Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Respect Mlambo, Muzi Matfunjwa

Kinship terminologies, which vary across cultures and languages, present challenges for lexicographers in creating bilingual dictionaries. Effective bilingual dictionaries must accurately and comprehensively reflect kinship terms and their equivalents. This study explores the lexicographic treatment of Xitsonga kinship terms in bilingual dictionaries, focusing on their definition, translation, and cross-referencing in English-Xitsonga contexts. It addresses the lexicographic challenges posed by kinship terms' cultural specificity and structural diversity across languages. Using a descriptive qualitative methodology, data were collected from the English-Tsonga/Tsonga-English Pocket Dictionary (2008) and the Pharos Bilingual Dictionary: English-Xitsonga/Xitsonga-English (2021). This study is guided by the user-driven approach to lexicography. The study has found that even though bilingual dictionaries offer some accurate equivalents, they often lack full definitions and overlook specific cultural nuances. Cultural differences between English and Xitsonga were identified as key factors limiting the inclusion of kinship equivalents. To improve the accuracy and cultural representation of kinship terms, this study recommends expanding definitions to cover a wider range of familial relationships and ensuring all relevant Xitsonga equivalents are included to reflect its cultural distinctions. These findings contribute to understanding the challenges and opportunities of presenting kinship terms and informing the improvement of bilingual lexicographic resources for Xitsonga.

Respect Mlambo, Muzi Matfunjwa

Kinship terminologies, which vary across cultures and languages, present challenges for lexicographers in creating bilingual dictionaries. Effective bilingual dictionaries must accurately and comprehensively reflect kinship terms and their equivalents. This study explores the lexicographic treatment of Xitsonga kinship terms in bilingual dictionaries, focusing on their definition, translation, and cross-referencing in English-Xitsonga contexts. It addresses the lexicographic challenges posed by kinship terms' cultural specificity and structural diversity across languages. Using a descriptive qualitative methodology, data were collected from the English-Tsonga/Tsonga-English Pocket Dictionary (2008) and the Pharos Bilingual Dictionary: English-Xitsonga/Xitsonga-English (2021). This study is guided by the user-driven approach to lexicography. The study has found that even though bilingual dictionaries offer some accurate equivalents, they often lack full definitions and overlook specific cultural nuances. Cultural differences between English and Xitsonga were identified as key factors limiting the inclusion of kinship equivalents. To improve the accuracy and cultural representation of kinship terms, this study recommends expanding definitions to cover a wider range of familial relationships and ensuring all relevant Xitsonga equivalents are included to reflect its cultural distinctions. These findings contribute to understanding the challenges and opportunities of presenting kinship terms and informing the improvement of bilingual lexicographic resources for Xitsonga.

İbrahim Emre Özdoğan, Soner Gündüzöz

Arap dil bilimi, hicri 1. asırdan itibaren girişilen bireysel çabalarla oluşmaya başlamıştır. Bu oluşum sürecini takip eden dönemde, özellikle hicri 2. asırda ortaya çıkan Kitābu’l-ʿAyn, sözlük olma niteliğini aşarak dil bilimine getirdiği katkılarla Arap linguistiğinin önemli ve kapsamlı bir alt dalının önünü açmıştır. Bu da hiç şüphesiz Arap leksikolojisidir. Kendisinden sonra, aynı soydan eserlerin taşıdığı benzerlikler bu eserin öncülüğünü inkar edilemez kılmaktadır. Bu alanda kaleme alınan kitaplar, Arap aklı ve birikimiyle oluşsa da sistem ve düzen bakımından yine Arap aklına ve Arap dili ilgililerine optimize edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu uğurda; verilen eserler, farklı dizim kategorilerini benimsemiş, bu tasnif faaliyeti ise sözlük maddelerinin dizimi sırasında dikkate alınacak harfler ile bu harflerin göz önünde bulundurulduğu yönleri üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu kategorilerden biri de kelime kökünün son harfi öncelenerek dizimlenen sözlüklerdir. Sanatsal kaygılar, Arap olmayanların erişim kolaylığı ve Arap dil morfolojisi gereği son harfin çoğunlukla değişikliğe uğramaması gibi saiklerle oluşan bu kategori, hicri 4. asrın dil alimi Ebū Naṣr İsmāʿīl b. Ḥammād el-Cevherī (ö. 400/1009) ile tanınmış olsa da çalışmamızın iddiası, hicri 284 yılında vefat eden el-Yemān b. Ebi’l-Yemān Ebū Bişr el-Bendenīcī’nin bu kategoride sözlük yazan ilk dil alimi olduğudur. Kendisi ve eseri hakkında yeterince çalışma yapılmayan bu dil aliminin eseri Kitābu’t-Taḳfiye fi’l-Luġa’dır. Bu çalışma, ilgili alanda erişilen ve yapılan taramalar sonucu ulaşılan doneleri aktarmayı; bu donelerin ışığında ise Kitābu’t-Taḳfiye fi’l-Luġa’nın, Arap leksikolojisinde hak ettiği konumu tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

