Artiklis analüüsitakse vestlusanalüüsi meetodil, kuidas telesarja “Õnne 13” telefonikõnedes vestluskaaslane identifitseeritakse. Enamasti näidatakse neis kõnedes vaid üht osalejat, kes imiteerib dialoogi. Vestlejate tavapärasele vastastikusele identifitseerimisele lisandub ülesanne televaatajatele teada anda, kes on teine suhtleja. Seetõttu kasutatakse uuritavates telefonikõnedes eksplitsiitsemaid vahendeid kui loomulikus suhtluses. Keskne identifitseerimisvõte on üte, mida kasutati 2/3 kõnedes. Partneri nime ütlemine võib sealjuures väljendada nii äratundmist kui mitteäratundmist. Nimele võib lisanduda üllatusele viitav marker. Vaatamata sellele, et omavahel suhtlevad pereliikmed ja sõbrad, osutatakse sageli küsimusega partneri mitte äratundmisele. Kui näidatakse mõlemat suhtlejat, poleks eksplitsiitset identifitseerimist televaataja jaoks tarvis, kuid ka nendes kõnedes kasutatakse samu võtteid.
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"Identification of the conversation partner in the phone calls of the TV series “Õnne 13”" *** The paper analyzes phone calls from the Estonian Television series “Õnne 13” (“Happi ness Street 13”). The study follows the methodological approach of conversation analysis. The data consist of 60 everyday phone calls from various seasons (1994–2024). A characteristic feature of these calls is that usually only one participant is shown, who imitates a dialogue. The central analytical technique of conversation analysis, the next-turn proof procedure, allows for hypothesizing the missing turns of the interlocutor based on how the speaker interprets the previous turn. A key characteristic of film dialogue is the need to consider the audience’s knowledge: the turns must be designed not only with the conversation partner in mind but also with the viewer. When only one phone call participant is shown on screen, the viewer must be able to understand who the interlocutor is. The content of the conversation may not always reveal this. Therefore, the phone calls under analysis use significantly more explicit means of identifying the partner than in natural communication. Some of the techniques used are typical in authentic conversations, while others are not. If both participants are shown, verbal identification would not be necessary for the viewer, yet the identification methods do not differ from those used in calls with only one participant. In two-thirds of the calls, the speaker addresses the partner by name, which is rarely done in natural conversations. In the caller’s turns, there is often a long pause after the name, marking the partner’s reaction or the expectation of it. In this case, saying the name may indicate an identification problem. In the recipient’s turns, saying the partner’s name expresses recognition. The name is usually said in a surprised and/or laughing tone, often accompanied by a marker indicating surprise (e.g., aa ’oh’; sina elistad ’it’s you calling’). This differs from natural phone conversations: in none of the phone calls from the Corpus of Spoken Estonian does the recipient express surprise at receiving the call. In seven calls, an identification question is asked (e.g., kes räägib ’who is speaking’). The conversation partner is not recognized, even though family members and friends are talking to each other. As one method of identification, the recipient tells a face-to-face partner who is calling. In such a phone call, there is no explicit identification of the interlocutor. The same identification techniques are generally used for both landline and mobile phones. No special attention is given to the fact that, with a mobile phone, the caller can be identified from the screen before the call begins.
The noun leppä (or one of its phonetic variants) is used as a name for âalder (Alnus)â in Finnic, Mordvinic and Lapp. The same word denotes âbleedingâ as well as âblood of a killed animalâ or â as in some dialects â just âfish or seal bloodâ. On the Western Estonian islands the word is also used to refer to a reddish colour. In addition, the stem has produced several names for âladybirdâ used in Finnish, Karelian, Ingrian, Votic and Estonian. Some linguists tend to consider âalderâ as the primary sense of the lexeme in Finnic, while some others hold that the original sense is âbloodâ. With some hesitation the word has been suggested to be a Baltic loan. Here a new hypothesis is advanced: the Finnic lepp(ä) could possibly be an early Indo-European loan originally meaning âpaintâ.
