Over the past 500 years, North America has been the site of ongoing mixing of Native Americans, European settlers, and Africans (brought largely by the trans-Atlantic slave trade), shaping the early history of what became the United States. We studied the genetic ancestry of 5,269 self-described African Americans, 8,663 Latinos, and 148,789 European Americans who are 23andMe customers and show that the legacy of these historical interactions is visible in the genetic ancestry of present-day Americans. We document pervasive mixed ancestry and asymmetrical male and female ancestry contributions in all groups studied. We show that regional ancestry differences reflect historical events, such as early Spanish colonization, waves of immigration from many regions of Europe, and forced relocation of Native Americans within the US. This study sheds light on the fine-scale differences in ancestry within and across the United States and informs our understanding of the relationship between racial and ethnic identities and genetic ancestry.
In an innovative mix of history, anthropology, and post-colonial theory, Vicente L. Rafael examines the role of language in the religious conversion of the Tagalogs to Catholicism and their subsequent colonization during the early period (1580-1705) of Spanish rule in the Philippines. By tracing this history of communication between Spaniards and Tagalogs, Rafael maps the conditions that made possible both the emergence of a colonial regime and resistance to it. Originally published in 1988, this new paperback edition contains an updated preface that places the book in theoretical relation to other recent works in cultural studies and comparative colonialism.
Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least 4 m. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the 6.5 m James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 yr, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.
R. Gross, Tanayott Thaweethai, Lawrence C. Kleinman
et al.
Importance Most research to understand postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID, has focused on adults, with less known about this complex condition in children. Research is needed to characterize pediatric PASC to enable studies of underlying mechanisms that will guide future treatment. Objective To identify the most common prolonged symptoms experienced by children (aged 6 to 17 years) after SARS-CoV-2 infection, how these symptoms differ by age (school-age [6-11 years] vs adolescents [12-17 years]), how they cluster into distinct phenotypes, and what symptoms in combination could be used as an empirically derived index to assist researchers to study the likely presence of PASC. Design, Setting, and Participants Multicenter longitudinal observational cohort study with participants recruited from more than 60 US health care and community settings between March 2022 and December 2023, including school-age children and adolescents with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection history. Exposure SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main Outcomes and Measures PASC and 89 prolonged symptoms across 9 symptom domains. Results A total of 898 school-age children (751 with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection [referred to as infected] and 147 without [referred to as uninfected]; mean age, 8.6 years; 49% female; 11% were Black or African American, 34% were Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, and 60% were White) and 4469 adolescents (3109 infected and 1360 uninfected; mean age, 14.8 years; 48% female; 13% were Black or African American, 21% were Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, and 73% were White) were included. Median time between first infection and symptom survey was 506 days for school-age children and 556 days for adolescents. In models adjusted for sex and race and ethnicity, 14 symptoms in both school-age children and adolescents were more common in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection history compared with those without infection history, with 4 additional symptoms in school-age children only and 3 in adolescents only. These symptoms affected almost every organ system. Combinations of symptoms most associated with infection history were identified to form a PASC research index for each age group; these indices correlated with poorer overall health and quality of life. The index emphasizes neurocognitive, pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms in school-age children but change or loss in smell or taste, pain, and fatigue/malaise-related symptoms in adolescents. Clustering analyses identified 4 PASC symptom phenotypes in school-age children and 3 in adolescents. Conclusions and Relevance This study developed research indices for characterizing PASC in children and adolescents. Symptom patterns were similar but distinguishable between the 2 groups, highlighting the importance of characterizing PASC separately for these age ranges.
I. M. M. Robaina, I. M. M. Robaina, P. B. Teixeira
et al.
<p>Focusing on the aftermath of the abduction, rape and killing of an 8-year-old girl in Vitória, the paper argues that the violent event has left various traces that index a necropolitical power formation oriented towards hegemonic political and economic actors. The traces range from physical marks of violence to indications of obfuscation and manifestations of support for the aggressors. Such support was expressed, for example, by the city council's vote to retain a street name that honours the family of one of the alleged perpetrators. To analyse necropolitics through such traces, we draw on Mitchell Dean's discussion of the “signature of power” alongside works on feminicide, counter-forensics and contested toponymy. Thus reading necropolitics through its signature, we argue, sheds light on its specific context of formation and allows for scrutinizing the specific strategies and material elements through which necropolitics unfolds its deadly effects.</p>
Human ecology. Anthropogeography, Geography (General)
Abstract The article explores how the Coto Donana was understood, protected, and shaped as a national park and nature reserve between the early 1950s and late 1980s. In doing so, the article pays attention to the different valuations that were given to the region over the course of the twentieth century and the distinct cultures of landscape which were formed. The strongest contrast was between the reserving of the region as an elite sporting landscape evident in Chapman’s writings and its re-imagining and re-configuring within ecological science and conservation practice as a nature reserve. In exploring this shaping of the Coto Donana as a changing landscape, my account draws on and seeks to extend the work on cultures of landscape to understand the competing ways of knowing, managing, representing, and valuing the natural environment, as well as the different forms of conduct and pleasure associated with contrasting uses of the land.
For over five centuries, the <i>History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China</i>, written by Spanish missionary Juan González de Mendoza and published in 1585 in Rome, has captured the interest of the international academic community. However, scholarship has primarily focused on Mendoza’s depiction of China as rich and powerful, potentially overlooking the evangelical purpose of his narrative and failing to explain the correlation between the positive Chinese image and the author’s evangelical intention. This study aims to clarify the image of China presented by the Spanish author through a detailed textual analysis, concluding that Mendoza portrayed China as a rich and great nation that also had misguided beliefs and was open to evangelization. The Spanish author’s identity as an Augustinian preacher and ambassador of King Philip II of Spain to the Ming dynasty of China, as well as the global and evangelistic social context in which he lived, significantly influenced his perceptions of China. Furthermore, his hybrid profile of China was accepted in Europe at the time and became a collective memory because it embodied the spiritual context shared by the European community in the 16th century. This spiritual purpose was achieved through the idealized imagination, which serves as an affective medium in the formation of collective memory.