T. G. Nikitina, E. I. Rogaleva

This article addresses the issues of enhancing the lexicographic representation of confessionally marked urbanonyms. The objective of the study is to substantiate parametric models for dictionary entries that allow for a comprehensive presentation of the confessional component of urbanonymy in both culturalhistorical and functional aspects. The research material is drawn from the database of the Experimental Laboratory of Educational Lexicography at Pskov State University, which contains 3,000 urbanonyms, including more than 200 ecclesionims (official, colloquial, and slang), forming the core of the urbanonymconfessionalism dataset. Through structuralsemantic and contextual analysis, the study identifies the denotative correlations, lexical composition of these urbanonyms, and various types of their variations in contemporary speech. Historical-etymological analysis aids in uncovering the motivations behind nomination. The method of linguocultural interpretation is employed in developing the commentary section of the dictionary entry. Lexicographic construction techniques are utilized in creating an improved model for entries in a general alphabetical urbanonym dictionary and an innovative discourse-type entry for an urbanonym guide dictionary. Samples of dictionary entries with accompanying comments are presented.

Monica Lupetti

Numerous Portuguese texts and paratexts from the era of the dual monarchy (1580-1640) are characterised by eulogies of the Lusitanian language that fulfill the task of defending its prestige over Spanish. Between the end of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, when the production of translations, grammars, dictionaries and other glottodidactic tools of various natures increased, the memory of the ancient praises was relied upon for purposes that were (justifying the study of Portuguese as a foreign language), politicocultural (defending the dignity of Portuguese within the neo-Latin stock; making space for the Lusitanian literary tradition in the European cultural space), and commercial (in the context of the modern publishing industry, creating a market for Lusophone texts and manuals).

Tilovova Gavhar

The article deals with the hyponymic analysis of forestry terms in German and Uzbek languages, and this is one of the main points of the scientific work. In linguistics, it is very important to combine the lexical layers of the language into one system and divide them into lexical-semantic groups. The series divided into separate lexical-semantic groups includes synonyms, antonyms, as well as hypo-hyperonymic series. They are not only connected with each other on the basis of clear semantic connection, but also form a whole microsystem. Also, in the article, the meaning of words was studied by combining them into thematic and lexical-semantic groups. The features of lexical graduonymy are also discussed. Taking into account the wide spread of hyponymic relations in forestry terminology, a number of analyzes were conducted on terms related to subjects taught at forestry faculties. The following subjects are: Forest Breeding, Forest Phytopathology, Dendrology, Forest Medicinal Plants, Forest Entomology, Forest Formation and Anatomy of Forest Plants. According to the type relations of the collected terms, the differential semantics related to the general meaning of the term is distinguished. At the same time, it was found that the study of hypohyperonymic lines in German and Uzbek languages based on forestry terms serves to systematize lexicography.

Mikel Urquijo, Joseba Agirreazkuenaga

The aim of this paper is to take part in the debate about the future of national biographies today. In this sense, we analyse national biographical dictionaries as instruments for the creation of national memory and as a foundation in the processes of building nation-states. We analyse the origin and development of national biographical dictionaries in the context of the evolution of biography. We initially observe the elements that condition dictionaries: the geographical and chronological framework in which they are developed, the criteria for selecting the personages whose biographies are to be written and for selecting biographers, the structure and sources of the biographies. At present, this model of dictionaries and national memory is being put into question by the emergence of new nationalisms and by the superseding of nations in new supranational bodies like the European Union. Finally, based on the above, we set out a proposal for renovating these works in the XXI century.

