Hasil untuk "Business ethics"

Casey M. Haining, Bronwen Merner, Lindy Willmott et al.

Each Australian jurisdiction has decriminalised abortion. Despite this, abortion-seekers face multiple barriers to access, among them is encountering objection by individual health practitioners (conscientious objection) or institutions (institutional objection). This article reports on a qualitative interview study that examined 41 key interest-holders’ perspectives and experiences of institutional objection to abortion. Framework analysis resulted in the generation of four themes: (1) institutional variation in different aspects of abortion care; (2) impacts of institutional objection affected multiple interest-holders; (3) attitudes towards accommodating institutional objection; and (4) suggestions for reimagining institutional objection regulation. Our findings suggest that institutional objection manifests in different ways across settings and results in harm to both patients and health practitioners. Consequently, current approaches to regulating institutional objection should be revisited. Such approaches should consider minimum levels of transparency, information provision, and explore other opportunities for service provision and de-stigmatisation.

Bridget Nneka Irene, Julius Irene, Joan Lockyer et al.

This paper introduces the concept of degenerative affordances to explain how social media can unintentionally destabilise family-run influencer businesses. While affordance theory typically highlights the enabling features of technology, the researchers shift the focus to its unintended, risk-laden consequences, particularly within family enterprises where professional and personal identities are deeply entangled. Drawing on platform capitalism, family business research, and intersectional feminist critiques, the researchers develop a theoretical model to examine how social media affordances contribute to role confusion, privacy breaches, and trust erosion. Using a mixed-methods design, the researchers combine narrative interviews (<i>n</i> = 20) with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) on survey data (<i>n</i> = 320) from family-based influencers. This study’s findings reveal a high explanatory power (R² = 0.934) for how digital platforms mediate entrepreneurial legitimacy through interpersonal trust and role dynamics. Notably, trust emerges as a key mediating mechanism linking social media engagement to perceptions of business legitimacy. This paper advances three core contributions: (1) introducing degenerative affordance as a novel extension of affordance theory; (2) unpacking how digitally mediated role confusion and privacy breaches function as internal threats to legitimacy in family businesses; and (3) problematising the epistemic assumptions embedded in entrepreneurial legitimacy itself. This study’s results call for a rethinking of how digital platforms, family roles, and entrepreneurial identities co-constitute each other under the pressures of visibility, intimacy, and algorithmic governance. The paper concludes with implications for influencer labour regulation, platform accountability, and the ethics of digital family entrepreneurship.

Yu. A. Konopleva, O. N. Pakova, A. A. Domarev et al.

Introduction. The ESG agenda, which includes taking into account environmental, social and managerial factors in doing business, is becoming increasingly relevant in various spheres of life. Various companies announce their intention to implement and develop ESG principles in their activities, including such an economic sector as the information and communication sphere.Goal. The study intends to assess the development and prevalence of ESG principles in the IT sector, their impact on sustainable development and corporate social responsibility using the example of VK.Materials and methods. To achieve the goals and objectives of the study, the following methods were used: formal logic, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, observation, as well as analysis of specific situations of VK and its reporting, assessment of rating agencies.Results and discussion. Companies that follow the principles of ESG have the advantage of significant trust from potential users, employees, investors and the state, as such organizations satisfy the need for respect for the environment, promotion of its conservation, transparent and responsible business culture.Conclusion. Companies that pay significant attention to the safe and comfortable conditions of their employees, work to improve transparent corporate and environmental ethics, implement energy-efficient solutions when doing business, and have every chance to attract highly qualified personnel, as the desire for environmental friendliness is growing among Russians.

Behzad Velady, Mohammad Rahim Esfidani, Tahmores Hasangholipor Yasori

Introduction: The concept of ethical branding comes from the intersection of business ethics and brand management. An ethical brand is a brand that prevents harm to others. The purpose of this research is to provide a model of ethical variables influencing branding. Material and Methods: The current research is qualitative and among exploratory and applied research. The statistical population of this research includes business owners in East Azerbaijan province. Through targeted sampling, 15 people were selected as a sample from the target population. The data collection tool was semi-structured in-depth one-on-one interviews. Finally, the obtained data were recorded and analyzed by theme analysis method using MAXQDA18 software. Results: Examining the findings and conducting thematic analysis indicated the effect of 4 main ethical variables or main themes, which included: corporate ethical philosophy, corporate ethical communication, corporate ethical culture and ethical image. Conclusion: The unethical activities of businesses have caused many concerns for managers and academic researchers, because unethical behavior on the one hand affects the brand's personality and on the other hand, the decline of the company's reputation among customers, lack of it leads to repeat purchases and sanctions and punishment of the business by customers. Paying attention to the 4 factors presented in the formation model of ethical branding can have a significant impact on creating brand trust and satisfaction in commercial businesses.

