Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

Krzysztof K. Daszyk

In 1921, an outstanding literature historian and literary critic Wacław Borowy published an exquisite several dozen-paged study Wisła w poezji polskiej (Vistula in the Polish poetry). It the study – “having examined one after another” poems dedicated to the “queen of Polish rivers” (or at least mentioning it more broadly) that appeared in our literature within the span of about four hundred years: from the 16th century to the first two decades of the 20th century – the author concluded that “Vistula poetry” reached its magnificence “with the Romantics who considered love towards nature as one of the basics of their literary theory”. As can be seen through an analysis of applicable works, the renowned literary expert recognised “love towards nature” to be the origin of the Romantics’ fascination with “the Vistula theme”, and emphasised that very motif – which can be defined as an emotional-aesthetic one. From the point of view of an idea historian a different motif – a patrioticpolitical one – should be considered more interesting and definitely more important. Therefore, this text focuses on that matter and discusses the title issue based on an analysis of works of such Romantic authors as Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński, Cyprian Norwid, Seweryn Goszczyński, Maurycy Gosławski, Konstanty Gaszyński, Karol Baliński, Ignacy Danielewski, Roman Zmorski, Teofil Lenartowicz and Edmund Wasilewski.

María de Pilar Rábade Obradó

Tras sus inicios en 1391, el denominado “problema converso” protagonizó un desarrollo que culminó con el establecimiento de la Inquisición en 1478 por Sixto IV, durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos. Entre medias, se había producido un acontecimiento clave para la opinión que se tenía de los conversos: la revuelta de Toledo de 1449, tras la cual las cosas nunca volvieron a ser las mismas para los cristianos nuevos, debido al surgimiento de un clima de exaltación religiosa, de un antisemitismo emocional. A partir de ese momento se hizo evidente el rechazo de muchos cristianos viejos hacia los judeoconversos, que tuvo mucho que ver con el establecimiento de la Inquisición. Se reflejó en la documentación inquisitorial, singularmente en los procesos, en los que los cristianos viejos toman la palabra para expresar la opinión negativa que les merecen los conversos. A ellos se unen frecuentemente los judíos. Incluso, se puede observar cómo algunos cristianos nuevos también muestran su opinión negativa hacia otros conversos, aunque no hay que descartar que lo hagan con la intención de congraciarse con los inquisidores, de presentarse como fieles y leales cristianos, frente a los que son criptojudíos. Esa opinión anticonversa documentada en los procesos inquisitoriales muestra la existencia de un rechazo poliédrico hacia los conversos, con los cristianos viejos como protagonistas fundamentales, aunque no únicos. Cierto es que cuando se trata de la cuestión conversa no se puede olvidar la otra cara de la moneda: la evidente existencia del rechazo no puede ocultar la presencia de un proceso de asimilación, también evidente.

M. B. Smirnova

Although Francisco de Quevedo’s sonnets, unlike, for example, Shakespeare’s, have not become a fact of Russian culture and literature, the existing experience of translating them is of interest from the point of view of the very possibility of conveying to the modern reader the meaning and pragmatics of the Baroque text. The peculiarities of the Spanish author’s poetic language are associated with the specifics of lyrical subjectivity, which is far from romantic and post-romantic ideas about authorship as a confession based upon personal experience, but is a set of masks or roles that he constructed in accordance with one or another poetic canon. One of these canonical languages was Petrarchism, which largely determined the language of Quevedo’s love sonnets. The novelty of the Spanish Baroque author lies in the fact that, relying on Petrarchist conventions, he subjects them to witty reflection and turns them into the subject of a conceptual game. At the same time, the reflective nature of the sonnet as a Renaissance genre is reduced to the poetic word. The true hero of Quevedo’s sonnets is not himself or even the feeling of love as such, but a conceit (concepto), the pragmatic goal of this kind of poetry is to surprise the reader and involve him in an intellectual adventure. Analysis of two sonnets and their Russian versions (by A. Koss and A. Geleskul) allows us to draw conclusions about different translation strategies (literal and adapting), which nevertheless lead in different ways to the weakening and erosion of the conceit. The advantage of the first translation is its philological precision. The second impresses with its poetical qualities and naturalness. However, in the first case, the endeavor to follow the original step by step leads to overly heavy syntactic and grammatical constructions. This distracts the reader, preventing him from following the sophisticated paradigm of metaphors into which the basic conceit unfolds. In the second case, the intellectual and rhetorical basis of the sonnet, the supporting elements of the final conceit are sacrificed.

