Until the early 19th century, the selection of educational measures available to parents in relation to the children under their care was not usually legally restricted. A change in this issue can be observed with the emergence of family law regulations in European civil law codifications. In the case of the Polish territories that had been under Russian, Prussian/German and Austrian rule since 1795, the laws enacted on this issue were not of a native, Polish character, but were imposed by the three ruling states. Each of these laws, which were in force in the 19th century, explicitly referred to the parental authority. Due to the political distribution of power at the time, the same provisions (Russian, German and/or Austrian) were in force in other regions of East-Central Europe, which today constitute the territory of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Czechia. The exception to this was the Kingdom of Hungary (including present-day Slovakia), which enjoyed wide legal autonomy under the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, as well as Kingdom of Romania (including present-day Moldova), which was creating its own legislation. The situation changed after the First World War, when newly established or reborn independent states adapted existing laws to their needs or enacted their own, and after the Second World War, when the whole of East-Central Europe found itself in the Communist Eastern Bloc. In that time, we can observe an increasing interference in the autonomy of parents, when, for example, in Polish provisions disciplining disappeared from the catalogue of explicitly mentioned educational measures. Attention should also be paid to international law, especially the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and its implementation into the legal order of former socialist states. The author attempts to review and briefly summarize the regulations on parental authority in the basic legal acts in force in Poland and other East-Central European states throughout history.
The study primarily focuses on the activities of the Nitra Regional Theatre during its first five theatrical seasons, with an emphasis on the analysis of selected plays and events that directly preceded the establishment of the Nitra Regional Theatre in 1949. The introductory chapter provides an overview of the formation and conditions of stage-craft operation during the period of the „people’s democratic regime“ from 1945 to 1948, as well as during the period of „socialist construction“ in Czechoslovakia until 1953. It addresses topics that influenced the development of stage-craft, such as the establishment and activities of the Theatre and Dramaturgical Council, a shortage of professional creators, low attendance, and the need for professional theater education.
This paper presents a small collection of characteristic early medieval glass beads with a metal sleeve around the duct. They come mainly from the pre-Piast settlement levels of Połupin, Gostchorze, Santok, Kruszwica, Giecz, and Gniezno. The results of the physical and chemical analyses (SEM-EDS and SEM-WDS) have identified the two main types of glass, namely sodium glass of the (Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2) mineral variety and potassium glass of the CaO-K2O-MgO-Al2O2-SiO2 variety and has allowed a general identification of the sources of raw material for the local Central European workshops producing such beads.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
Emperial Anti-Judaism in Moravia in the First Quarter of the 18th Century.
Attempts to Regulate the Jewish Minority
The paper focuses on the territory of Moravia between 1708–1728, when the Habsburg state produced a series of legislative measures that had a lasting impact on the status of the Jewish population. The au-thor sees this process as the formation of a monarchical anti-Judaism that gradually abandoned the old-
er models of the Estates State and adopted the principles of absolute monarchies. In addition to formal shifts, the paper focuses primarily on the themes of these measures, the targets of which – the Jewish home, the synagogue, the ghetto, the family – tended to change frequently as the state sought the most an effective method for regulating the Jewish minority. Last but not least, the paper focuses on the actors who initiated the individual measures or were involved in their practical application.
Abstract Eolian loess deposits contain valuable information about past climate changes and erosion history in dust source regions. In contrast to the extensive investigations of paleoclimatic implications of Eurasian loess, continental erosion information in the loess deposits has received less attention, particularly on the global or hemispheric scales. The present study combines citrate‐bicarbonate‐dithionite (CBD) magnetic mineral extraction procedures and linear regression of magnetic parameters to analyze Eurasian loess. We find that lithogenic susceptibility of Quaternary loess deposits in Central Asia, Europe and the Chinese Loess Plateau shows synchronous long‐term increases since ∼0.6–0.5 Ma, suggesting intensive glacial erosion and/or river incision to have occurred in the surrounding mountains of dust source regions after the mid‐Pleistocene climate Transition. The dramatic increase in lithogenic susceptibility of Eurasian loess provides new insights into the close relationships between global climate changes and dust source erosion since the late Cenozoic.