Adriana AnaMaria Davidescu, Eduard Mihai Manta, Adina Teodora Stoica-Ungureanu et al.

When people who adhere to tax morality act in a situation where there is no sense of risk, no acceptance of the government, or no environment conducive to tax compliance, it is easier to see how they are motivated to do so. Tax morality is also known as the ethics of compliance. It is the independent cause that motivates a positive tax behaviour. Employees’ religious beliefs may impact their ideas and actions in organizational life, just as individuals’ attitudes, values, emotions, abilities, and behaviours influence their thoughts and actions at work. Religion can positively influence a worker’s loyalty, morale, and communication. In this context, the research seeks to determine whether religiosity and religion may have an effect on tax morale, examining whether an individual’s religiosity reduces tax evasion and increases the degree of tax morale. Using machine learning variable selection techniques appropriate for categorical variables, we have used the dataset of the Joint EVS/WVS 2017-2020 (European Value Survey/World Value Survey), allowing for comparisons of tax morality in more than 79 nations globally (chi-squared and mutual information). The empirical findings showed that the most important aspects of religiosity, such as religious denomination, belief in God, and the significance of God, along with the degree of trust placed in other religions and churches, have a considerable positive impact on the level of tax morale. Another significant conclusion relates to how much people feel the government is responsible, how much they care about their nation, and how satisfied they are with the political system—findings that have been shown to boost employee morale. The following are a person’s primary traits that indicate their financial morale: an adult above the age of 25, a full-time worker or retired person, married, and living alone. Therefore, employees that are morally upright, trustworthy, diligent, and committed to the workplace values of justice and decency raise morale generally and improve an organisation’s success. A business may enhance its reputation and help to secure its long-term success by establishing behavioural policies.

Naira Hakobyan, Artak Dabaghyan, Anna Khachatryan

This paper presents the general strategies of the post-war anomie’s overcoming in the fields of social interactions and business. The main purpose of the research is to study developmental features of the anomic behavior, and possible behavioral pathologies of people in business environment that can occur in post-war society. Investigation of this topic in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: at the initial stage of the research, an analysis of the main stages of the phenomenon of anomie in human life was carried out. Based on the analysis results, it is substantiated that a number of socio-psychological problems arise when social interactions are changed, and business environment is developed rapidly. This tendency is more visible in a post-war society. The aim of the research is the systematization of methodological approaches for implementations the psychological aid and work in mental correction and rehabilitation among people with anomic behavior, to prevent the deepening of the negative symptoms endangering emotional state and possible behavioral pathologies do not become deeper and endanger the whole society. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis, which showed that the person with anomic behavior or marginal person falls into the psychological shock, which is characterized by the following aspects such as tensions caused by efforts to achieve the necessary psychological adaptation, emotion of loss and depreciation (friends, status, property and profession), feeling of rejection, violation of roles, role expectations, values, self-identification of emotions, existence of an unexpected alarm, hatred, disgust as a result of the realization of cultural differences and, finally, feeling of non-completeness due to failure to adapt to the new business environment. Based on the results of the study of various societies during the post-war period, the article identified strategies for overcoming social anomie in the spheres of social interactions and business. The main strategy types include unification strategy, professional specific orientations, disintegration of vital activities, retreat strategy, adventurism, anti-sublimation (humiliation behavior) and innovative strategy. The identification of strategic priorities for overcoming anomie, which are of practical meaning for productive business sphere management, should serve as the perspective directions for further research.