Рабинович, Яков Николаевич

The article for the first time presents a detailed biography of the governor of Saratov, Vasily Vasilyevich Neledinsky. This serviceman from the fatherland in his youth became a tenant at the court of Mikhail Romanov, and after 20 years he was transferred to the Moscow nobles. He received his first voivodship appointment in the Ket prison in Siberia, then participated in the suppression ofthe uprising in Novgorod and Pskov, and served as governor in Rylsk. Atthe beginning of the Russian-Polish war in 1654, Vasily Neledinsky fought in the north-western direction in the regiment of the boyar V. P. Sheremetev, and in 1655 was sent as governor to Saratov. Particular attention in the article is paid to the Saratov service of V. V. Neledinsky. 

Angela Göbel

The present article examines the network of contacts between German-speaking travellers in Paris at the beginning of the 18th century, using the example of the travel diary of Johann Friedrich Armand von Uffenbach, who stayed there for seven months, after arriving in the city only a few days after the death of Louis XIV. During his stay, Uffenbach meticulously records the people he meets, sees and talks to. The present study analyses the composition of this network of contacts that Uffenbach created during his voyage, focusing particularly on the network of German-speaking travellers and that of travellers and Parisians, while highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of these networks revealed in Uffenbach’s account.

Friederike Frenzel

The University of Göttingen was a product of the personal union between Great Britain and the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. As such, it established a British-German connection on an institutional level. Its library and its journal, the Göttingische Anzeigen, profited immensely from new and secure circulation networks. Against the backdrop of a booming early modern publication and review market as well as the development of a German literary language, this paper focuses on Scottish influences upon Popular Philosophy in Göttingen and discusses three reviews that the Göttingen Professor of philosophy, Johann Georg Heinrich Feder, published about the works of James Beattie, Adam Ferguson and Thomas Reid. It emphasizes the connection between early modern journalistic work and eclectic philosophy, by linking linguistic translation, conceptual integration and transformation as well as academic discussions and popularisation efforts.

Bene Bence

„Otthon nélkül nem ember az ember.”– Talmud, Jevámot 63a. A tanulmány alapjául szolgáló kutatás a Práter utcai melegedőt látogató hajléktalan emberek városhasználatával foglalkozik. Egy kérdőíves adatfelvétel elemzése alapján rekonstruálom, hogy a válaszadók hol töltötték el a napjukat, merre jártak, mivel közlekedtek, mikor, mit csináltak. A nappali melegedőben felvett kérdőívek a hajléktalan társadalom sokrétűségét mutatják, ennek kutatása és feltérképezése a városi társadalmak megértésének és fejlesztésének egyaránt fontos eleme. A kérdőíveket adatalapú, térképalapú és videóalapú elemzéssel dolgoztam fel. A különböző megjelenítési formák újfajta látásmódok kialakításához járulhatnak hozzá és segíthetnek a hajléktalanság komplexitásának megértésében. A válaszadók mobilitásának morfológiáját vizsgálva lokális, globális és „otthona az út” típusú közlekedőket azonosíthatunk. Emellett csoportosíthatjuk a részvevőket életkoruk, lakhatási formájuk, tömegközlekedési szokásaik és a hajléktalan létben eltöltött idejük szerint. Az egyes csoportok eltérően használják a várost, a város kínálta lehetőségeket; morfológiai viselkedésüket vizsgálva megfigyelhetők ismétlődő, hasonló elemek, amelyek mintázatokká állnak össze. A kutatás egyik eredményének a tömegközlekedésben rejlő potenciál felismerését tekintem. A tömegközlekedést használók aránya a megkérdezett hajléktalan emberek között kifejezetten magas, ezért a tömegközlekedési eszközök az ellátórendszert nem használók elérésének és segítésének egyik helyszínévé válhatnának.  