Abstrakti. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan ‑kin-liitteen sisältäviä nominaalisia ilmauksia, yhtäältä pronomineja, joissa ‑kin on sananmuodon kiinteä osa, ja toisaalta NP=kin-rakennetta, joissa ‑kin on itsenäiseen nominiin liitetty fokuspartikkeli. Lähtökohtana on oletus, että pro-sanoilla jokin, kukin, mikin on referentiaalisesti jotakin yhteistä NP=kin-rakenteen kanssa. ‑kin-liitteisiä pronomineja kuvataan selauksen käsitteen (rans. parcours, eng. scanning) avulla. Selaus tarkoittaa kielellistä operaatiota, jossa jonkin luokan jäseniä käydään läpi pysähtymättä yhdenkään niistä kohdalle. Yksinkertaisten pronominien (jokin, kukin) lisäksi huomio kohdistuu kahdesta pro-sanasta muodostuvaan distributiiviseen rakenteeseen milloin mikin ja sen diskursiivisiin käyttöihin. Artikkelissa esitetään, että selauksen käsite valottaa myös NP=kin-rakenteen merkitystä. ‑kin-partikkeli konstruoi NP:n tulkinnan taustalle luokan, jonka puitteissa sen tarkoite rinnastuu toisiin samankaltaisessa asemassa oleviin tarkoitteisiin. Tässä tapauksessa selausoperaatio ei koske NP:n referenssin rakentumista, vaan se vaikuttaa NP:n tarkoitteen statukseen osallistujana lausuman ilmaisemaan predikaatioon. ‑kin merkitsee, että tarkoitteeen ja predikaation suhde ei ole ainutkertainen. Selausoperaatiosta seuraa erilaisia tulkintoja sen mukaan, miten ‑kin-partikkelin konstruoima luokka muodostuu, ja aktivoiko partikkeli lausuman tulkinnassa yhden vai useamman fokuksen.
Abstract. Outi Duvallon: On the semantics and discourse functions of the Finnish clitic ‑kin. This paper presents a study on two kinds of nominal expressions containing the morpheme ‑kin, the pronouns composed of a stem (jo‑, ku‑, mi‑) and the suffix ‑kin, and the NP=kin construction in which ‑kin is a clitic focus particle attached to an independent noun. The starting point is the assumption that the pronouns with the suffix ‑kin have something in common with the NP=kin construction with respect to their referential properties. The analysis is based on the concept of scanning (Fr. parcours), defined as designating an operation that consists in going through items of a class without stopping at anyone. In addition to the simple pronouns jokin ‘something’, kukin ‘each one’, attention is paid to the two-part expressions with distributive meaning, such as milloin mikin ‘at different times, different things’. The paper aims to show that the concept of scanning makes it also possible to shed light on the meaning and discourse functions of the NP=kin construction.
Kokkuvõte. Outi Duvallon: Liite ‑kin semantikast ja diskursiivsetest funktsioonidest. Artiklis vaadeldakse kaht tüüpi kin-liidet sisaldavaid nominaalseid väljendeid: asesõnu, kus ‑kin on sõnavormi osa, ning NP=kin konstruktsioone, kus ‑kin on iseseisva nimisõnaga liidetud fookuspartikkel. Lähtutakse eeldusest, et asesõnad jokin, kukin, mikin on referentsiaalselt mingis osas NP=kin konstruktsiooniga sarnased. Kin-liitelisi asesõnu analüüsitakse skaneerimise mõiste abil (pr. parcours, ingl. scanning). Skaneerimine tähistab tegevust, mille käigus vaadeldakse järjestikku mingi klassi liikmeid, ühelgi eraldi peatumata. Lisaks lihtasesõnadele (jokin, kukin) pööratakse tähelepanu kahest asesõnast koosnevale distributiivse tähendusega väljendile milloin mikin ja selle kasutusele diskursuses. Artiklis näidatakse, et skaneerimise mõiste võimaldab heita valgust ka NP=kin konstruktsiooni tähendusele ja diskursiivsetele funktsioonidele.
As this issue of The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies illustrates despite the fact that Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region are sometimes perceived and self-perceived in terms of otherness, they share many of the assumptions, values, fears, and inconsistencies of the European continent, albeit in their own terms and with numerous nuances.