Camille Castelyn

I. Introduction  A gap exists in the scholarly field of research ethics in which the conduct of biohackers (often in their garages) is dismissed as a non-scientific phenomenon[i]. Bio-hacks like ex-NASA scientist Josiah Zayner’s attempts to make muscles grow bigger by using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system to disrupt the myostatin gene, with himself as research subject, did not pass through any of the usual institutionalised ethical gatekeepers[ii]. Some argue biohacking, which includes the unauthorized or unethical exploitation or altering of genetic material experimentally, is against the law and therefore has nothing to do with research ethics nor IRBs.[iii] In 2009, the US Federal Bureau  of Investigation (FBI) joined forces with unusual allies[iv]: biohackers. The FBI did this by hosting them at the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM) with the goal of educating and building a network between the U.S. Government and the biohacking community[v].   Biohackers should fall within the scope of research ethics boards, known as the “ethics police,” [vi] regardless of FBI involvement in reeling them in if they break the law. It may even be argued that the bioethical principles, often discussed in research ethics, may align with the goals of biohackers. Both bioethicists and biohackers argue that  equitable access and justice should be pursued, however, the means by which this is achieved differs greatly. Bioethicist and journalist, Alex Pearlman, is leading a project to help biohackers set-up their own norms.[vii]  This paper argues that ethical conduct of biohackers falls within the broad scope of research ethics, with special consideration of practical implications and recommendations. Biohacking refers to any form of optimising or improving one’s body or mind and is part of synthetic biology and the DIY (do-it-yourself) community.[viii] The human augmentation market is estimated to grow to $2.3 billion by 2025.[ix] Considering these numbers, biohacking is not an irritating fad, it is a distinct trend. Social phenomena do not exist in isolation; they are influenced by cultural and political values.[x] Their conduct implies a general disregard for authoritative powers and a desperate attempt to democratize science[xi] and the clinical applications thereof, making it accessible for all.  The conduct of biohackers should be considered scientific research. Biohacking forms part of general scientific inquiry and consequently falls within the Ethos of Science.[xii] Although biohackers generally operate in the privacy of their homes or online, many first gathered in 2003 for iGEM at Massachusetts Institute for Technology.[xiii] In 2011, 165 teams took part in the competition, and in 2012 a High School and Entrepreneurship Division were added.[xiv] The projects ranged from “…rainbow pigmented bacteria and banana smelling bacteria to an arsenic biosensor”.[xv] Today, communities such as Biobricks offer online education and training, and Genspace (NYC) offers a community biolab.[xvi] II. Background: Shifting paradigm Scientific inquiry is indebted to Greek Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who used reason rather than myths and stories to explain the world around them. Today, the academic publishing industry is worth billions, driven by the exponential accumulation of data.[xvii] Research, includes all basic, applied, and demonstrated research.[xviii]Research records such as progress reports, journal articles, and laboratory records make up the facts resulting from scientific inquiry.  During the development of science there was a shift from open science (consider the Wright brothers who produced the first successful airplane), to a centralized institutionalization of science. Furthermore, the foundations upon which ethical scientific research were built are a “…complex of values and norms which is held to be binding on the man of science”.[xix] The norms that guide research practices are communalism, universalism, disinterestedness and organized skepticism.[xx] Stehr differentiates between social and cognitive norms of science, identifying a split between scientific ideas and scientific practice.[xxi] These developments inevitably came with a strong drive toward monetization. Consequently, both in biohacking and mainstream science, it would be prudent to keep in mind the possibility that objectivity of facts could be duly influenced. This is an evolving process by which science, society and economic factors determine research and its clinical application, i.e., what is eventually brought to market.[xxii] The oversight of research and clinical application of CRISPR-Cas9, the bacterial immune defense system [xxiii]which can be used to easily and cost-effectively edit any genome has been disparate and controversial. In 2015, one of the lead scientists in the discovery, Jennifer Doudna, called for a temporary moratorium on the use of CRISPR for clinical human gene editing until further research.[xxiv]  It should have been understood that clinical application of CRISPR in germline cells, which are heritable changes in human sperm or egg cells, should not proceed anywhere in the world. Yet, subsequent events suggest this was insufficient. In 2018, He Jiankui, exploited this grey area when he edited heritable changes into human embryos, and two baby girls were born. He Jiankui claimed that he had CRISPR edited these children’s genome by targeting the CCR5 gene to make them resistant to HIV, knowing their father was HIV positive. This, however, was a violation and ethical breach as there are much safer and more efficient ways to prevent acquiring HIV during the process of in vitro fertilization. Even though somatic cell gene editing research as well as germline research is considered ethically acceptable, it is not acceptable to transplant any gene edited cells into a person’s uterus.[xxv] In reaction, a well-established group of 18 scientists from seven countries called for a global moratorium against making genetically altered children.[xxvi] This example of one scientist’s exploitation of unclear oversight, resulting in the altering of the gene pool of humanity with CRISPR technology, is a reminder that the stakes are high. Additionally, the National Academy of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and the United Kingdom’s Royal Society and others formed the 2019 International Commission on the Clinical Use of Human Germline Genome Editing to set-up new, more stringent,  and clearer recommendations, which may be binding in the future.