Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Sanjukta Das Gupta

 Adivasi or tribal communities in contemporary India are no strangers to violence. The incidence of violence within the tribal world requiresa multifaceted analysis. While much of the contemporary violence arises out of contestations over resources, it may also arise from other factors like social prejudice. This paper proposes a typology of violence encountered in the world of Adivasis through the history of the Lodha community in the Indian state of West Bengal. Categorized as Criminal Tribe in 1916 during British colonial rule, Lodhas were vilified and victimized both by the colonial government and by the rural society at large. After Independence, the Criminal Tribes Act was repealed in 1952, and Lodhas were denominated as the Denotified Tribes or vimukta jāti. This did not, however, ameliorate their social marginalization or their material status and Lodhas continued to live a life of abject poverty even under progressive governments. Finally, the paper looks at the steps taken by the Lodha community to combat such stigmatization in recent years.

Federico Pennino, Bianca Raimondi, Massimo Rondelli et al.

Generating accurate and executable code using large language models (LLMs) is challenging for languages with limited public training data compared to popular languages such as Python. This paper introduces a generalizable approach that uses small-scale code versions of the Qwen 2.5 model combined with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) to enable effective code generation through explicit reasoning steps, which is particularly beneficial for languages with smaller source code databases. Using Prolog as a representative use case -- given its limited online presence -- the initial model faced challenges in generating executable code. After some training steps, the model successfully produces logically consistent and syntactically accurate code by directly integrating reasoning-driven feedback into the reinforcement learning loop. Experimental evaluations using mathematical logic problem benchmarks illustrate significant improvements in reasoning quality, code accuracy, and logical correctness, underscoring the potential of this approach to benefit a wide range of programming languages lacking extensive training resources.

Wojciech Czerwiński, Łukasz Orlikowski

In this work, we extend undecidability of language equivalence for two-dimensional Vector Addition System with States (VASS) accepting by coverability condition. We show that the problem is undecidable even when one of the two-dimensional VASSs is deterministic and the other is history-deterministic. Moreover, we observe, that the languages of two history-deterministic VASSs are equal if and only if each can simulate the other. This observation allows us to extend the undecidability to any equivalence relation between two-sided simulation and language equivalence.

S. Mahmoud Mousawi, Sandra Zilles

In the context of learning formal languages, data about an unknown target language L is given in terms of a set of (word,label) pairs, where a binary label indicates whether or not the given word belongs to L. A (polynomial-size) characteristic set for L, with respect to a reference class L of languages, is a set of such pairs that satisfies certain conditions allowing a learning algorithm to (efficiently) identify L within L. In this paper, we introduce the notion of positive characteristic set, referring to characteristic sets of only positive examples. These are of importance in the context of learning from positive examples only. We study this notion for classes of relational pattern languages, which are of relevance to various applications in string processing.

Abhiram Bellur, Razan Alghamdi, Kidus Workneh et al.

Library learning is the process of building a library of common functionalities from a given set of programs. Typically, this process is applied in the context of aiding program synthesis: concise functions can help the synthesizer produce modularized code that is smaller in size. Previous work has focused on functional Lisp-like languages, as their regularity makes them more amenable to extracting repetitive structures. Our work introduces Leroy, which extends existing library learning techniques to imperative higher-level programming languages, with the goal of facilitating reusability and ease of maintenance. Leroy wraps the existing Stitch framework for library learning and converts imperative programs into a Lisp-like format using the AST. Our solution uses Stitch to do a top-down, corpus-guided extraction of repetitive expressions. Further, we prune abstractions that cannot be implemented in the programming language and convert the best abstractions back to the original language. We implement our technique in a tool for a subset of the Python programming language and evaluate it on a large corpus of programs. Leroy achieves a compression ratio of 1.04x of the original code base, with a slight expansion when the library is included. Additionally, we show that our technique prunes invalid abstractions.

Siddhartha Prasad, Ben Greenman, Tim Nelson et al.

Model finding, as embodied by SAT solvers and similar tools, is used widely, both in embedding settings and as a tool in its own right. For instance, tools like Alloy target SAT to enable users to incrementally define, explore, verify, and diagnose sophisticated specifications for a large number of complex systems. These tools critically include a visualizer that lets users graphically explore these generated models. As we show, however, default visualizers, which know nothing about the domain, are unhelpful and even actively violate presentational and cognitive principles. At the other extreme, full-blown visualizations require significant effort as well as knowledge a specifier might not possess; they can also exhibit bad failure modes (including silent failure). Instead, we need a language to capture essential domain information for lightweight diagramming. We ground our language design in both the cognitive science literature on diagrams and on a large number of example custom visualizations. This identifies the key elements of lightweight diagrams. We distill these into a small set of orthogonal primitives. We extend an Alloy-like tool to support these primitives. We evaluate the effectiveness of the produced diagrams, finding them good for reasoning. We then compare this against many other drawing languages and tools to show that this work defines a new niche that is lightweight, effective, and driven by sound principles.

