Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Aage Engesæter

1950- og 1960-talet var ei tid med store kraftutbyggingsprosjekt i Noreg. Samstundes vaks motførestillingane mot dei omfattande vasskraftutbyggingane. I denne artikkelen følgjer eg utviklinga av eit stort kraftutbyggingsprosjekt i Sogn som ikkje vart realisert. Ei hovudproblemstilling er å syna kvifor prosjektet havarerte. Bakgrunnen for planane var lokalt behov for straum og ei moderat utbygging, men som resultat av den nasjonale kraftpolitikken vart planane kraftig utvida, i eit samarbeid mellom det lokale kraftselskapet A/S Årøy og det statseigde aluminiumsverket Årdal og Sunndal Verk. I artikkelen drøftar eg motsetningar mellom lokale behov og den nasjonale kraftpolitikken. Planane la opp til massive naturinngrep i to låglandsvassdrag og skapte stort lokalt engasjement; sentrale naturvernorganisasjonar var likevel fråverande. I artikkelen dokumenterer eg den lokale motstanden, som var ein viktig grunn til at planane til slutt vart skrinlagde. Saka er eit tidleg døme på konflikt mellom kraftpolitikk og verneinteresser, illustrerer utviklinga av naturvernet på 1960-talet og syner korleis NVE, den statlege etaten som forvalta kraftpolitikken, sleit med å ta inn over seg dei nye haldningane til naturen, som også manifesterte seg i lovverket. Konfliktane utbyggingssaka skapte, har klare parallellar til konfliktar knytt til våre dagars vindkraftutbygging.

Adam Drozdek

Anne Eidsfeldt

Denne artikkelen viser hva slags bøker som var nedtegnet i skiftet etter bokhandler Margaretha Clausdatter Møller i Christiania da hun døde i 1703, hvordan hennes bokhandel var organisert, samt hva bøkene ble taksert for. Det argumenteres for at bøkene speiler et publikum som trolig hadde ulike lesekunnskaper rundt 1703, og at Møller kunne tilby lesestoff først og fremst til allmuen, men også et stort antall fagbøker på tysk og latin til den utdannede klasse.

Sara Hägi-Mead

The following contribution is a theoretically sound didactic for dealing with taboos in integration courses, making normative statements and substantiating them. A grid is presented, with which, on the one hand, topics, actions, statements, and language usage can be assigned to the aspects of protection and abuse through taboos. On the other hand, taboo-breaks show both positive and negative consequences for the individual in the social context, and thus opportunities for social development. Since questions of empowerment are always at stake in the context of integration, the grid represents a means of perceiving existing power relations, recognizing strategies against attributions and the discursive exercise of power, and deriving options for action from them. The central statements are illustrated by examples from teaching materials.

Arwen Thysse

Kedwards, Dale. 2020. The Mappae Mundi of Medieval Iceland. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer. 262 pages. ISBN: 978-1-84384-569-0. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxhrjnp.

Simon Nygaard, Yoav Tirosh

This is a dedication in the front matter.

Zuzanna Czerwonka-Wajda

The paper presents the results of a pilot study on audition of Dutch tense vowel [e] and diphthong [ɛ͜i] by Polish native speakers. It was hypothesized that Polish native speakers should generally fail to distinguish those sounds, as they lie acoustically close to each other (especially those produced by speakers of Dutch form the Netherlands) and moreover they are absent from Polish phonetic system. Instead the experiment has shown that Polish native speakers are almost as good in differentiating of isolated Dutch [e] and [ɛ͜i] as the native speakers of Dutch. Further experiments are needed to examine if equally good results can be achieved with [e] and [ɛ͜i] in the word context.

Matthias Egeler

The contribution analyses how the late medieval Harðar saga uses place-names as literary devices. It proposes that toponyms are employed not only to locate plot elements, but also for purposes of subversion, the dropping of keywords then taken up by the narrative in an often grotesque and ironic fashion, the creation of an (again, typically ironic) subtext, and the evocation of physical topographies and their visual appearance in the context of accounts of travels. Thus, the contribution argues that place-names are a central part of the storyteller’s toolkit which can provide important pointers for how to read the saga. Der Beitrag analysiert, wie die spätmittelalterliche Harðar saga Ortsnamen als literarische Ausdrucksmittel verwendet. Dabei wird vorgeschlagen, dass Toponyme nicht nur herangezogen werden, um die Schauplätze von Elementen der Sagahandlung zu lokalisieren, sondern auch zu Zwecken der Subversion, als insbesondere in ironischer und grotesker Weise verwendete Stichwortgeber für die Entwicklung von einzelnen Episoden der Saga, zur Schaffung eines (erneut typischerweise ironischen) Subtexts, und zur Evozierung des visuellen Erscheinungsbilds der physischen Topographie im Rahmen von Reisebeschreibungen. Damit erweisen sich Ortsnamen als ein zentraler Teil des »Werkzeugkastens« des Erzählers, der für eine Interpretation der Saga wichtige Anhaltspunkte geben kann.