In this paper, we analyse the different meanings that can be attributed to the word « violence » in the world of medieval falconry. Based on documentation from the ancient Crowns of Castile and Aragon during the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Era, as well as the treatises that the Castilian and Catalan traditions produced within the discipline of hunting with birds, we characterize this violence in the sense of « force exerted against nature », as well as aggression against birds and their nests as property with high economic value, crimes that were codified in the legislative bodies of the time.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
Following into Erasmus's steps, Spanish authors Juan Luis Vives and Pedro de Luján have written dialogues with the aim of educating the youth of their time. The format of the dialogue genre itself, however, implies the presence of a contradictory voice, a counter-point to the dominant discourse which, far from undermining the latter, would tend to reinforce its efficiency. In spite of being artificial rhetorical devices, such opponents have been sketched up into true characters with remarkable, if not fully-fledged, traits. The present contribution shall therefore focus on these poorly-bred children in so much as they stand as reverse models enabling the readers to better understand what was expected of well-educated offspring in the Renaissance period. Above all, what will be highlighted here is the way the misbehaving children evolve throughout the dialogues up to the point of directing the readers toward their own improvement.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
This introspective text proposes to explore the line of thought that brought me from scientific research to documentary writing. It exposes the subject of the audio documentary entitled “From Alicante to Tulle, a memory in exile” produced in 2018 in collaboration with Julien Varigault, to address more widely the question of memories of the Spanish exile and how they imposed themselves on me as reference framework in my own life course. By exploring this painful past, this article questions the mark and our possible traces on the present.
La tente du roi Alexandre est longuement décrite dans le Roman d’Alexandre de Bernay (fin XIIe siècle) et le Libro de Alexandre castillan (début XIIIe siècle). En dépit d’une évidente parenté, les deux auteurs ont adopté des choix narratifs assez distincts, notamment dans la première partie de l’ekphrasis, concernant l’extérieur des tentes. Celui-ci n’a pas fait l’objet d’analyses précises, à la différence des tentures intérieures, souvent étudiées. La communication se propose de comprendre comment ces choix narratifs renvoient à la fois à une « réalité » observable, le monde de la tente médiévale, magnifiée par l’hyperbole romanesque. Mais l’intérêt majeur de la comparaison tient surtout aux absences, dans la version castillane : pourquoi l’auteur du Libro a-t-il laissé de côté tout ce qui relevait de la magie, de la mirabilia, dans son ekphrasis de la tente d’Alexandre ?
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
The chronicles of James I (c. 1270-1276), Bernat Desclot (c. 1280-1288), Ramon Muntaner (1325-1328) and Peter the Ceremonious (c. 1345-1385), known as the four great Catalan chronicles, are one of the best sets of historiographic works from mediaeval Europe.
Eminent scholars, historians and philologists have studied and published them, and translations in numerous languages have also been issued. Nonetheless, they are still undeservedly unknown outside the circle of experts in Catalan history and literature. In 1971, Ferran Soldevila published a joint edition of all four chronicles with profuse historical annotations, which was recently revised and expanded by the historian Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol and the linguist Jordi Bruguera in an edition which currently provides the best access to these works. This article provides a summary of current knowledge of these works from an interdisciplinary perspective, along with a few new insights.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
P. Guallar-Castillón, J. Sagardui-Villamor, Teresa Balboa-Castillo
et al.
Objective To assess the validity and reproducibility of food and nutrient intake estimated with the electronic diet history of ENRICA (DH-E), which collects information on numerous aspects of the Spanish diet. Methods The validity of food and nutrient intake was estimated using Pearson correlation coefficients between the DH-E and the mean of seven 24-hour recalls collected every 2 months over the previous year. The reproducibility was estimated using intraclass correlation coefficients between two DH-E made one year apart. Results The correlations coefficients between the DH-E and the mean of seven 24-hour recalls for the main food groups were cereals (r = 0.66), meat (r = 0.66), fish (r = 0.42), vegetables (r = 0.62) and fruits (r = 0.44). The mean correlation coefficient for all 15 food groups considered was 0.53. The correlations for macronutrients were: energy (r = 0.76), proteins (r = 0.58), lipids (r = 0.73), saturated fat (r = 0.73), monounsaturated fat (r = 0.59), polyunsaturated fat (r = 0.57), and carbohydrates (r = 0.66). The mean correlation coefficient for all 41 nutrients studied was 0.55. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the two DH-E was greater than 0.40 for most foods and nutrients. Conclusions The DH-E shows good validity and reproducibility for estimating usual intake of foods and nutrients.
En este artículo se plantea la búsqueda de la poética de Antonio Gamoneda. Se trata de una poética que parte del dolor para buscar la luz, siempre centrándose en la reflexión metaliteraria. El poeta aprende a mirarse a sí mismo, en versos puramente introspectivos, para poder así mirar el mundo. Para exponer el hecho de que la lirica gamonediana es en sí misma metaliteraria, se parte del análisis de diversos poemas, que abarcan la mayor parte de la trayectoria poética del poeta. El silencio como elemento previo a la creación, expresado en la página en blanco, será fundamental, así como el hecho de nombrar, de dar nombre a las cosas. Gamoneda, a través de la contemplación de la adquisición del habla de su nieta Cecilia, explorará el poder creador de la palabra.