[xxvii] The World Health Organization (WHO) also formed the WHO Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing in 2019 to provide a comprehensive report that avoids ambiguity[xxviii]. It is anticipated that this report will be released in the summer of 2020. The constraints that govern mainstream institutions are mostly responsible for biohackers’ untraditional methods of conducting research. The strenuous process of passing through ethical gatekeepers enshrined by academic institutions[xxix] also sparks biohacking. These rules and regulations can discourage scientific inquiry, slow down discoveries, and make it more difficult to bring much-needed solutions to those with diseases. By working against open science, too many rules are a constraint. Yet without ethics oversight, biohacking would continue unchecked, possibly risking safety. The difference between research by professional scientists and biohackers is that biohackers can do things which are prohibited through mainstream science.[xxx] Experimentation without any oversight may lead to risks outweighing benefits. Biohacking without respect to ethics is not aligned with the WHO’s guidelines of scientific integrity.[xxxi] Some argue that wide acceptance of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, could follow suit of the personal computer.[xxxii] People were skeptical about personal computers in their homes, and today everyone has a smart phone in their hand - generally unregulated, used by the public as they see fit.  III. Scope of Research Ethics The scope of research ethics spans an infinite and diverse field of inquiry.[xxxiii] Legally binding documents such as Nuremberg code[xxxiv], Declaration of Helsinki[xxxv] and Belmont report[xxxvi]  help govern inevitable research involving humans by requiring informed consent and IRB/REC approval. The Declaration of Helsinki by World Medical Association[xxxvii] states that “the primary purpose of medical research is to generate new knowledge, however that this may never take priority over the rights and interests of individual research subject”.[xxxviii] Medical research, involving human subjects “must conform to generally accepted scientific principles and be based on thorough knowledge of the scientific literature, other sources of relevant sources of information and adequate laboratory and as appropriate, animal experimentation”.[xxxix] “The design and performance of each research study involving human subjects must also be clearly described and justified in a research protocol”.[xl]   Biohackers usually do not have formally approved protocols and this lack of clarity is further highlighted when biohackers exercise their right to autonomy and self-informed consent by “enrolling” themselves as research participants in their own experiments, bypassing the role of IRBs. IRB’s main imperatives are to ensure scientific relevance, quality and integrity of the study, that the interests of all potentially affected parties are considered and that adequate risk-benefit assessments are done.[xli] These standards for the research ethics review system[xlii] function within a systemized approach. This implies that all research with human participants is “presumptively subject to IRB oversight” and also forms part of larger research participant protection programmes that ensure effective training and efficient functioning.  Under WHO’s[xliii] systemized approach, biohacking forms part of the broad scope of research ethics and is within the ethos of a person of science’s norms.[xliv] Biohackers promote the norm of communalism as scientists rely on past science, basing their search for new discoveries on meaningful data.[xlv] Even unconventional research cannot be conducted without building on previous discoveries. Biohackers are part of the broadly defined scientific community. An alternative suggestion is for biohackers to self-govern. Some argue for the institutionalisation of biohackers, which may speak to the norm of universalism, on networks such as diybio.org, promoting self-governance of biohackers collectively. Alex Pearlman, a bioethicist and journalist, wants to help develop a set of norms distinct to biohackers. There is an urgency to establish a framework for systematically evaluating the risks and dangers of biological engineering.[xlvi]  It can be argued that biohackers are not violating the bioethical principles as they are self-informed and autonomous. They are exercising their respect for their autonomous decisions, by choosing to elect themselves as the research participant, i.e., promoting the principle of distributive justice and beneficence. However, if they do germline editing, it holds risks and consequences for humanity that already are strongly governed by bioethical standards. Biohackers should not be exempt from well-defined principles merely because they claim to operate based on other principles. Within structural scientific communities, researchers cannot claim that autonomy allows them to violate Helsinki standards. The field of research ethics should adapt to the paradigm shift of biohackers making important scientific discoveries. An attempt to engage instead of passing the buck to the FBI would lead to collaboration to develop ethical framework and give biohackers bright-line guidance. Some might argue that the FBI’s oversight is sufficient as a policing power. However, the FBI chooses to involve itself in the actual act of biohacking by hosting iGEM. Bringing biohacking into the scope of research ethics would address the ethical conduct of biohackers within research ethics, engaging the biohackers in the process of creating a systemic ethical framework.  IV. Practical considerations Opposing critics might argue that to consider biohackers as part of the scope of research opens up an array of complexities. Some assert that IRB’s are already overworked and that there is no capacity for reasonable oversight of biohackers. However,  the stakes are too high to not rise to the challenge of implementing a system of oversight.  Some also argue that, for now, biohackers are not conducting research of consequence. Sloppy experiments done in kitchens do not amount to precise measurement of scientific outcomes. Even if adequate empirical data could be collected it is likely that their research design would have a n=1 hypotheses, which is insignificant (p<0.05). Yet,  the Chinese twins and other experiments show both an active field and the promise of new preventions and cures. As biohackers make more consequential discoveries, an organized ethical oversight is warranted.  V. Conclusion Research ethics has not addressed the conundrum of ethical conduct of biohackers sufficiently. Biohackers indicate a paradigm shift from a centralized power back to decentralisation with a strong focus on the democratization of science. While biohackers can lead to more accessible research and push science forward, the new paradigm calls for oversight in forming an ethical framework to which they must adhere. Biohackers themselves should be invited to engage with the traditional scientific sphere to help frame the ethical guidelines and to represent their viewpoints and their scientific goals. Better considerations should be made as to how research can be made more accessible for all. Bioethicists and IRB specialists can investigate how treatments for curative diseases can be brought to market in a more time efficient yet safe way. A balanced approach would hold biohackers accountable to ethical standards while addressing their concerns of scientific freedom and market-based accessibility to new discoveries. Biohackers should be empowered to continue hacking in garages and basements with the hopes of a lucrative and scientifically valid discovery, albeit one that is ethically achieved.  [i] Gaymon Bennet et al., “From Synthetic Biology to Biohacking: Are We Prepared?,” Nature Biotechnology 27, no. 12 (December 2009): 1109–11. [ii] George Blazeski, “The Need for Government Oversight Over Do-It- Yourself Biohacking, the Wild West of Synthetic Biology,” Law School Student Scholarship, 2014, https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/411. [iii] Howard Wolinsky, “The FBI and Biohackers: An Unusual Relationship,” EMBO Reports 17, no. 6 (June 2016): 793–96, https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201642483. [iv] Howard Wolinsky, “The FBI and Biohackers: An Unusual Relationship,” EMBO Reports 17, no. 6 (June 2016): 793–96, https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201642483. [v] Blazeski, “The Need for Government Oversight Over Do-It- Yourself Biohacking, the Wild West of Synthetic Biology.” [vi] Robert L Klitzman, The Ethics Police, Kindle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). [vii] Delia Paunescu, “Can You Be an Ethical Biohacker?” Vox, October 15, 2019, https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/10/15/20915402/biohacking-josiah-zayner-crispr-ethics-gene-editing-reset-podcast. [viii] Blazeski, “The Need for Government Oversight Over Do-It- Yourself Biohacking, the Wild West of Synthetic Biology”; Anna Wexler, “The Social Context of ‘Do-It-Yourself’ Brain Stimulation: Neurohackers, Biohackers, and Lifehackers,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11 (May 10, 2017): 224, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00224. [ix] Stefan Nicola, “Biohackers Are Implanting Everything From Magnets to Sex Toys,” Bloomberg Businessweek, October 19, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-19/biohackers-are-implanting-everything-from-magnets-to-sex-toys. [x] Wexler, “The Social Context of ‘Do-It-Yourself’ Brain Stimulation.” [xi] Wexler. [xii] Robert K. Merton, The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Incvestigations, 4. Dr. (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr, 1974). [xiii] Blazeski, “The Need for Government Oversight Over Do-It- Yourself Biohacking, the Wild West of Synthetic Biology.” [xiv] Blazeski, “The Need for Government Oversight Over Do-It- Yourself Biohacking, the Wild West of Synthetic Biology.” [xv] Blazeski. [xvi] Blazeski. [xvii] Jason Schmitt, “Can’t Disrupt This: Elsevier and the 25.2 Billion Dollar A Year Academic Publishing Business,” Medium, December 22, 2015, https://medium.com/@jasonschmitt/can-t-disrupt-this-elsevier-and-the-25-2-billion-dollar-a-year-academic-publishing-business-aa3b9618d40a. [xviii] Kenneth Pimple, “Six Domains of Research Ethics A Heuristic Framework for the Responsible Conduct of Research,” Science and Engineering Ethics 8, no. 2 (2002), http://nordmansustainability.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Six_domains_of_research_ethics.pdf. [xix] Nico Stehr, “The Ethos of Science Revisited Social and Cognitive Norms,” Sociological Inquiry 48 (1978): 3–4. [xx] Alessandro Delfanti, “Hacking Genomes. The Ethics of Open and Rebel Biology,” International Review of Information Ethic 15, no. 52–57 (n.d.), https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/6747790/015-delfanti.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DHacking_genomes._The_ethics_of_open_and.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20191119%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20191119T200519Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=f4698da128020d859009dba7b7e3355912cb0b00b281107dbf6150dfb5548596. [xxi] Stehr, “The Ethos of Science Revisited Social and Cognitive Norms.” [xxii] Delfanti, “Hacking Genomes. The Ethics of Open and Rebel Biology.” [xxiii] Broad Institute, “CRISPR Timeline,” n.d., https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/areas-focus/project-spotlight/crispr-timeline. [xxiv] Lucie Wade, “Ideologies of Intellect A Critical Examination of the Hype Surrounding Cognitive Enhancement” (Canada, McGill University, 2011). [xxv] Eric S. Lander et al., “Adopt a Moratorium on Heritable Genome Editing,” Nature 567, no. 7747 (March 2019): 165–68, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00726-5. [xxvi] Lander et al. [xxvii] The Royal Society, “International Commission on Clinical Use of Human Germline Genome Editing,” 2018, https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/genetic-technologies/international-commission/. [xxviii] WHO, “WHO Expert Panel Paves Way for Strong International Governance on Human Genome Editing,” March 19, 2019, https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/19-03-2019-who-expert-panel-paves-way-for-strong-international-governance-on-human-genome-editing. [xxix] Sarah Zhang, “A Biohacker Regrets Publicly Injecting Himself with CRISPR,” The Atlantic, February 20, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/02/biohacking-stunts-crispr/553511/. [xxx] Zhang. [xxxi] WHO, “Standards and Operational Guidance for Ethics Review of Health-Related Research with Human Participants,” 2011, https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/190/ZP_Files/who-research-ethics-committees_1.zp43599.pdf. [xxxii] R. U. Sirius and Jay Cornell, Transcendence: The Disinformation Encyclopedia of Transhumanism and the Singularity (San Francisco, CA: Disinformation Books, an imprint of Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC, 2015). [xxxiii] Pimple, “Six Domains of Research Ethics A Heuristic Framework for the Responsible Conduct of Research.” [xxxiv] “The Nuremberg Code,” n.d. [xxxv] Zhang, “A Biohacker Regrets Publicly Injecting Himself with CRISPR.” [xxxvi] World Medical Association, “WMA Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects,” 1964. [xxxvii] The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and behavioral Research, “Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research Commonly Known as ‘The Belmont Report,’” 1979. [xxxviii] World Medical Association, “WMA Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.” [xxxix] World Medical Association. [xl] World Medical Association. [xli] WHO, “Standards and Operational Guidance for Ethics Review of Health-Related Research with Human Participants.” [xlii] WHO. [xliii] WHO. [xliv] Merton, The Sociology of Science. [xlv] Merton. [xlvi] Bennet et al., “From Synthetic Biology to Biohacking: Are We Prepared?”