Amir Darvari, sayed mahdi zarghani, mohammad jafar yahaqi et al.

AbstractIn addition to the importance of examining manuscripts to find the original form of a text, another important issue is the study of manuscripts as multiple texts and the result of literary recreating. Alterations in the manuscripts are rooted in various factors, many of which have been undoubtedly beyond the scribers’ control; but in the end, they are created by passing through the filter of the scriber's mind. These alterations are the hotbed of changes that open up a scribal narrative, which is the result of playing with discourses and weakening or strengthening them. The scriber is the ultimate selector of the text from two or more multiple manuscripts. Part of it is related to manuscripts and writing methods and another part is its social and cultural contexts. Virtual love in Hafez's poetry is one of the realms, in which literary discourse changes can be found. One of the manifestations of virtual love is Eshtiagh-Nameh (Letter of Eagerness), the semantic background of which is the theme of separation. It is close to writing a letter in terms of form. Some manuscripts of Hafez's Divan have changed the discourse of the text in the presence and absence of the mentioned letters. In this article, by introducing these versions, we tried to show that the performance of the manuscripts in this regard depended on the discourse community, in which they were located.IntroductionIn recent decades, after Iranian researchers became acquainted with the common methods of "Correction of Texts in the West", this knowledge was given more attention and expanded theoretically and methodically. The common denominator of these methods is the goal that the editor seeks to achieve, that is, to obtain a revised form close to the original form of a text. In such an approach, variants are considered as a marginal and transverse aspect, mainly due to the errors in the scribes. The issue of the present research was formed exactly at this point. What form will the problem take if we want to pay attention to the variants and their alterations instead of focusing on the original form and consider them not as the result of the scribers' error, but as the result of the discourse conditions governing the text writing? We chose the 9th-century AH manuscripts of Hafez's Divan as the "case study" because a significant collection of his manuscripts had been introduced and reported. Our statistical population in this research included the 59th-century manuscripts of Hafez's Divan that Neisari (2007) had collected in the book of "Variant Readings in Qazals of Hafez".Materials and MethodsA scribal narrative can be contrasted with an authorial narrative and given a separate identity. Scribers usually write their own narratives by making changes and alterations in their texts. In this article, we looked at some of the textual and discourse cues to show how the elements of Eshtiagh-Namih discourse were regulated, omitted, or altered in some manuscripts. The frequencies and qualities of the presence of 26 Eshtiagh-Namehs varied in the different manuscripts so much so that they could be classified into two groups: First, the group that had fully recorded the letters and included most of the manuscripts; we called them "convergent" group of of manuscripts. Second, the manuscripts that had tried to remove and reject the letters and therefore copied a small number of them. The second group of manuscripts, which had discourse changes due to deletions, was interpreted as the "transformative" group of of manuscripts. We showed that the performance of the manuscripts in deleting or maintaining the letters had been influenced by their discourse community. Hence, we identified 3 discourse communities for these versions.Discussion of Results & ConclusionsExamination of the types of alterations in the manuscripts of Hafez's Divan showed that some versions contained a different narrative from the majority of the manuscripts. A manuscript with emphasis on a particular discourse might try to highlight it, while other versions might have sought to weaken or eliminate the elements of that discourse. In the case of Eshtiagh-Nameh, which was part of the discourse of earthly love and was sometimes revealed as a genre in the lyric poems, some of the manuscripts had preserved it. By examining the purpose of formations of these manuscripts, it was clear that the emphasis on maintaining the Eshtiagh-Namihs was influenced by their discourse communities. Each writer was a member of the discourse community according to his goals and beliefs, which had guided his authorial narrative. The same was true about the copies that had weakened or eliminated the letters of eagerness. Weakening or strengthening a discourse in the written narrative is done by making changes in the three levels of sonnet, verse, and vocabulary, which is a matter of concern.