Irina Manea’s article, which opens the second issue of the 13th volume of the journal, investigating the resurgence of Neopaganism and Heathen groups in Scandinavia, is a good illustration of this point. The völkish and ethnicist perspectives, which are generally seen as matrices of generic fascisms, are persistently represented throughout Scandinavia, despite the fact that Norse symbols and mythology provide them with a number of distinctive characteristics. The author’s focus on the Asatru Association in Iceland and The Old Way in Sweden reveals very intriguing characteristics of these movements, which exhibit significant regional nuances, but are comparable to other European movements in their pursuit of “a heritage discourse that can become acceptable and normalized in society, reflecting an open and inclusive attitude.”
A common European feature of the post-Communist period in former Eastern Europe is the migration to the Western better-off countries. Maruta Pranka, Ilze Koroeva, and Ginta Elksne of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology at the University of Latvia investigate the migration of Latvians to Sweden, a society often seen as an epitome of tolerance and openness. The study indicates, despite this, that the ability of expatriates to maintain and transmit their language to their children is contingent on a variety of conditions. Among them are the practical use of language at home, the ethnicity of the émigré’s spouse, the continuous connection with relatives in the mother country, in this instance Latvia, and the activities and events that bind together the expatriate communities overseas.
Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region were often innovative or, at the very least, some of the advanced areas in some fields. Kari Alenius examines the extensive language and cultural rights granted to minorities in interwar Finland and Estonia. The Finnish scholar of the University of Oulu discusses a number of factors that contributed to this process, including the peculiarities of the relationships between majorities and minorities in the two countries, the internal debate on what sort of sociopolitical system was to be established, and the perceived influence of international trends and theories regarding the treatment of ethnic minorities.
The last article in this issue performs an empirical analysis of the Baltic Sea region’s boundaries during the interwar era, investigating the intricacies of borders as a twinning of political, social, cultural, economic, and psychological processes and events. The article is the first part of a study that scans both “soft” and “hard” boundaries, meditating on the elements that explain the genesis and perception of a boundary as falling into one category or the other.
The four themes are essential to comprehending the processes defining Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region today, both from a historical perspective and from the standpoint of current major regional events linked to wider European and global developments. In light of this, we believe that The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies will provide some substance to our readers’ musings on these processes.
Artiklis annan ülevaate eesti temperatuuriadjektiivide rühmast ja selgitan seaduspärasusi sõnade semantilises struktuuris. Artiklis kasutatud korpusandmed on pärit “Eesti keele ühendkorpusest 2017”. Korpusanalüüsil kasutan leksikograafilise tarkvara Sketch Engine sõnavisandite, distributiivse tesauruse ja sõnaloendite funktsiooni. Eesmärk on korpuse põhjal tuvastada temperatuuriadjektiivide süstemaatilise polüseemia mallid, mis saaksid pakkuda teoreetilist raamistikku sõnaraamatutööks. Mallide leidmiseks lisan tähendustele semantilised tüübid ja otsin sarnasusi sõnade tähendusvaheldustes. Analüüsiks arendatud semantilised tüübid on kavas lisada Eesti Keele Instituudi uude andmebaasi Ekilex, et võimaldada täpsemat otsingut leksikograafidele ja uurijatele.
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"Systemic polysemy patterns of Estonian temperature adjectives"
The article gives an overview of temperature adjectives in Estonian and ascertains the regularities of their semantic structure. Patterns of systematic polysemy of temperature adjectives are identified, for the purpose of providing a theoretical framework for lexicographical work. The corpus data used in the article originates from Estonian National Corpus 2017 (ENC17). For corpus analysis Sketch Engine’s (Kigarriff et al. 2014) word sketch, distributive thesaurus, and word lists functions are used.
To find the patterns, semantic types were added to meanings and similarities were searched among meaning shifts. The tagging of adjective meanings is based on the semantic types developed to describe Estonian (polysemous) adjectives (Tuulik 2014) and the typology has been further developed according to the semantics of temperature words. The semantic types are planned to be added to the new database of the Institute of the Estonian Language, Ekilex (Koppel et al. 2019), in order to allow for more precise search by lexicographers and researchers.
As a result of the analysis of the temperature words, 10 polysemous patterns emerged. The article discusses the potential motivation and lexicographic presentation of the more frequent patterns. Consistent presentation of patterns in a dictionary or database may not be an end in itself, as the presentation of meanings is influenced by many factors (target users’ needs, word frequency, meaning frequency, etc.), but taking patterns into account ensures that inclusion or exclusion of the meaning is a conscious decision.