Paweł Levchuk

Western Region Variety of the Standard Ukrainian Language in the Interwar Period: A Review of Liudmyla Pidkuĭmukha’s Monograph Mova Lʹvova, abo koly ĭ batiary hovoryly (Kyiv: Klio, 2020, ss. 326) The reviewed monograph is the first extensive paper on the vocabulary of the western variant of the Ukrainian language based on the texts of the ‘Twelve’, an interwar literary circle of writers from Lʹviv. The paper highlights the social dialects that functioned in Lʹviv during the interwar period, in particular the jargon of schoolchildren and athletes. Particular attention is paid to balak, which became a linguistic feature of the Batyar subculture. This subculture reached its peak in the 1920s and 1930s. Material collated from three editions of B. Nyzhankivskyi’s collection Street (1936, 1941, 1995) illustrates the specifics of Soviet editorial practice, which was aimed at limiting the use of western Ukrainian vocabulary in order to artificially bring the Ukrainian language closer to Russian.   Zachodnia odmiana standardowego języka ukraińskiego w okresie międzywojennym. Recenzja monografii Liudmyly Pidkuĭmukhy "Mova Lʹvova, abo koly ĭ batiary hovoryly" (Kyiv: Klio, 2020, ss. 326) Recenzowana monografia jest pierwszą obszerną pracą na temat słownictwa zachodniej odmiany języka ukraińskiego na podstawie tekstów "Dwunastki", międzywojennego literackiego ugrupowania pisarzy z Lwowa. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na dialekty społeczne funkcjonujące we Lwowie w okresie międzywojennym, w szczególności na żargon młodzieży szkolnej i sportowców. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na balak, który stał się językową cechą subkultury batiarskiej. Subkultura ta osiągnęła szczyt rozwoju w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX wieku. Materiał zebrany z trzech wydań zbioru B. Nyzhankivskiego Ulica (1936, 1941, 1995) ilustruje specyfikę radzieckiej praktyki edytorskiej, której celem było ograniczenie użycia zachodnioukraińskiego słownictwa, aby sztucznie zbliżyć język ukraiński do rosyjskiego.

Atirkul Egemberdievna Agmanova, Zifa Kakbaevna Temirgazina

The article is timed to coincide with 75th anniversary of Eleonora Dyusenovna Suleimenova, who is a famous scientist of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Philology, academic of International Higher Education Academy. The contribution of E.D. Suleimenova to the development of modern linguistics is considered in the context of her basic multifaceted scientific, educational and social activities. A special attention is paid to the academic’s fundamental works in General and Contrastive Semantics, Sociolinguistics and Theory of Second Language Acquisition. In the present article some practical research results of Suleimenova have been discussed, those of theoretical foundation of lexicographic principles of metalinguistic units and their realization in two language dictionaries, compiled by her guidance (“Glossary in Linguistics”, Languages of peoples of Kazakhstan” Reference book, “Business Language: Kazakh-Russian Dictionary of collocations”, “Glossary of Sociolinguistic terms”). Some other linguistic and educational ideas of the scientist that have been reflected in the textbooks for both school and university students have also been viewed.

Jacobus A. Naudé, Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé

In the ancient world, precious stones (valuable stones and hard substances excluding gold, silver and copper) were distinguished in terms of appearance (beauty, colour), function (durability) and cost (rarity). As a result, there is considerable difficulty in determining how to correlate the inventory of lexical terms referring to precious stones in the ancient Near East with modern mineralogical identifications. In this article, the etymology and identification of precious stones in the Bible are revisited using editorial theory and complexity thinking. The starting point for lexicographical identification is the breastpiece of the high priest (Ex 28:17–20; 39:10–14) with its 12 precious stones and the translation of the Hebrew terms in the Septuagint. In the light of the considerable writings in the Hellenistic world on precious stones, especially Pliny’s Naturalis Historia and Theophrastus’ On Stones, the Septuagint provides the key for the etymology and identification of the precious stones in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. Contribution: The Septuagint translation of the precious stones in the high priest’s breastpiece is the Rosetta Stone for the identification all of the precious stones in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament. The subsequent translations of the terms indicate changes or substitutions of referents and their meanings.