Phthalides are a class of unique compounds such as ligustilide, butylphthalide and butyldenephthalide, which have shown to possess multiple bioactivities in new drug research and development. Phthalides are naturally distributed in different plants that have been utilized as herbal treatments for various ailments with a long history in Asia, Europe and North America. Their extensive biological activity has led to a dramatic increase in the study of phthalide compounds in recent years. This review summarizes the latest research progress of plant-derived phthalides, and a total of 133 phthalide compounds are described based on the characteristics of chemical structures. Pharmacological properties of plant-derived phthalides are associated with hemorheological improvement, vascular function modulation and central nervous system protection. Potential treatments for a variety of diseases mainly including cardio-cerebrovascular disorders and neurological complications such as Alzheimer's disease are also concluded. In addition, key metabolic pathways have been clearly elucidated. Further investigations on the molecular mechanisms involved in biological activity are recommended for offering new insights into profound comprehension of phthalide applications.
The paper focuses on the ways Czech-language theatres in Czechoslovakia were dealing
with the obligatory presence of Soviet operetta titles in their repertoire, dating from about 1950
to 1989. The reform of Czech musical theatre began right after World War II. In search of the right,
nationalized form of operetta, Czech theatre organs soon understood that the example must be
drawn from the hegemonic Soviet culture. In the Soviet discourse, mainly Isaac Dunayevsky’s
operettas were considered masterpieces, and Czech theatre politicians were soon paying their
attention to them. After some initial difficulties in obtaining material for the operettas, Dunayevsky’s
pieces entered Czech theatre and stayed on the repertoire to the beginning of the 1960s. After
the Warsaw Pact Invasion in 1968, Soviet operettas re-entered the theatres’ repertoire; however,
their reception and staging circumstances were much more complicated. The paper focuses on the
main tendencies in staging Dunayevsky’s operettas in Czechoslovakia, the political and cultural
background of productions, and the various ways of presenting it in Czech society and culture. The
cultural and historical microprocesses analysed may then throw light on a wider range of historical
and cultural phenomena, including cultural transfers and relations between Czechoslovakia and the
Soviet Union, the discrepancies between the official and unofficial discourse, as well as the role of
popular musical theatre in a socialist society.
Archaeology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
The paper investigates trials conducted against suicides by patrimonial courts in the Eggenberg/
Schwarzenberg and Czernin demesnes in South Bohemia in the pre-Enlightenment era (1675–1780).
Primarily, it attempts to explain the gradual tendencies toward greater leniency over the period
in question, and describes the strategies involved in this form of ‘decriminalization’, especially as
regards broadening the exculpatory category of ‘melancholy/madness’. The paper also strives to
analyze the attitudes of various social groups whose members were involved in the investigative
proceedings and subsequent trials (town officials, patrimonial aristocracy, the appellate court in
Prague, local clergy, the (arch)bishop’s consistory, but also the offender’s neighbors as witnesses),
and demonstrate that the gradual decriminalization was a ‘vertical’ process which occurred from
the top down: the patrimonial authorities tended to show the most leniency, whereas the offender’s
neighbors were usually the most disapproving.
This study examines the role of the aristocratic Liechtenstein family during the Hussite Revolution, when it was one of the most ardent supporters of King Sigismund and the Austrian duke, and then from 1423 of the Moravian margrave Albrecht V, while also trying to recognize the importance of this period in the family's history. In Bohemia and Moravia, the Hussite Revolution led to the increase in the political and economic importance of the nobility on both sides. In the case of the Hussites, they profited from the forced confiscation of church property and from their participation in military campaigns across the whole of Central Europe. In the case of the Catholics, they benefited from the military service under King Sigismund and Duke Albrecht, and from the pledges of church and royal estates. The author shows that despite the Liechtensteins' loyal service to Sigismund and Albrecht during the Hussite Wars, they received substantially less property than other families, and any significant gains were only made in Austria where they were given part of the estate which Albrecht V had confiscated from the feudal lord Otto von Maissau. Of greater significance for the family history was its involvement in Sigismund of Luxemburg's sovereign rule over Moravia, where Hartneid V of Liechtenstein held the rank of governor of Znojmo and burgrave of Špilberk Castle in Brno. Although the Hussite Wars did not result in any significant increase in the wealth of the Liechtenstein family, and the family in fact probably suffered some economic losses, its firm commitment to the side of King Sigismund and Duke Albrecht undoubtedly contributed towards the strengthening of the family's position amongst the high nobility in the half century after the fall of the Austrian steward, Jan I of Liechtenstein (1394).