Artiklis kirjeldatakse lapse ja tema vanema suulise argisuhtluse direktiivsetes lausungites kasutatavaid verbi finiitvormide kõrvutikasutusi ning selgitatakse nende rolli nii eesti suulise direktiivse argisuhtluse kui ka keeleomandamise perspektiivist. Verbi finiitvormi kõrvutikasutused on lapsele suunatud kõnes sagedased ja täiskasvanu kõne iga viies direktiivne lausung sisaldab rohkem kui kaht finiitverbi kõrvuti. Samas ei ole aga verbi kõrvutikasutused sagedased laste kõnes, kust võib leida vaid mõned üksikud näited. Vanema kõne verbi kõrvutikasutuste sageduse poolest vaatlusperioodi vältel ei muutu. Verbi finiitvormi kõrvutikasutused on analüüsis jagatud esmalt kaheks – sama ja eri verbi kõrvuti esinemised; eri verbi kõrvuti kasutused omakorda kolmeks: esimese verbina liikumisverbi sisaldavateks ehk tüüpilisteks seriaalkonstruktsioonideks, esimese verbina partiklilaadset verbivormi sisaldavateks ning sidesõnaga ühendatud verbi kõrvutikasutusteks. Kõige enam kasutasid vanemad seriaalkonstruktsioone ja partiklilaadsete verbivormidega algavaid verbi kõrvuti kasutusi, vähem leidus sama verbi korduseid. Lastele suunatud kõne verbi kõrvuti kasutustel on mõned täiskasva nutele suunatud kõnest erinevad jooned, kõige enam on selliseid erijooni partikli laadsete verbivormidega kõrvutikasutustel. Suhtluses on sellistel ühenditel käsu intensiivistamise roll, selle kõrval ka koostöö algatamise, lapse tegevuse pidurdamise, ergutamise, aga ka tegevuse muutmise roll.
Abstract. Reili Argus: The co-occurrences of verb finite forms used by children and their caregivers. The article describes the co-occurrences of verb finite forms used by children and their caregivers in directive speech acts of spontaneous everyday speech. The role of co-occurrences of verbs have been described from the perspective of Estonian everyday directive communication and from the perspective of first language acquisition. The co-occurrences of finite verbs are frequent in child directed speech and almost every fifth directive utterance consists of co-occurrence of verb finite forms. These kinds of co-occurrences are not characteristic to children’s speech and only a couple of examples can be found from their data. The frequency of verb co-occurrences does not change during the observation period, so, the clear fine-tuning effect of the child directed speech was not observed in the analyzed data. All instances of verb co-occurrences have been divided into two sub-classes – the repetitions of the same lemma and co-occurrences of different lemmas, last sub-class consists of constructions where the first verb denotes movement, that is typical serial constructions; constructions where the first verb was a particlelike verb form; and constructions with conjunctions. The most frequent type of verb co-occurrences in child directed speech were typical serial constructions and constructions where the first constituent was particle-like verb form, repetitions of same lemma were not so frequent. The co-occurrences of verb finite forms used in child directed speech had some features which are not characteristic to adult directed speech, such different features were registered mostly in constructions with particle-like verb forms. In adult-child interaction, verb co-occurrences have mostly been used for intensifying the command, but also for initiating cooperation, stopping, stimulating, and modifying the child’s activities.
"Greek names in Estonian written and oral language"
The issue of how to write Greek names in Estonian has been a recurring topic in Estonia. It is not always easy to follow the transcription rules, as there is often no information on how the Greek names are actually written in Greek. Greek names are transported into Estonian mostly from other languages and thus also traditions and pronunciation rules of other languages are admitted into Estonian. Most often, such influences now originate from English.
There have been different ways and traditions of rendering Ancient Greek, New Testament, Byzantine and Modern Greek names in Estonian. Rules for transcription of Greek names in Estonian are established only for Ancient and Modern Greek names. However, it is not always easy to perceive differences even between these names and their use in Estonian. Questions arise as to which rules should be used while writing e.g. Greek geographical names which have been used in antiquity and are still in use today. In addition, Modern Greek personal names and place names are rendered differently in Estonian. Moreover, problems of stress and pronunciation are sometimes difficult to solve in oral speech.
