclesiology from the African perspective. A literature review, starts with a philosophical definition of letsema and make a comparison of letsema and communion ecclesiology, showing how the two are complementary and can work symbiotically to decolonise theology in Africa. Letsema, like communion ecclesiology is voluntary, non-hierarchical, goal-oriented, and purposeful. Communion ecclesiology is the perichoretic mutuality of the triune God with those who are called out to be a koinonia of participants in the Kingdom of God. Acts 2:42–47 express the essence of communion ecclesiology. African communities are religious; therefore, using any epistemology to enhance religion is accepted and appreciated. Religion runs deep in the veins of Africans. Letsema is indeed a communion ecclesiology in action (Ac 2:42–47) (the togetherness [homothumadon] of the church) - the community that coherently lives together with the trinitarian God, expressing its identity through doctrine, prayer, eucharist, sharing, and embracing each other indiscriminately.Contribution: Through the interdisciplinary approach, this article engages socio-history, philosophy, anthropology, theology, and psychology to express the importance of African philosophies in the processes of decolonising theology. The Letsema concept is communion ecclesiology in action and the two can work symbiotically to decolonise theology.

Nuria Ciófalo

Indigenous psychologies are informed by their cosmogonies and cosmologies, philosophies, spirituality and religions, traditions and customs, and knowledge and praxis systems. This paper reviews some conceptions of consciousness, psyche, spirit, mental and physical health, relations to all Earth Beings (human and nonhuman), ancestors, nature, and altered states of consciousness among the Nahua and Maya of Mexico. Colonization has threatened these rich legacies by imposing the conquerors' cosmologies. However, these Indigenous communities continue to use plants, mushrooms, and some animals to generate altered states of consciousness, enacting sacred rituals and healing. The conclusion recommends learning from these knowledge and praxes systems and their related consciousness and spiritual states to expand the emergence of decolonial psychology that may offer alternatives to address the challenges of our time.

Christiaan Verwijs, Daniel Russo

Team diversity can be seen as a double-edged sword. It brings additional cognitive resources to teams at the risk of increased conflict. Few studies have investigated how different types of diversity impact software teams. This study views diversity through the lens of the categorization-elaboration model (CEM). We investigated how diversity in gender, age, role, and cultural background impacts team effectiveness and conflict, and how these associations are moderated by psychological safety. Our sample consisted of 1,118 participants from 161 teams and was analyzed with Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM). We found a positive effect of age diversity on team effectiveness and gender diversity on relational conflict. Psychological safety contributed directly to effective teamwork and less conflict but did not moderate the diversity-effectiveness link. While our results are consistent with the CEM theory for age and gender diversity, other types of diversity did not yield similar results. We discuss several reasons for this, including curvilinear effects, moderators such as task interdependence, or the presence of a diversity mindset. With this paper, we argue that a dichotomous nature of diversity is oversimplified. Indeed, it is a complex relationship where context plays a pivotal role. A more nuanced understanding of diversity through the lens of theories, such as the CEM, may lead to more effective teamwork.

Priscila Figueira, Bruna Kelly Teixeira de Araújo, Raphael Silva Santos Andrade et al.

RESUMO Ansiedade matemática (AM) é um conjunto de crenças, sintomas físicos e emocionais que algumas pessoas experimentam ao lidar com problemas matemáticos. O estudo objetivou investigar o efeito da AM no desempenho aritmético de crianças com alta inteligência. Participaram do estudo 52 crianças com desempenho inferior no subteste aritmética do TDE e classificação “acima da média” ou “intelectualmente superior” nas Matrizes de Raven. Os resultados demonstraram correlação forte entre inteligência e TDE aritmética (r = 0,82; p < 0,000); e correlações moderadas entre TDE aritmética e QAM-A (r = 0,32; p = 0,02) e QAM-B (r = 0,35; p = 0,01). A análise de regressão linear múltipla demonstrou uma predição de 8% da subescala QAM-A e de 11 % da QAM-B como preditores do desempenho aritmético. A ansiedade matemática interfere no desempenho em aritmética, mesmo em crianças com a inteligência fluída acima do esperado, sugerindo um importante efeito dos mecanismos emocionais.

Aslı Bursalıoğlu, Alexandria Michalak, Maggie W. Guy

This study examined the role of intersensory redundancy on 12-month-old infants’ attention to and processing of face stimuli. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 72 12-month-olds were tested using an online platform called Lookit. Infants were familiarized with two videos of an actor reciting a children’s story presented simultaneously. A soundtrack either matched one of the videos (experimental condition) or neither of the videos (control condition). Visual-paired comparison (VPC) trials were completed to measure looking preferences for the faces presented synchronously and asynchronously during familiarization and for novel faces. Neither group displayed looking preferences during the VPC trials. It is possible that the complexity of the familiarization phase made the modality-specific face properties (i.e., facial characteristics and configuration) difficult to process. In Experiment 2, 56 12-month-old infants were familiarized with the video of only one actor presented either synchronously or asynchronously with the soundtrack. Following familiarization, participants completed a VPC procedure including the familiar face and a novel face. Results from Experiment 2 showed that infants in the synchronous condition paid more attention during familiarization than infants in the asynchronous condition. Infants in the asynchronous condition demonstrated recognition of the familiar face. These findings suggest that the competing face stimuli in the Experiment 1 were too complex for the facial characteristics to be processed. The procedure in Experiment 2 led to increased processing of the face in the asynchronous presentation. These results indicate that intersensory redundancy in the presentation of synchronous audiovisual faces is very salient, discouraging the processing of modality-specific visual properties. This research contributes to the understanding of face processing in multimodal contexts, which have been understudied, although a great deal of naturalistic face exposure occurs multimodally.

Redazione di Picenum Seraphicum