Mohd Yaziz Bin Mohd Isa, Zulkifflee Bin Mohamed

This paper provides an account of the commonalities of theoretical foundations of insaniah (humanistic) economics that is prevailing in transactions of waqf (an Islamic endowment). The paper establishes the integration of the two theoretical foundations, the insaniah (humanistic) economics in the waqf transactions. Taking into accounts waqf is about preserving the usufruct (the right-of-use) of specified asset(s) by donor (waqif) so that it may benefit the society in the long run (AAOIFI, 2018), and conceptually ownership of a waqf belongs to Allah S.W.T., alone; the paper proposes a trajectory from an existing secular economics of societal transformation society 5.0 (a super smart society). The society 5.0 itself is a societal transformation plan from IR 4.0 and emphasizes on social implications, ethics and social acceptance by all stakeholders. In view of the substantial role of waqf as one of Islamic economic rites, a human-centred tawhidic society 5.0 is the common purpose in all the transformational phases. In the society 5.0, movements toward incorporating new elements from both secular and Islamic economics into existing technologies and knowledge, thereafter, designing and creating previously unknown business services are gaining visibility. Taking into accounts the scope of waqf transactions has expanded concurrently on the verge of the human-centered society 5.0 from traditional platforms due to the socio-economic demands, it becomes increasingly necessary the human-centered tawhidic-based principles is the foundation for economic activities for the ummah. Innovation is increasingly important as a driving force for economy activities, without a doubt. Underneath all this is “digitized information”, in the future, innovative information-based technologies such as Internet of Things (IOT), artificial intelligence (AI), and robotics are expected to generate new added value.

Črešnar Rok, Jevšenak Senta

The main purpose of this paper is to assess a possible impact millennials will have on the future business environment of Industry 4.0, based on their personal value orientations. Millennials are taking over important roles in organizations, but their personal values are significantly different from those of older generations. This paper shows that, based on the Schwartz’s value survey with N=371 Slovenian respondents, millennials are in general more inclined toward values connected to personal growth and freedom from anxiety, emphasizing self-transcendence and openness to change, than toward self-protection and anxiety avoidance, understating conservation and self-enhancement values. These cognitions can have significant implications in shaping the future business environment of Industry 4.0, as it can become more open, understanding, collaborative, accepting, and generally more supporting, thus creating the evident millennials’ effect. Even though millennials are in general well prepared for the future business environment, organizations will have to, in order to retain the millennials, reshape their current organizational environment to better reflect the millennials’ views.

Rafael Junquera de Estéfani

Today, the public debate on euthanasia in Spain focuses on the presentation of a draft law at the national level. When we look at the Spanish autonomous community, we see that most of the autonomies already have regulatory regulations on dignified death, rights of patients in the process of death, etc. Now it is time to ask the question that appears as the title of this article: is it necessary a law that regulates euthanasia when we have a multiplicity of autonomic norms that are already regulating the rights of people at the end of life? We are going to focus on the regulations of only one of these autonomous communities: Comunidad de Madrid.