Prince Peprah, Emmanuel Mawuli Abalo, Julius Nyonyo et al.

This qualitative study was conducted in some selected rural communities within the Birim South District between March to June 2017 with the main aim of teasing out insights into Ghana’s perspective of pregnant women’s attitudes and perceptions about modern and traditional midwives and perceptional impact on health seeking behaviour and status. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first known study in Ghana that has provided empirical evidence on this subject. The study found that pregnant women have good attitudes and perceptions toward traditional midwives based on their personal experiences, beliefs and philosophies. Thus, pregnant women only see the need to seek the service of modern midwives when serious complications occur during childbirth and predominantly have their deliveries supervised by traditional midwives. These results call for, specifically two main policy interventions. First, behavioral change interventions through education, community sensitisation and awareness, is required. This should target family members, especially husbands and mothers in-law who are key household decision makers. This will radically help change the conservative attitudes and perceptions about modern midwives by pregnant women. Second, based on the support offered and willingness showed by the study participants, effective intercultural midwifery system will help maximise the utilisation of our midwifery and health delivery systems. Traditional and modern midwives need to work together to ensure safe birth. We consider collaboration among healthcare providers as critical, especially in the rural areas where the number of modern midwives are limited. Keywords: Traditional midwife, Modern midwife, Intercultural midwifery system, Behavioral change, Rural Ghana

Paulo Brito do Prado

O presente artigo estuda o passado recente de Goiás na expetativa de questionar os silêncios que obscureceram mulheres atuantes no cenário urbano em 1960. Propomos um exercício de reflexão histórica voltado para a interrogação dos silêncios no interior da Organização Vilaboense de Artes e Tradições (OVAT). No decorrer da narrativa problematizamos as políticas da memória e criamos espaços para que as mulheres silenciadas pudessem nos contar outras versões da história local, apagadas pelos jogos de poder e pela dominação masculina presentes nesta instituição cultural, criada em 1965.

Vanessa Guéno

Until 2011, when the revolutionary sparkle was lit in Homs (Syria), it was a place considered being insignificant or forgotten by most people. Its revolutionary effervescence transformed the city – until then without any major historical events – to an emblematic city and the apocalyptic images of the events were accessed/used by the media and by the local stakeholders thanks to social media. In this context, facing these brutal actions, the role and position of the historian needs to be reconsidered. It forces him/her to review his/her understanding of the past, of his/her choice of source material and their interpretation of them. With the transformation of the field of study into a “battlefield”, the concept of tangible and intangible heritage is renewed. Be it abandoned old stones, disused local expressions or forgotten popular rituals, the people of Homs are rediscovering their city and reclaim their heritage. In this chaos, can the historian continue to dissociate/distance from the events and the emotions. Does the history of Ottoman Homs written in 2007 need to be rewritten?

Petri Talvitie

Gilles Bienvenu

La description du paysage paraguayen par les missionnaires jésuites, à partir de 1609, marque une profonde rupture par rapport aux descriptions données jusqu’alors par plusieurs générations d’Européens. Le pays de Cocagne peuplé d’agriculteurs fait place à un enfer vert dont les populations sont décrites comme essentiellement nomades et forestières : sauvages. Au delà du désir manifeste des missionnaires de magnifier leur propre entreprise de rédemption des Indiens Guaranis, cette transfiguration du paysage et cette négation de l’activité agricole des populations natives est ici interprétée comme une réponse des Jésuites à la question de la légitimité de leur appropriation des terres, en phase avec l’évolution de la philosophie du droit européen.