The article gives a survey of the use of Greek names in Estonian written texts and oral language at the end of the 20th and in the 21st century and highlights problems in the use of these names.
Kreeka ja teiste mitte-ladina alfabeedis nimede kirjutamise teemal on Eestis korduvalt arutletud ning kehtestatud on ka reeglid, millest juhinduda. Praktikas ei ole nende reeglite kasutamine alati lihtne, eelkõige sellepärast et nime algkuju ei pruugita teada. Kreeka nimed jõuavad tänapäeval eestikeelsesse teksti enamasti teiste keelte vahendusel ning seega jõuavad eestikeelsesse kirjapilti ja hääldusse teiste keelte traditsioonid ning transkriptsiooni- ja hääldusreeglid. Kõige suuremaks mõjutajaks on nüüdsel ajal inglise keel.
Vanakreeka, Uue Testamendi, bütsantsi ning uuskreeka nimede edasiandmisel on eesti keeles olnud erinevad tavad ja praktika ning tänapäevalgi tanskribeeritakse neid erinevalt. Neid vahesid tajuda ei ole alati lihtne ning kindlasti tekib ka küsitavusi, kas juhinduda ühtedest või teistest reeglitest. Artikkel annab ülevaate erinevate kreeka nimede kasutamisest eesti keeles ning juhib tähelepanu probleemidele.
This article serves as an attempt to reconstruct the approximate chronological order of the major sound laws between (Late) Proto-Finnic and Proto-Livonian. A by-product of this study is a reconstruction of the Proto-Livonian phoneme system, the earlier versions of which have been more fragmentary and tentative. In the end, it is briefly discussed when and where the Livonian proto-language was spoken before its splitting into Courland and Salaca Livonian.
Kokkuvõte. Petri Kallio: Ajalooline fonoloogia algläänemeresoomest algliivini. Artikkel esitab katse rekonstrueerida peamiste häälikumuutuste ligikaudse kronoloogilise järgnevuse (hilise) algläänemeresoome ja algliivi keele vahel. Selle uurimuse kõrvaltulemuseks on algliivi foneemisüsteemi rekonstruktsioon, mille varasemad versioonid on olnud fragmentaarsemad ja esialgsed. Lõpuks arutletakse artiklis lühidalt selle üle, millal ja kus räägiti liivi algkeelt enne, kui see eristus Kuramaa ja Salatsi liivi keeleks.
Märksõnad: ajalooline fonoloogia, algläänemeresoome, algliivi, kuraliivi, salatsiliivi
Kubbõvõttõks. Petri Kallio: Istōrili fonolōgij vāldamiersūomõ ežžõmkīelst līvõ ežžõmkīel sōņõ. Kēras sǭb kǭļdõt rekonstruīertõ pǟmizt killijidmȭitõkst ležgõliz kronolōgiliz kȭrda (obbiz) ežžõmvāldamiersūomõ ja ežžõmlīvõ kīel vail. Sīe tuņšlõks aigārezultātõks um ežžõmlīvõ fonēmõd sistēm rekonst ruktsij, kīen jedlõmizt versijd attõ vȯnnõd fragmentārimizt ja īrgalizt. Lopāndõksõks sōb lītõld nõvvõ võttõd iļ sīe, kunā ja kus rõkāndizt e’žžõmlīvõ kīeldõ jedmõl laggimizt Kurāmǭ ja Salāts līvõ kīelõks.