Aam S. Rusydiana, Hendri Tanjung, Lina Marlina

Every single effort or process taken by Islamic bank to maximize output should also uphold Islamic values, so that maqashid sharia (maslahah-sharia objectives) would be automatically achieved. There were some research conducted to measure Islamic bank performance using maqashid sharia framework. However, these studies were not explicitly addressing the issue of cost-saving strategies within the framework of efficiency measurement. It is therefore this paper aims to have efficiency and maslahah measurement in one assessment framework that is maslahah-eficiency quadrant (MEQ). There are three aspects measurement of maslahah, namely education, justice, and welfare as maqashid sharia index (MSI). Hence, in order to measure efficiency level of Islamic Banking Industry especially Sharia Business Unit, this study use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method and employ Banxia Frontier Analyst 3.1 for data analysis. Within the MEQ framework, the study revealed that Permata, CIMB, BTN, DKI, Jambi, and Kalbar are excellent since both are within the first quadrant.Whereas Maybank, NISP, Sinarmas, Sumbar, and Sulselbar are considered good at the second quadrant; Danamon, Jatim, Sumut, Riau&Kepri, Kalsel, and Kaltim are fair at the third; and DIY, Jateng, and NTB are poor at the fourth sequentially. It is urge for Islamic bank that are in low level of MSI to have a critical policy to keep in line with the five factor of maqashid sharia apart of having efficiency in order to reach maslahah.

Sabina Riboldazzi

Mounting pressures from society demanding higher standards in business ethics, along with a growing number of consumers and several other market players sensitive to issues concerning corporate social responsibility and sustainable development, have encouraged the adoption of new behaviors by those large-scale retailers seeking to achieve positive business results through economic effectiveness and efficiency while respecting human rights, social balance, and the environment. The present study, through in-depth analysis of business practices of major domestic large-scale retailers, aims to assess, in the context of economic, social, and environmental responsibilities, the various initiatives developed by such retailers with respect to environmental protection.

Fabian Zhilla, Layal Abou Daher, Cenk Lacin Arikan et al.

Understanding the role of the determinants of the ethical decision making in business organizations has become increasingly appealing to the field of business ethics. Various ethical decision making models put more emphasis on a narrow set of determinants. In concert with other contextual factors, these determinants appear to drive the ethical decision making in business organizations. However, in the literature there seems to be room for a more holistic set of determinants, which can explain effectively and holistically the diverse ethical rationales underlying the decision making more effectively. In this paper, the authors set out several ethical models and extract the predominant determinants. After portraying the main literature, the authors conclude that the most recent models are based on the first generation of ethical models, which tend to be more theoretical than empirical. They note the lack of empirical research in this area, which can be explained by both the nature and the intricateness of business ethics. They find that empirical analysis, when it exists, tends to focus on specific variables. The authors highlight at the end of the paper the need for integrative ethical models, which tackle not only the “how” but also the “why” of ethical decision making.

Adam Zadroga

The article focuses on the possibility of using the principles of personalism and utilitarianism in business ethics and marketing ethics. The author answers the question: Why should we first choose personalism, and not utilitarianism? The main thesis of this article is that for business ethics and marketing ethics the personalistic norm of morality is more appropriate than the utilitarian standard of morality. The article aims: (1) at assessing the utilitarian standard of morality used in business and marketing ethics; (2) at introducing the concept of business ethics and marketing ethics based on the assumptions of personalism

KI Stergiou

Despite the historically close connection between humans and fish, the question ‘What is the most famous fish species?’ has never been asked. I used Google Ngram viewer to estimate the frequency of times the common names of 250 fishes appear in the corpus of digitized English books published between 1800 and 2000. I propose the ‘famon’ as a unit of fame, with 1 famon = 10-6 relative % Ngram frequency. Twelve of the 250 common names are words which also have other uses in English and were thus not considered here, and 57 species had 0 famons. For the remaining 181 species, fame increased for 139 (76.8%), during or part of 1800-2000. Goldfish Carassius auratus, the most common laboratory and aquarium fish and the second fish to be domesticated, is the most famous fish, reaching 80 to 117 famons after 1930. It was introduced to Europe from China about 325 to 450 yr ago and then to North America around 1850. Goldfish have penetrated into cultural aspects of human civilization (e.g. stamps, art, music). ‘Goldfish’ also appears in the corpus of simplified Chinese, French, German, Italian, and Spanish books. The results show the universality and dominance of goldfish in the digitized published heritage. This likely indicates that non-consumptive cultural aspects, including aesthetic, spiritual, and recreational components, play a central role in defining the relationship of humans with fish, being equally important as provisioning, regulating, and supporting services, and thus should be valued accordingly for conservation. However, cultural services have not yet been adequately integrated within the ecosystem service framework and are generally excluded from economic evaluations, a fact raising ethical issues with respect to their relative evaluation.