EMILIA KUBICKA

The study considers the question of whether (and how) bilingual dictionaries may be improved. The information presented in dictionaries has been confronted with textual reality (i.e., with examples of actual translations), based on the German expression fassungslos and its Polish equivalents in parallel texts. The author assumes that bilingual dictionaries are mainly used by language learners, while professional translators may consider them as one of many possible sources. In teaching, multiplying the possible equivalents or suggesting ad hoc solutions is generally not recommended. Despite the attempts at objectivizing lexicographic descriptions, which are made possible by using language corpora, it often turns out that the decisions made by dictionary authors are (and need to be) arbitrary

Olga V. Morgunova (Atroshenko)

The paper reviews the recent book by Marina Valentsova The Folk Calendar of Czechs and Slovaks investigating into the lexicographic, semantic, genetic and structural aspects of the study of folk calendar. The book pays special attention to Czech and Slovak chrononymy and, thus, is of interest for onomatologists. The reviewer acknowledges the abundance of the studied linguistic and ethno-cultural data retrieved from a large number of sources including those previously unpublished and describes the Czech and Slovak dictionaries presented in the book under review: according to the reviewer, one of the author's achievements is the elaboration of the structure of an encyclopedic article most appropriate for the ethnolinguistic interpretation of lexis. Such a structure enables not only to elicit the linguistic links of calendar terms, but also to describe the corresponding realia and their relations. The other parts of the book that discuss the key issues in the study of Czech and Slovak calendar terminology appear to be of no less value. All the studied materials are divided into five groups: chrononyms as such; names of rites and ritual actions; names of ritual objects; names of actors; names of calendar folk elements. The author gives a comprehensive description of formal, semantic and symbolic properties of common nouns and proper names constituting these five groups of lexis, focusing on the comparative analysis of the Czech and Slovak traditions. The reviewed work is characterized as an innovative research that offers new challenges for scholars from various fields of humanities.

Y. Liang, Shiow-yang Wu

Agnieszka Pluwak

An Analysis of the WAR AGAINST THE DISEASE-metaphor in Selected 2011 Presidential Speeches of Felipe Calderon with the Application of the Neural Theory of Metaphor The following paper describes the background of the neural theory of language by Jerome Feldman and provides a set of related research tools by George Lakoff. It also offers an example of its application to metaphor analysis based on 2011–2012 speeches by the Mexican President, Felipe Calderon. A complex WAR AGAINST THE DISEASE-metaphor is decomposed and explained with respect to cognitive patterns involved. In its envoy, the article goes back to a famous linguistic question, whether one can judge from linguistic research onto the mental and neural processes involved in language creation and processing. It is also an attempt to indicate possible future directions in the interdisciplinary field of metaphor research.

Anitra Roze

Color Names in Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (Eng. Russian-Latvian-German Dictionary) (1872) by K. Valdemārs The article gives a brief insight in the late 19th century lexicographical situation in Latvia, emphasizing especially the role and place of the first Latvian dictionary that was compiled by a Latvian author – i.e., the Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (Eng. Russian-Latvian-German Dictionary) (1872) created by Krišjānis Valdemārs. This study analyzes one particular lexical group as it is represented in this dictionary – color names. The dictionary presents a rich material for research, especially in the context of the semantics and morphology of color designations. It contains 146 entries describing colors and their shades, which include not only abstract but also a large number of specific color names.   Nazwy kolorów w Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (pol. Słownik rosyjsko-łotewsko-niemiecki) (1872) K. Valdemārsa Artykuł daje wgląd w sytuację leksykograficzną Łotwy w końcu XIX w., podkreślając zwłaszcza doniosłą rolę pierwszego słownika języka łotewskiego zestawionego przez Łotysza Krišjānisa Valdemārsa pod tytułem Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (pol. Słownik rosyjsko-łotewsko-niemiecki) z roku 1872. Przedmiotem analizy jest sposób przedstawienia w tym dziele jednej grupy leksykalnej – nazw kolorów. Słownik przedstawia sobą bogaty materiał badawczy, zwłaszcza w zakresie semantyki i morfologii oznaczeń kolorów. Wśród 146 haseł poświęconych kolorom i ich odcieniom znalazły się nie tylko nazwy abstrakcyjne, lecz także liczne konkretne nazwy kolorów.

Alan Vranjković, Ivan Dragičević

T. K. Sumenjak, P. Pavlic, Aleksandra Tepeh

A Roman dominating function of a graph G=(V,E) is a function f:V->{0,1,2} such that every vertex with f(v)=0 is adjacent to some vertex with f(v)=2. The Roman domination number of G is the minimum of w(f)[email protected]?"v"@?"Vf(v) over all such functions. Using a new concept of the so-called dominating couple we establish the Roman domination number of the lexicographic product of graphs. We also characterize Roman graphs among the lexicographic product of graphs.

Henning Bergenholtz

No abstract.