Vladimir Posavec

Barbara SCARDIGLI

Fábio Andreas Richter

O presente artigo procura analisar a trajetória de mudanças sofridas pela configuração assumida no ocidente pelo Estado, como instituição, no final do século XX e início do XXI. A análise prioriza a relação entre o Estado e os paradigmas econômicos vigentes, em especial a transição entre os regimes keynesianos e neoliberais no tempo presente. Procura, desta forma, identificar os elementos que compuseram os principais momentos de disputa entre modelos em busca de hegemonia. As propostas relativas ao papel do Estado situam-se entre os extremos da sua intervenção direta na economia, como forma de promover o bem estar social – presente nas políticas keynesianas – e o seu distanciamento, deixando as atividades econômicas a cargo da iniciativa privada, como é defendida pelas políticas neoliberais.  Palavras-Chave: Neoliberalismo. Configuração do Estado. Economia. Abstract This article aims to analyze the trajectory of changes suffered by the State configuration in the end of the XX century and in the beginning of the XXI century. The analysis prioritizes the relation between the effective State and economic paradigms, in special the transition between keynesian and neoliberal regimes in the present time. Search of this form to identify the elements that had composed the main moments of dispute between models in hegemony search. The relative proposals to the role of the State are placed enter the extremities of its direct intervention in the economy, as form to promote the welfare state, present in the keynesians politics, and its removal, leaving the economic activities the position of the private initiative, as it is defended by the neoliberal politics. Keywords: Neoliberalism. Configuration of the State. Economy.  

María Jesús García Garrosa

El trabajo repasa las aportaciones de los últimos diez años en las investigaciones sobre las escritoras españolas del siglo XVIII (catálogos de autoras, ediciones de obras, estudios de conjunto sobre la producción femenina y estudios particulares sobre algunas figuras), señalando las principales orientaciones de esos trabajos y destacando los avances que han supuesto en el conocimiento de la actividad literaria de esas mujeres. Basándose en estas nuevas miradas críticas sobre el tema, el presente trabajo ofrece una serie de reflexiones sobre la creación literaria de las autoras dieciochescas, sobre sus actitudes y sus logros, e indica algunos de los caminos abiertos aún a descubrimientos, interpretaciones y valoraciones de nuevas investigaciones en el terreno de la historia cultural y de la historia social.

Pinuccia Franca Simbula

En considérant l'importance de la guerre de course dans l'expan­sion Catalane-Aragonese entre le XIVe et le XVe siècles, quelques opéra­tions militaires conduites et projetées par la Couronne à la fin du XIVº siècle pendant la guerre pour la conquête du royaume de Sardaigne et du royaume de Sicile ont été examinés. Les registres comptables restés nous ont permis l'examen des données économiques et financiers, la composi­tions des escadres navales, l'insertion de capitaines corsaires et leurs activi­tés. En particulier on a analysé la comptabilité de l'escadre navale envoyée en Sicile entre 1379 et 1380 pour libérer la reine Marie, l'activité de la flotte et l'utilisation du butin pour amortir les grands frais de la guerre.

León Sanz, Virginia

La participación activa de los españoles ante la herencia de Carlos II explica el carácter civil de la Guerra de Sucesión española que enfrenta a Felipe de Anjou y a Carlos de Austria. Con el fin de la contienda, tras la derrota de la causa austracista, muchos partidarios del Pretendiente abandonan España y pasan a Italia o al Imperio. Poco se sabe de la nueva vida que comienzan los españoles exiliados. Existe un trabajo de F. Duran Canyameras, Els exiliats de la Guerra de Successió, en el que se traza la trayectoria que siguieron algunos de estos españoles después de dejar España, pero falta conocer las actividades y modo de vida que tuvieron. A continuación ofrecemos un estudio sobre el desarrollo de las medidas que se aplican para socorrer a los españoles.