Kokkuvõte. Artiklis uuritakse episteemilist modaalsust hispaania ja eesti keele võimalikkusmodaalverbide semantikas. Võrdlus lähtub hispaania keele modaalverbist poder, vaadeldes selle episteemilise kasutuse tõlkevasteid ilukirjandusteostes. Analüüsi aluseks on episteemilise modaalsuse tähendusala täpsem määratlemine. Prototüüpset kõnelejakeskset (subjektiivset) võimalikkushinnangut eristatakse objektiivsest situatsioonilisest võimalikkusest, mis on episteemilise/mitte-episteemilise modaalsuse piiripealne vaheaste. See eristus võimaldab modaalverbide tähendusalasid paremini eritleda ja omavahel kontrastiivses vaates suhestada, kirjeldada episteemilise võimalikkuse semantikat modaaltähenduste kontiinumi skaalal selle olemuslikus seoses mitte-episteemiliste tähendusvaldkondadega ning vaadelda modaalverbe neile omase mitmetähenduslikkuse perspektiivist. Prototüüpne episteemiline tähendus esineb nii poder’i kui ka võima semantikas sulamina koos objektiivse situatsioonilise tähendusega ning näib analüüsitud materjali põhjal olevat viimase kõrval nõrgem tähendus. Samas näib subjektiivsel hinnangulisusel olevat võima semantikas suurem roll kui poder’i puhul. Saama semantikas panen prototüüpse episteemilise tähenduse kahtluse alla; saama näib ühemõtteliselt väljendavat objektiivset situatsioonilist võimalikkust. Pakun välja, et objektiivsus määratleb saama semantikat ka laiemas modaaltähenduste skaalas: võimalikkust ei väljendata tegevusosalise agentiivsuse (või kõneleja subjektiivsuse) keskselt – nagu võima puhul –, vaid situatsiooni asjaolude perspektiivist.
Abstract. Triin Lõbus: Possibility in the semantics of the Spanish modal verb poder and the Estonian modal verbs saama and võima. Analysis of translation equivalents. This article deals with epistemic modality in the semantics of the modal verbs of possibility in Spanish and Estonian. The contrastive analysis is centred on the Spanish modal verb poder in its epistemic use and explores the translation equivalences appearing in a corpus of literary texts. The analysis is based on a narrower definition of the semantic domain of epistemic modality. The prototypical speaker-oriented (subjective) modality judgement is differentiated from the objective situational possibility, the last one being a border case between the areas of epistemic and nonepistemic modality. This distinction makes it possible to better differentiate between different meaning areas of the modal verbs and to establish their relationships to each other in a contrastive perspective, to describe the semantics of the epistemic possibility along the continuum of modal meanings in its inherent connection with non-epistemic meaning areas, and to observe the modal verbs from the perspective of the semantic ambiguity characteristic of them. In the semantics of poder as well as of võima, prototypical epistemic meaning merges with the objective situational meaning and, according to the material analysed here, seems to be the less prominent of the two meanings. At the same time, the meaning of a subjective judgement seems to have a more important part in the semantics of võima compared to that of poder. As for saama, the prototypical epistemic meaning is called into question here: saama seems to unequivocally express objective situational possibility. The article suggests that objectivity is what also defines the semantics of saama in a wider range of modal meanings: in case of saama possibility is not expressed as participant’s agentivity (or speaker’s subjectivity) oriented but as conceptualized from the perspective of situational circumstances.
Keywords: epistemic modality; possibility; subjectivity; modal verbs; Estonian, Spanish
Alliteration is one of the leading stylistic features characteristic of the Kalevala. This analysis of the translation of the Kalevala into Komi by Adolf Turkin shows that alliteration is fairly frequent in the target text. Examples of alliteration and data on the occurrences of alliteration in the translation allow the suggestion that the translator may have attempted to make use of consonant words. However, alliteration observed in the translation cannot be regarded as a characteristic phonetic factor that participates in the organisation of the text. It proves to be accidental, not structural (as it is in the original text of the Kalevala). In the translation, which has 5132 lines, alliteration is observed in 1539 lines, or nearly in one-third of the translation. In the major part of the examples weak alliteration occurs; strong alliteration is fairly rare. In the text of translation, alliteration is expressed by different word-initial sounds, the overall number of which is 28 (21 consonants and 7 vowels). It is frequent in words that begin with the consonants [k], [v], [p], [m] and [s]. Among the occurrences of strong alliteration there are cases in which a syllable or the root of the word is repeated (25% in each case). The fact that the structural features of the Komi language differ from those of the Finnish literary language (and of the language of the Kalevala) explains the limitations in the translation of such a device as alliteration. From the point of view of the differences in the phonetic features it can be noted that Komi has, for example, 33 phonemes (7 vowels and 26 consonants) while in Finnish the phonemes are less numerous: 21 (8 vowels and 13 consonants). Hence, words with the same initial consonants are fewer in Komi. As far as lexis is concerned, consonant-initial words that would make pairs of synonyms (both in the literary language and dialects) are fairly rare.