Tea Rogić Musa

Prijepori oko metafore u pjesničkome tekstu odnose se na njezino prepoznavanje, kriterije tipologije, mogućnosti njezina prevođenja na doslovni jezik, obranu od pristupa metafori kao ukrasu, na odnos metafore i usporedbe, te njezinu kreativnost i svrhovitost. Interakcijski model služi se dvjema različitim idejama o dvjema stvarima, koje u međudjelovanju proizvode treću ideju, koja može biti jedna riječ ili fraza, a metafora je rezultat međudjelovanja dviju različitih ideja o dvama predmetima. Nedostatak je interakcijskoga modela razumijevanje metafore na osnovi ustaljenih konotacija. U suvremenoj  semantici rečenica je temeljni nositelj značenja, no u semiotici je temeljni znak riječ. S obzirom na te dvije mogućnosti, metafora se može tumačiti unutar rečenice kao cjeline te na razini izolirane riječi. U tumačenju pjesničke metafore trebalo bi donekle potisnuti kriterije opisivanja metafore kao semantički postupak opažanja sličnosti u različitome i njezina formalna obilježja te pokazati da metaforičko značenje ima izvanjezičnu referenciju, što omogućuje razumijevanje metafore s obzirom na neposrednu zbilju. Ta je mogućnost od golema značenja za tumačenje metafora u pjesničkim tekstovima nastalima u avangardi.

S. Nielsen

Abstract: An important aspect for any lexicographer to consider is the ease with which users will be able to acquire the necessary information from the data presented in the dictionary, whether electronic or printed. Furthermore, this aspect has high priority with users and reviewers. A distinction is proposed between two general types of lexicographical information costs. Firstly, search-related costs are the effort required by the look-up activities users have to perform when consulting a dictionary to find access to the data they are searching for. It is argued that the access route, article structure, data distribution and cross-references may influence search-related information costs positively as well as negatively. Secondly, comprehension-related costs are the effort connected to the user's ability to understand and interpret the data presented in a dictionary. In other words: How easy or difficult is it for users to understand the data presented? Examples show how textual condensation, dictionary functions and use-situations may impact on the level of comprehension-related information costs. It is thus possible to establish a framework for evaluating lexicographical information costs for the purpose of dictionary making, use, analysis and research. Keywords: LEXICOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY, INFORMATION COSTS, ACCESS ROUTES,DISTRIBUTION STRUCTURE, CROSS-REFERENCES, TEXTUAL CONDENSATION, DICTIONARYARTICLES, SEARCH ZONES, DATA, INFORMATION, DICTIONARY FUNCTIONS,USE-SITUATIONS Opsomming: Die uitwerking van leksikografiese inligtingskoste op diemaak en gebruik van woordeboeke. 'n Belangrike aspek vir enige leksikograaf om in agte neem is die gemak waarmee gebruikers in staat sal wees om die nodige inligting van die data indie woordeboek, hetsy elektronies of gedruk, te verkry. Verder geniet hierdie aspek hoe voorkeurby gebruikers en resensente. 'n Onderskeid word voorgestel tussen twee algemene soorte leksikografieseinligtingskoste. Eerstens, soekverwante koste is die inspanning wat gepaardgaan met dieopsoekaktiwiteite wat gebruikers moet verrig by die raadpleging van 'n woordeboek om toegangte verkry tot die data waarna hulle soek. Daar word geredeneer dat die toegangsroete, artikelstruktuur,dataverspreiding en kruisverwysings soekverwante inligtingskoste sowel positief asnegatief kan beinvloed. Tweedens, begripsverwante koste is die inspanning verbonde aan diegebruiker se vermoe om die gegewe data in 'n woordeboek te verstaan en te interpreteer. Metander woorde: Hoe maklik of moeilik is dit vir gebruikers om die gegewe data te verstaan? Voorbeelde toon hoe tekstuele verdigting, woordeboekfunksies en gebruiksituasies 'n uitwerking kan heop die vlak van begripsverwante inligtingskoste. Dit is derhalwe moontlik om 'n raamwerk te skepvir die beoordeling van leksikografiese inligtingskoste vir die doel van die maak, gebruik, ontledingen ondersoek van woordeboeke. Sleutelwoorde: LEKSIKOGRAFIE, WOORDEBOEK, INLIGTINGSKOSTE, TOEGANGSROETES,VERSPREIDINGSTRUKTUUR, KRUISVERWYSINGS, TEKSVERDIGTING, WOORDEBOEKARTIKELS,SOEKSONES, DATA, INLIGTING, WOORDEBOEKFUNKSIES, GEBRUIKSITUASIES