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
This text puts forwards the argument that the development of education for deviant and disabled children and the formation of practices aimed at controlling the Roma population during socialism echo those developed during the interwar period. The introduction engages with the current trend to revise social welfare policies and practices in the light of the history of eugenics. Then, the text turns to the case of Czech lands where the institutionalization of Roma surveillance was outstandingly pervasive in comparison to the rest of Central and Eastern Europe. The first part explores the development of eugenics in the Czech lands and establishes a temporal framework needed for the understanding of the relationship between eugenics and child protection. The second part discusses how eugenic ideas were applied within correctional institutions for minors with delinquent behavior and mental disability. In the third part I examine the reform towards forced legitimization of the nomad Roma , payingspecial attention to the institutionalization of Roma children. In the final part, I discuss the historical implications for s the path dependencyand segregation of the Roma population in the Czech lands.
The Word of Wisdom is a relatively small-sized relic of medieval eastern Slavic literature from what is certainly the oldest period of its existence, i.e. from before the Mongol invasion of Rus. It is attributed usually to Cyril of Turov (who died before 1182), one of the greatest writers of the Old Russian period. The oldest manuscript containing the full text of the Word of Wisdom is the parchment code from the thirteenth century, which is currently stored in the collections of the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg. A small fragment of the Word of Wisdom was also written on a birch bark document, found in its entirety in Torzhok near Novgorod the Great. This relic is usually dated to the years 1170-1190.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development - EBRD was established in the year 1991 and commenced operations in 1991. The objective of the Bank was to instigate market oriented approach to business in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. This comprises support offered to structural reforms, privatisation, and development of entrepreneurship and legal system through financing of project conducive to the achievement of the aimed targets. The Bank approves loans both to the nation states and to the private sector. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development often appears in the role of investor. In addition, the Bank has also its consultative function. Owners of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are the developed countries and those that participate in the distribution of the Bank's profit. The Bank invests in the countries of Central, Eastern and South-East Europe, but also in those of Central Asia and Southern Mediterranean. The importance that the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development has for our country is best illustrated by the fact that this Bank is our largest institutional investor, with investments exceeding 3.5 billion EUR. This work begins with presentation of general information on the work of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, its objectives, activities, background history, ownership and organisational structure. It proceeds by giving relevant data on the Bank's business operations - the manner of project financing, the Bank's funds distribution per geographic criteria and activities, and the operative and financial results of the Bank's business activities. Brief description is also offered of the cooperation that the European Bank has with other international financial institutions. Finally, data is given bearing witness on the importance that the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development has for Serbia.
The importance of climate information for decision-making in sectors susceptible to climate variability and change is widely recognised. Advancements in climate science have led to an increased interest in seasonal climate forecasts (SCF) although in Europe very little is known about the practical use of these forecasts. To start filling this gap we conducted a workshop with experts in this subject area in order to elicit their knowledge and experiences regarding the current use of SCF in Europe.
We found that although the use of SCF across Europe is fairly limited, particular sectors such as energy, water, insurance, and transport are taking the lead. The central role of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and National Meteorological Services as the main providers of SCF in Europe was also highlighted. Perceived barriers to their uptake tend to be associated with factors such as accessibility, relevance, and usability of SCF by the end-users.
Some of our findings are consistent with other experiences outside Europe where the uptake of SCF for decision-making has a longer history. For example, the interaction between actors, the usability of the information provided, and the influence of institutional and social factors have all been noted as important aspects influencing the use of these forecasts in Europe. However, as these findings are based on experts’ knowledge further research with decision-makers and end-users is needed to better understand the use and potential benefits of SCF in Europe.