Hasil untuk "Materials Science"

Tian Li, Yao Zhai, Shuaiming He et al.

A stronger, cooler wood One good way to reduce the amount of cooling a building needs is to make sure it reflects away infrared radiation. Passive radiative cooling materials are engineered to do this extremely well. Li et al. engineered a wood through delignification and re-pressing to create a mechanically strong material that also cools passively. They modeled the cooling savings of their wood for 16 different U.S. cities, which suggested savings between 20 and 50%. Cooling wood would be of particular value in hot and dry climates. Science, this issue p. 760 A process of delignification and reapplication of pressure creates a strong wood-based passive radiative cooling material. Reducing human reliance on energy-inefficient cooling methods such as air conditioning would have a large impact on the global energy landscape. By a process of complete delignification and densification of wood, we developed a structural material with a mechanical strength of 404.3 megapascals, more than eight times that of natural wood. The cellulose nanofibers in our engineered material backscatter solar radiation and emit strongly in mid-infrared wavelengths, resulting in continuous subambient cooling during both day and night. We model the potential impact of our cooling wood and find energy savings between 20 and 60%, which is most pronounced in hot and dry climates.

Tyler R. Ray, Jungil Choi, A. Bandodkar et al.

Bio-integrated wearable systems can measure a broad range of biophysical, biochemical, and environmental signals to provide critical insights into overall health status and to quantify human performance. Recent advances in material science, chemical analysis techniques, device designs, and assembly methods form the foundations for a uniquely differentiated type of wearable technology, characterized by noninvasive, intimate integration with the soft, curved, time-dynamic surfaces of the body. This review summarizes the latest advances in this emerging field of "bio-integrated" technologies in a comprehensive manner that connects fundamental developments in chemistry, material science, and engineering with sensing technologies that have the potential for widespread deployment and societal benefit in human health care. An introduction to the chemistries and materials for the active components of these systems contextualizes essential design considerations for sensors and associated platforms that appear in following sections. The subsequent content highlights the most advanced biosensors, classified according to their ability to capture biophysical, biochemical, and environmental information. Additional sections feature schemes for electrically powering these sensors and strategies for achieving fully integrated, wireless systems. The review concludes with an overview of key remaining challenges and a summary of opportunities where advances in materials chemistry will be critically important for continued progress.

Lingxian Meng, Yamin Zhang, Xiangjian Wan et al.

Tailoring tandem organics Tandem solar cells can boost efficiency by using a wider range of the solar spectrum. The bandgap of organic semiconductors can be tuned over a wide range, but, for a two-terminal device that directly connects the cells, the currents produced must be nearly equal. Meng et al. used a semiempirical analysis to choose well-matched top- and bottom-cell active layers. They used solution processing to fabricate an inverted tandem device that has a power conversion efficiency as high as 17.4%. Science, this issue p. 1094 A semi-empirical analysis helped to optimize materials for a tandem organic solar cell with high power conversion efficiency. Although organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells have many advantages, their performance still lags far behind that of other photovoltaic platforms. A fundamental reason for their low performance is the low charge mobility of organic materials, leading to a limit on the active-layer thickness and efficient light absorption. In this work, guided by a semi-empirical model analysis and using the tandem cell strategy to overcome such issues, and taking advantage of the high diversity and easily tunable band structure of organic materials, a record and certified 17.29% power conversion efficiency for a two-terminal monolithic solution-processed tandem OPV is achieved.

Tobias Frenzel, M. Kadic, M. Wegener

Yao Lu, S. Sathasivam, Jinlong Song et al.

F. Bonaccorso, L. Colombo, Guihua Yu et al.

Yuan Peng, Yanshuo Li, Y. Ban et al.

Zongxi Li, Jonathan C. Barnes, Jonathan C. Barnes et al.

J. Callow, M. Callow

P. Damasceno, M. Engel, S. Glotzer

P. R. Ogilby

John A. Keith, V. Vassilev-Galindo, Bingqing Cheng et al.

Machine learning models are poised to make a transformative impact on chemical sciences by dramatically accelerating computational algorithms and amplifying insights available from computational chemistry methods. However, achieving this requires a confluence and coaction of expertise in computer science and physical sciences. This Review is written for new and experienced researchers working at the intersection of both fields. We first provide concise tutorials of computational chemistry and machine learning methods, showing how insights involving both can be achieved. We follow with a critical review of noteworthy applications that demonstrate how computational chemistry and machine learning can be used together to provide insightful (and useful) predictions in molecular and materials modeling, retrosyntheses, catalysis, and drug design.

K. Schuchardt, B. T. Didier, Todd O. Elsethagen et al.

Xiaodan Jia, Yufei Zhao, Guangbo Chen et al.

Q. Nguyen, 高橋 武彦

S. K. Deb

S. Simon, S. Erduran, J. Osborne

Lukas Hörmann, Hemanadhan Myneni, Rwayda Kh. S. Al-Hamd et al.

Open and reproducible research in materials science relies on the availability of data, code, and common metadata standards. Journal research data policies (RDPs) remain a primary mechanism by which publication norms are defined and enforced. We survey RDPs for 171 materials science journals spanning 17 publishers, using an expanded coding framework that captures both data-and-code sharing behavior as well as refereeing standards. We find clear signs of progress in comparison to earlier research on RDPs: nearly all journals provide an RDP, and most mention data availability statements. However, enforceable requirements remain uncommon, public deposition of underlying data is rarely mandatory, and FAIR publication is typically encouraged rather than required. Expectations for research software are substantially less developed than those for data, with limited attention to versioning and persistent identifiers, dependency disclosure, reproducible execution environments, or software quality practices. Aggregating the findings on policy features into an open research data score reveals pronounced heterogeneity across journals. Neither impact factor nor access model reliably predicts policy strength. Double-coding further shows that more complex policies and stricter policies can be more challenging to interpret consistently, and we highlight challenges in consistent RDP encoding across studies. Lastly, we conclude with recommended best practice directions for the future.

S. Radenkovic, M. Dugic, I. Radojevic

The answers on the current status and future development of Quantum Science and Technology are presented.

Natalia D. Galskova, Elena A. Komochkina, Nataliia V. Poliakova

The article adopts a cross-disciplinary perspective on foreign language instruction for non-linguistic students, with particular emphasis on the axiological aspects of developing their professional speaking and writing skills in a foreign language. The theoretical framework of the study integrates contemporary achievements in axiology, cognitive psychology, social studies, and language education into a coherent teaching methodology, designed to reflect the lifestyles, modes of thinking, preferences, values, and cultural practices of today’s youth. The study is aimed at identifying the correlation between professional values and foreign language communicational skills and prove its positive effect on the formation of student’s professional speech culture through a foreign language course titled ‘Professional Speech Culture in the Native and Foreign Language’ for undergraduate science students. The course is tailored to the learners’ specific linguistic, cultural, and professional needs, focusing on oral and written communication in both L1 and L2 to support their future academic and professional success. The course incorporates authentic academic materials in both languages, collaborative activities, and grammar and vocabulary practice, with special attention given to the analysis and categorisation of specialised discourse units and markers within a cross-cultural professional context. The methodology was implemented and tested through a three-stage pedagogical experiment conducted among Physics and Mathematics students at the State University of Education during the 2024–2025 academic year. The results of current and final assessment procedures confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed methodology: students in the experimental group demonstrated greater fluency, fewer grammatical and lexical errors, and more substantial progress in both oral and written communication compared to the control group. Thus, we can state that the proposed methodology makes a valuable contribution to the theory and practice of foreign language instruction.