Reports on traffic accidents carry societal meanings and judgements about the value of human life, role and responsibility of all parties and who is to be blamed. Critical discourse analysis used in this research is a method that allows to detect such hidden meanings of societal agreements and interpretations encoded in texts. To exemplify how the roles of different parties are construed in traffic news, were analysed 26 police reports about traffic accidents that happened on crossroads in October and November 2013. To find out how such framing influences readers in interpreting the text, were questioned 104 respondents.
The text analysis showed that traffic news stories are being framed through the driver’s viewpoint and attention is drawn to the pedestrian’s mistakes (lack of a reflector, dark clothing). Traffic reports are phrased in such a way that accidents happen, their active participants are cars which hit pedestrians and pedestrians who are hit by cars. The questionnaire revealed that the more emphasis is put on the factors that distracted the driver, the more readers perceive pedestrians as responsible for the accident.
Each less known addition to the collection of authentic Livonian language materials is very valuable, and a small contribution can also be made by Juris Plāķis’ publication about Latvian, i.e., Courland toponyms, among which Livonian ones can be found as well. This collection includes toponyms collected by J. Plāķis himself, toponyms from Augusts Bīlenšteins’ onomastic materials, as well as toponyms which have been sent in to the Folklore depository by pupils from different parishes. This article goes through oronyms (hill names).
Kokkuvõte. Ojārs Bušs: Dundaga kihelkonna liivi päritoluga oronüümid (mäenimed) Juris Plāķise läti toponüümide väljaandes. Iga väikegi lisandus liivi keeleainestiku autentsesse kogusse on väärtuslik. Pisut lisa võib saada ka Juris Plāķise koostatud läti kohanimede väljaandest, nimelt Kuramaa toponüümidest, mille hulgas on ka liivi omi. See kogu sisaldab kohanimesid, mis on kogutud J. Plāķise enda poolt, aga samuti August Bīlenšteini onomastilisi materjale ning toponüüme, mida on eri kihelkondade õpilased saatnud Läti rahvaluule arhiivi. See artikkel käsitleb oronüüme (mäenimesid).
Märksõnad: liivi keel, läti keel, oronüümid, toponüümid, onomastika, murded
Kubbõvõttõks. Ojārs Bušs: Dūoņig pagāst līvõpierrizt oronīmõd (mägūd nimūd) Juris Plāķis lețkīel kūožnimūd ulzandõksõs. Jegā piški jūrõāndam līvõ kīel sõnāvīļa kubbõn um tǟdzi. Rōz jūrõ võib sōdõ ka Juris Plāķis kubbõ pandõd lețkīel kūožnimūd ulzandõksõst, īžkist Kurāmō kūožnimīst, kus siegās ātõ ka līvõkēļizt. Sīes kubs ātõ nei J. Plāķis eņtš kuoŗdõd kūožnimūd, ku ka toponīmd August Bīlenštein onomastika materiālišt, mis setmiņ kilgõnd skūollapst ātõ sōtõnd Lețmō folklōr arhīvõn. Se kēra nīžõb iļ oronīmd (mägūd nimūd).
This article outlines the multiple use of electronic source materials from the Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary of 2012 in a “Kone Foundation” funded project for developing finite-state morphological parsers. It provides an introduction to the project, the language-independent Giellatekno infrastructure at Tromsø, Norway, and the materials utilized in the electronic manuscript of the dictionary. The introduction is followed by an extensive description of what has been developed on the Giellatekno infrastructure with explicit indications of where parallel projects might be initiated.
Kokkuvõte. Jack Rueter: Liivi-eesti-läti sõnaraamat lävepakuna keeletehnoloogiliste rakenduste ajastusse. Artikkel annab ülevaate elektroonilise lähtematerjali “Liivi-eesti-läti sõnaraamat 2012” mitmekülgsest kasutamisest Kone fondi rahastatud projektis morfoloogiliste analüsaatorite arendamiseks. Artikli sissejuhatav osa esitab sissevaate projekti ning Tromsøs loodud keelest sõltumatusse Giellatekno taristusse; tutvustatakse ka sõnastiku elektroonilises käsikirjas kasutatud materjale. Seejärel kirjeldatakse Giellatekno tarkvara arendusega loodud võimalusi ning tuuakse näiteid sellest, kuidas saab sarnaseid projekte algatada.