سوده اقتصاد, مرضیه مهرابی

هدف این پژوهش تحلیل دانش محتوایی تربیتی فناوری (TPACK) درک شده نودانش‌­آموختگان ایرانی از رشته آموزش زبان فرانسه، در راستای بررسی آمادگی آن‌ها برای تدریس حرفه‌ای خود بر اساس هفت مؤلفه‌ این دانش، و نیز بررسی نقش نوع دوره آموزشی و تجربیات تدریس قبلی بر میزان درک شده دانش محتوایی تربیتی فناوری آن ها می‌­باشد. داده‌های پژوهش از طریق پرسشنامه الکترونیکی (Baser et al, 2016)، متشکل از 39 گویه در مورد هفت مؤلفه فرعی TPACK جمع­‌آوری شد. چهل و هشت تازه فارغ التحصیل/مدرس ایرانی پیش از خدمت زبان فرانسه به پرسشنامه پاسخ دادند. نتایج حاکی از آن بود که به طور کلی، شرکت‌کنندگان ارزیابی مثبتی از دانش محتوایی تربیتی فناوری خود دارند، اگرچه دانش آن‌ها در زیرمجموعه‌­هایی مانند بکارگیری فناوری در آموزش و یادگیری تعاملی و مشارکتی زبان، نیازمند توسعه می­باشد. علاوه بر این، در حالی که رابطه معناداری بین نوع آموزش (حضوری یا مجازی) و سطح کلی و زیرمجموعه­‌های دانش محتوایی تربیتی فناوری این افراد مشاهده نشد، شرکت­ کنندگان با تجربه تدریس قبلی، دانش محتوایی و دانش تربیتی بالاتری داشتند، امری که بیانگر آن است که رشد این دو حوزه دانش، درکنار دوره‌­های نظری رشته آموزش، وابسته به تجربیات تدریس عملی می­باشد.

Ruben Becker, Davide Cenzato, Sung-Hwan Kim et al.

A Wheeler automaton is a finite state automaton whose states admit a total Wheeler order, reflecting the co-lexicographic order of the strings labeling source-to-node paths. A Wheeler language is a regular language admitting an accepting Wheeler automaton. Wheeler languages admit efficient and elegant solutions to hard problems such as automata compression and regular expression matching, therefore deciding whether a regular language is Wheeler is relevant in applications requiring efficient solutions to those problems. In this paper, we show that it is possible to decide whether a DFA with n states and m transitions recognizes a Wheeler language in $O(mn)$ time. This is a significant improvement over the running time $O(n^{13} + m\log n)$ of the previous polynomial-time algorithm (Alanko et al., Information and Computation 2021). A proof-of-concept implementation of this algorithm is available in a public repository. We complement this upper bound with a conditional matching lower bound stating that, unless the strong exponential time hypothesis (SETH) fails, the problem cannot be solved in strongly subquadratic time. The same problem is known to be PSPACE-complete when the input is an NFA (D'Agostino et al., Theoretical Computer Science 2023). Together with that result, our paper essentially closes the algorithmic problem of Wheeler language recognition.

Jeanine Dağyeli

Yaşar Kaplan

Feqîyê Teyran yek jî girîntirîn şa’êrê edebîyata kurdî ye ku ji alîyê xelkê ji rêzê ve gelek hatîye hezkirin û helbest û berhemên wî keftîne li ser zîmanê xelkî. Çend sebebên vê çendê hene ku xelkî ji wî gelek hez kirîye. Sebebê yekê ji ber sadebûn û safîbûna zimanê wî ye. Xelk, çavî helbestvanên din ên kurd pitir ji ziman, hizir û derbîrênên wî têdigehiştin û vê çendê zêdebelavbûna helbest û berhemên wî hêsan kirîye. Ji alîyê dî ve Feqî ji bo honandina berhemên xwe yên edebî pişta xwe bi hêmanên folklorîk û serhatîyên di nava xelkî da belav bestîye. Vêca wî çawan hêmanên folklorîk ên di nava xelkê da berbelav kirîye mijara berhemên xwe herwesa xelkî jî li ser wî gelek çîrok, çîrvanok, hîkaye û beyt çêkirine. Mijara vê nivîsarê beyteke gelêrî ye ku li ser hinek serhatîyên Feqîyê Teyran hatîye honandin. Ev beyt ji ber ku ji kombînasyoneke helbesta Feqî bi xwe û helbesta gelêrî pêkhatîye ji bo nîşêdana navêkraçûna edebîyata nivîskî û edebîyata devkî nimûneyeke gelek girîng e. Armanca vê nivîsê ji alîyê naverok, rûxsar, şêwe û alîyên cûda ve analîzkirina vê beytê ye.