Ahmad Lukman Nugraha

Islam affirms that there stand for mutual affect in business processes, until the business practice as a work field recommended to the adherents; while discussing ethics of business activity poped out to minimize cheating and fraud activities. However, Islamic business ethics felt difficult to apply in practice, especially in the business of buying and selling. Modern Islamic Boarding School “Darussalam” Gontor is one of the self-financing and self-help islamic boarding schools in the economic supported by cooperatives in pesantren (koppontren). This paper aims to comprehensively understand the application of Islamic business ethics and focus on the entrepreneurs in business sectors Gontor La-Tansa’s cooperatives. This research had systematically employed mix method research with sequential explanatory design and case study. Gathering data through using questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentation has been performing analysis through data reduction, data display, and data verification. This paper argues that Gontor La-Tansa’s cooperatives sector can run the business activities with implementing business ethics according to the Qur’an and Sunna values. Appear from the height comprehension of the business to the axiom business ethics and the height application in business activities in each business sector. In addition, the role of kiai and business unit supervisor is high. Data displays a level of the height direction (80 percent) and control on the application of business ethics (72 percent). The Islamic business ethics can be applied on firm’s and government’s law with height comprehension and controlling.

Ari Prasetyo, Intan Kusuma Pratiwi

<p>Nowadays people consider ethics separately in business activities. Therefore, there are so many ethic breaches done by companies, including hajj/umroh travel agency. It is proven by the fact of  many pilgims who were failure to have hajj in 2014. This study aimed to know more about Islamic business ethics in marketing communication of “X” as one of big umroh/hajj travel agency in East Java. This study uses case study with explanatory qualitative approach. Data collecting techniques in this study are interview, participative observation, and collecting documents to chosen informant by using purposive sampling method. Based on the findings, it revealed that hajj/umroh travel agency “X” Surabaya applies Islamic business ethics in marketing communication by being honest and open to public about the offering of umroh/hajj program, consistent and continue to inform about umroh/hajj, creative and able to give solution, keeping their promises, and able to communicate the umroh/hajj information well.</p><p>DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v8i1.1865">10.15408/aiq.v8i1.1865</a></p>

Budi Sukardi

<p>The development of Islamic banking indicated dynamic changes and rapid growth. Some countries such United States, United Kingdom, European Union, Canada, Singapore implemented the Islamic financial system. However, economic globalization, laissez-faire, and financial crisis that engulf Indonesia as consequence the lack of bankers commitment to corporate governance, regulation and supervision of the government,business climate of banking do not prioritize business ethics between investors and bankers. Emerging debate that the models of corporate governance developed in western countries can not applicable in Muslim countries, even countries with high levels of corruption. Both models oscillated to find solution in fulfill stakeholders which the principles of morality have been ignored. The Implementation of corporate governance became part of social responsibility, values, ethics and norms must be possessed by Islamic banking due to highly correlated with the organizational readiness and the alignment of management actions to satisfy and ser ve stakeholder needs ,giving an exclusive deals in compliance the justice of morality ,social welfare,economic and political system, corporate image and accountability in keeping the identity of Islam as a religion. Corporate governance became a value system in Islamic financial institutions which giving same legal protections to all stakeholders, it would have an impact the effectiveness, the sustainability of institutions and generate trust with security sense of the community ,financial efficiency ,fiscal and monetary policies resulting in financial equilibrium.</p>

Belás Jaroslav

The aim of this article is to examine the social context of the banking business and to define the basic attributes of corporate social responsibility and ethics in commercial banking. One part of the presents the results of the author’s empiric research into the moral attitudes of bank employees in the Slovak Republic. The importance of ethical standards for financial markets is based on the purpose of commercial banks and other financial institutions, which operate with the money of others. The financial crisis has revealed other significant economic implications, and the considerable lack of moral values in commercial banking has been reflected in bankers’ unscrupulous approach to their clients. The crisis has also caused a fundamental turnaround in public opinion towards commercial banking and has increased the pressure to apply moral principles, which represent an appropriate complement to banking regulation. The results of our research show a low level of employee loyalty in the banking sector of the Slovak Republic. This paper can serve as an inspiration for future economic and sociological research by emphasizing the fact that pursuit of profit can be compatible with added social value.

naaser sanobar, nasrin mehdi zade asl

At present age, In conditions that Marketing reviews a new generation of concepts, Social Ethics and Responsibilities has got a special place. Human health, pollution and scarcity of primary sources are tile subjects that vindicate attention to social responsibilities. One of the important tools for differentiating from competitors in this competitive world and getting competitive advantage for increasing market share is paying attention to Social responsibilities in business. In this paper, has been tried to investigate the relationship between attention to social responsibilities and marketing performance. In this research marketing performance has been measured by these three factors: Market share, brand reputation and getting Competitive Advantage. According to data collecting method, research method is descriptive. For collecting data has been used questionnaire. Because of newness of subject between this state's producers, this research has been accomplished as a Case study and excellent exporters of food industrial of eastern Azarbayjan has been chosen as statistic sample. Collected data was analyzed by 16' s version of SPSS software. At last, the results show that there is a positive relationship between social responsibilities and marketing performance. In other words, attention to Social Responsibilities cause increasing market share, Brand reputation and getting Competitive Advantage and improve the marketing performance of company at all.