Markéta Šmalcová

In his book "Umění překladu"(1963), Jiří Levý describes three fundamental steps of the translation process. He calls for the thorough understanding, correct interpretation as well as stylistic transformation of the original text so that its meaning will not get lost as a result of inaccurate translation. The paper deals with some of the interesting problems that arise when translating words for fairy tale characters and objects from "Kinder- und Hausmärchen" by the Brothers Grimm into Czech or Italian. In these languages the corresponding words frequently have different genders from German. So the paper addresses the question of how much of a challenge the gender differences in German, Czech and Italian can be for the translator.

Hana Bergerová

Katarzyna Wiercińska

This paper, using a corpus of 10 contemporary Flemish films (app. 83,000 words), aims to approach the linguistic picture of the social relations in Flanders on the basis of the pronominal forms of address that are typical for Flemish interlanguage. In this variety of Dutch the pronoun gij is commonly used next to jij and u in informal communication. It is assumed that the linguistic picture of the speaker's social network can be reconstructed looking at the forms of address that he or she uses.

Sylvie Stanovská

Jürgen Eder

Trygve Ugland

Joop van der Horst

This paper explores idioms or idiom-like constructions in Dutch, all containing a finite verb. Some of these constructions are also known as "syntactic amalgams" and/or "grafts"; I prefer the broader and loosely defined term "chunks of sentences" ("zinsbrokken"). Three types are discerned, as shown in: (1) "Er is iets aan het gebeuren in de katholieke kerk, denk ik" ("There is something happening in the Catholic Church, I think"); (2) "Ik ben toch wel in wat je noemt een impasse" ("I am in what you call a deadlock"); (3) " – De "maar-ik-ben-dood"-wending laat kijkers achter met een beklemmend gevoel" ("The 'but I am dead'-turn leaves the spectator with a feeling of oppression"). As far as known: all of them are relatively young, i.e. since one or two hundred years. The paper is also an exploration on possible causes of the origin of this unique kind of constructions.

Anne B. Wallen

H. Steffen, G. Kaufmann, R. Lampe

During the last glacial maximum, a large ice sheet covered Scandinavia, which depressed the earth's surface by several 100 m. In northern central Europe, mass redistribution in the upper mantle led to the development of a peripheral bulge. It has been subsiding since the begin of deglaciation due to the viscoelastic behaviour of the mantle. <br><br> We analyse relative sea-level (RSL) data of southern Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland and Lithuania to determine the lithospheric thickness and radial mantle viscosity structure for distinct regional RSL subsets. We load a 1-D Maxwell-viscoelastic earth model with a global ice-load history model of the last glaciation. We test two commonly used ice histories, RSES from the Australian National University and ICE-5G from the University of Toronto. <br><br> Our results indicate that the lithospheric thickness varies, depending on the ice model used, between 60 and 160 km. The lowest values are found in the Oslo Graben area and the western German Baltic Sea coast. In between, thickness increases by at least 30 km tracing the Ringkøbing-Fyn High. In Poland and Lithuania, lithospheric thickness reaches up to 160 km. However, the latter values are not well constrained as the confidence regions are large. Upper-mantle viscosity is found to bracket [2–7] × 10²⁰ Pa s when using ICE-5G. Employing RSES much higher values of 2 × 10²¹ Pa s are obtained for the southern Baltic Sea. Further investigations should evaluate whether this ice-model version and/or the RSL data need revision. We confirm that the lower-mantle viscosity in Fennoscandia can only be poorly resolved. <br><br> The lithospheric structure inferred from RSES partly supports structural features of regional and global lithosphere models based on thermal or seismological data. While there is agreement in eastern Europe and southwest Sweden, the structure in an area from south of Norway to northern Germany shows large discrepancies for two of the tested lithosphere models. The lithospheric thickness as determined with ICE-5G does not agree with the lithosphere models. Hence, more investigations have to be undertaken to sufficiently determine structures such as the Ringkøbing-Fyn High as seen with seismics with the help of glacial isostatic adjustment modelling.

Milan Pišl

Článek se zabývá analýzou syntaktických konstrukcí mluvené řeči použitého [i.e. použitých] v jazyku divadelní hry. Východiskem byla hypotéza, že emocionální rovina textu může být velmi dobře zprostředkována za pomocí vyrámcování, elipsy, parenteze nebo anakolutu. Tento předpoklad byl nejdříve nezbytně teoreticky podložen a následně rozebrán v rámci analýzy konkrétního divadelního textu Tätowierung od Dey Loherové.

Peter Stenberg

Natalie M. Van Deusen