Märksõnad: liivi keel, uurali keeled, Kone keeleprogramm, avatud lähtekood, keelest sõltumatu infrastruktuur, HFST, Giellatekno, morfoloogiline analüsaator, õigekirjakontroll, “Morphology-savvy” veebisõnastik, arvutipõhine keeleõpe
Kubbõvõttõks. Jack Rueter: Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārǭntõz nemē kīeltehnolōgilizt kȭlbatimizt āiga kīndõks. Kēra āndab iļļõvaņtļimiz iļ “Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārǭntõ” amāpūoļiz kȭlbatõmiz, laz kazāntõg loptõb morfolōgiliži analīzijidi. Sīe projektrǭ āndaji um Kone fond. Kēra klīerõb īžpīlijizt Giellatekno infrastruktūrõ, mis um lūodõd Tromsøs Norvēgjis, ja sõnārǭntõ elektrōnilizõs kädkēras kȭlbatõd materiālidi. Nei īž kēra nīžõb iļ võimizt, mis tarmõb Giellatekno lūodõd programvīļa ja nägțõb, kui tämvītliži projektidi võib irgtõ.
The study presented in this paper has two aims. First, it establishes pragmasemantic features of exclamations and exclamatives relying on three formulated approaches – a constructional approach, a presupposition approach, and a scalarity approach, and suggests distinguishing proper exclamatives, the syntactic structures of which are conventionally associated with an illocutionary force of expressivity, from improper ones that do not have such an association. Second, involving the data of 45 languages, the paper reveals and describes 5 syntactic strategies of exclamatives, which are as follows: subject-verb inversion, subordinate clauses, noun phrases, anaphoric adverbs and adjectives, and wh-phrases. The latter three are further divided into several sub-strategies.
Schoolbooks play a crucial role in the formation of one’s world view. This study analyzes how the Balkan area has been depicted in Finnish schoolbooks under the existence of the modern school system from the 1870s to the 2000s. For this study, all history and geography schoolbooks published in Finland have been examined. Of books of which there are several editions, at least the first and the last editions and any other necessary ones have been used.
The familiarization of Finnish school children with the Balkan countries and peoples has occurred through two subjects, history, and foremost, through geography. Descriptions and interpretations relating to the Balkan area and its inhabitants have existed in Finnish schoolbooks from the beginning. During approximately 140 years, the amount of description and content has changed in some respects, but on the other hand, elements of clear continuity and immutability are apparent.
On oletettavissa, että lähisukukielten puhujat ymmärtävät toisiaan jonkin verran ilman muodollista opetusta. Jotta tämäntapaista reseptiivistä monikielisyyttä voitaisiin edistää, on saatava tietoa siitä, mitä aineksia tunnistetaan ja miksi. Tässä artikkelissa keskitytään nimenomaan leksikaaliseen ulottuvuuteen. Suomalaisille lukiolaisille annettiin lista irrallisista viron sanoista, jotka heidän piti kääntää suomeksi. Normaalisti sanat tietysti esiintyvät jossain kontekstissa, mutta tässä yhteydessä haluttiin nimenomaan selvittää, miten yksittäisiä sanoja hahmotetaan. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/LV22.06
Despite numerous attempts at codifying their language, the Pomaks in Greece, a linguistic as well as religious minority, do not generally put into writing this variety, which is considered to be a Bulgarian dialect. Up until about fifteen years ago, there was an absence of any kind of lexicographic tradition. The grammars, dictionaries etc. that appeared in Greece in the mid-1990’s can be classified as “external” codifications, since most of them were made by the majority. Over the last few years, however, an increasing minority-activism has changed the situation somewhat. Some writing has begun to emerge from the community, but the variety is still far from fitting the criteria for micro-literacy, the codification of which is difficult due to the different idiolectal varieties of the language actors, which are far away from a uniform orthographical norm as well as an alphabet. However, the publications in the minority language are seen as evidence of cultural emancipation and linguistic vitality. This article deals with the issues of language and literacy among the Pomaks in Greece and presents a case study of the ethno-linguistic orientation of the currently most productive Pomak language activist’s writings.