Christopher Hahn, Frederik Schmitt, Julia J. Tillman et al.

We study the generalization abilities of language models when translating natural language into formal specifications with complex semantics. In particular, we fine-tune language models on three datasets consisting of English sentences and their corresponding formal representation: 1) regular expressions (regex), frequently used in programming and search; 2) First-order logic (FOL), commonly used in software verification and theorem proving; and 3) linear-time temporal logic (LTL), which forms the basis for industrial hardware specification languages. Our experiments show that, in these diverse domains, the language models maintain their generalization capabilities from pre-trained knowledge of natural language to generalize, e.g., to new variable names or operator descriptions. Additionally, they achieve competitive performance, and even outperform the state-of-the-art for translating into regular expressions, with the benefits of being easy to access, efficient to fine-tune, and without a particular need for domain-specific reasoning.

Rasoul Balavi

This book deals with interaction which is one of the important criticism problems related to literary genres. Interaction is regarded as a perfect standing for literary genres. The researcher Basma Aros tried to examine this idea and Maqāmah and how much this prosimetric literary genre accedes to interactive reading. Choosing Maqamah as a project for this study was a conscious choice because Maqamat is regarded as the basis of the literary genres, and it went beyond other prosimetric literary genres. We chose the book “the Tiger and the Wolf “ written by Sahl Ibn Haroon because it contains conflicting interaction be embodied in an interrelated genre approach. To accomplish this study, the researcher also worked on Maqamat "Badi Al-zamn Al-Hamadzani" and Maqamat "Abi Qasem Al-hariri. According to the descriptive-analytical method, In this critical study, we will focus on the mentioned book to reach some points of conclusion which reveal the rank and importance of this book. Our results show that this book aims at disclosing the secrets of interactive relations among literary genres and their contribution in changing the viewpoint to the genres and their role in the interactive course. In order to show the role of interaction in reading prosaic texts through applying old and modern opinions, the researcher chose the Maqam genre because it includes an exciting genre interaction.

Syed Shiraz Ali Zaidi

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Urdu Typesetting&quot;; mso-bidi-language: ER;">The education System of a nation is product of its culture. Every nation wants to nurture its children according to its cultural heritage. culture plays an important role in shaping the education system. That is why, sometimes the education system of one nation can be very harmful to the national existence of another nation. As we saw in colonial period that the </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Urdu Typesetting&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-language: ER;">Western education system was not only an educational but also a cultural invasion. Especially in Subcontinent this invasion proved very harmful for the identity of Muslims as nation. So, many intellectuals came forward as critics of the Western education, but usually their criticism seems to be exaggerated. In this scenario, Iqbal was the only intellectual whose criticism on Western education seems to be balanced, because he not only criticizes the Western education system but also exposes the Eastern education system of the time.</span></p>

پروین گلی زاده, منوچهر جوکار, زینب رحمتی

طرح جایگاه عنصر خارق‌العاده در نظامی که جایگاه عناصر آن در نسبت درونی با طرح کلّی تعیین می‌شود، روشی درست برای بررسی ساختار داستان‌های رئالیسم جادویی و حکایات عرفانی مشتمل بر رخدادهای شگفت‌انگیز است. برای نشان‌دادن پیوند ژرف‌ساخت جادویی با طرح این آثار، ساختار روایی حکایات موجود در متون عرفانی اسرارالتوحید، رسالة قشیریّه، کشف‌المحجوب، مرصادالعباد من المبدأ الی المعاد و مصباح‌الهدایه و مفتاح‌الکفایه و نیز آثار داستانی صدسال تنهایی، مسخ، زیباترین غریق جهان، پیرمرد فرتوت با بال‌هایی عظیم و آئورا بر اساس الگوی «کلود برمون» با رویکرد ادبیات تطبیقی آمریکایی بررسی شده است تا پس از استخراج پی‌رفت‎های اصلی، شبا‌هت‌ها و تفاوت‌های ساختاری در پی‌رفت اصلی آثار بر اساس ترکیب پی‌رفت‌های «واقع‌گرایانه» و «خارق‌العاده» مشخّص شود. نتایج به‎دست‌آمده نشان داد که در ساختار پی‌رفت اصلی آثار و شیوة استفادة آنها از پی‌رفت خارق‌العاده یا واقع‌گرایانه شباهت‌هایی وجود دارد. ساختارهای مشترک در پی‌رفت‌های اصلی آثار بررسی‌شده، «ساختار خطّی و بدون حذف پایه‌ها»، «حذف وضعیّت متعادل اوّلیّه و آغاز با بحران» و «ساختار غیرخطّی» هستند. ترکیب‌های مشترک پی‌رفت‌های اصلی از نظر اشتمال بر واقعیّت یا امر خارق‌العاده را نیز می‌توان به صورت ترکیب‌های «محذوف ـ خارق‌العاده ـ واقع‌گرایانه»، «محذوف ـ خارق‌العاده ـ خارق‌العاده»، «خارق‌العاده ـ خارق‌العاده ـ خارق‌العاده» نمایش داد.

Lodewijk Bergmans, Xander Schrijen, Edwin Ouwehand et al.

It is well-known, and often a topic of heated debates, that programs in some programming languages are more concise than in others. This is a relevant factor when comparing or aggregating volume-impacted metrics on source code written in a combination of programming languages. In this paper, we present a model for measuring the conciseness of programming languages in a consistent, objective and evidence-based way. We present the approach, explain how it is founded on information theoretical principles, present detailed analysis steps and show the quantitative results of applying this model to a large benchmark of diverse commercial software applications. We demonstrate that our metric for language conciseness is strongly correlated with both an alternative analytical approach, and with a large scale developer survey, and show how its results can be applied to improve software metrics for multi-language applications.

اعظم حسین زاده صلاتی, سید مهدی نوریان, سید مرتضی هاشمی

در عرصۀ داستان‌نویسی معاصر، تحلیل آثار برمبنای عناصر داستان به‌منظورِ تعیین نوع ادبی اثر، شناخت و نقد متن و سنجش قدرت و هدف داستان‌پرداز بسیار رواج یافته است. اگر یکی از رموز جاودانه‌شدن شاهنامه، قدرت فردوسی در داستان‌پردازی قلمداد شود، بررسی عناصر داستان در داستان‌های این منظومه، به‌منظور شناخت بیشترِ ویژگی‌های نوع ادبی حماسی ضروری به ‌نظر می‌رسد. در این پژوهش براساس داستان «هفت‌خان رستم» شاهنامه، تأثیر یکی از مهم‌ترین عناصر سازندۀ داستان یعنی عنصر «فضاسازی» در انتقال فضای حاکم بر اثر و خلق محتوای حماسی و القای روح حماسی به مخاطب تبیین می‌شود. فردوسی در ماجرای «هفت‌خان رستم»، با بهره‌گیری از بن‌مایۀ تکرار‌شوندۀ گذر پهلوان از هفت‌/‌چند خان در حماسه و اسطوره و با تکیه‌بر عنصر «خرق‌ عادت» در قالب عوامل انسانی، عناصر طبیعی و امور جادویی، دلاوری‌های جهان پهلوان حماسۀ ملّی ایران را در مواجهه با بلایا به ‌نمایش گذاشته و فضا و محتوایی متناسب با روح حماسی داستان خلق کرده است. وی در این داستان، به تأثیر عنصر بلاغی «تشبیه» در «فضاسازی» داستان و «اغراق» - جزء جدایی‌ناپذیر حماسه - در ایجاد محتوای حماسی نیز توجه داشته و از این عناصر در راستای رسیدن به هدفش به‌خوبی بهره برده است.

Sam Blackshear, David L. Dill, Shaz Qadeer et al.

Smart contracts are programs that implement potentially sophisticated transactions on modern blockchain platforms. In the rapidly evolving blockchain environment, smart contract programming languages must allow users to write expressive programs that manage and transfer assets, yet provide strong protection against sophisticated attacks. Addressing this need, we present flexible and reliable abstractions for programming with digital currency in the Move language [Blackshear et al. 2019]. Move uses novel linear [Girard 1987] resource types with semantics drawing on C++11 [Stroustrup 2013] and Rust [Matsakis and Klock 2014]: when a resource value is assigned to a new memory location, the location previously holding it must be invalidated. In addition, a resource type can only be created or destroyed by procedures inside its declaring module. We present an executable bytecode language with resources and prove that it enjoys resource safety, a conservation property for program values that is analogous to conservation of mass in the physical world.

Jonathan Rawski

This paper provides a geometric characterization of subclasses of the regular languages. We use finite model theory to characterize objects like strings and trees as relational structures. Logical statements meeting certain criteria over these models define subregular classes of languages. The semantics of such statements can be compiled into tensor structures, using multilinear maps as function application for evaluation. This method is applied to consider two properly subregular languages over different string models.