Hasil untuk "Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc."

L. Stodolsky, J. Silk

Bursts from the very early universe may lead to a detectable signal via the production of positrons, whose annihilation gives an observable X-ray signal. Using the absorption parameters for the annihilation photons of 511 keV, it is found that observable photons would originate at a red-shift around $z\approx$ 200-300, resulting in soft X-rays of energy $\sim$ 2-3 keV at present. Positrons are expected to be absent at these times or red-shifts in the standard picture of the early universe. Detection of the X-rays would thus provide dramatic support for the hypothesis of the bursts, explosive events at very early times. We urge the search for such a signal.

Suqin Yuan, Runqi Lin, Lei Feng et al.

In machine learning practice, early stopping has been widely used to regularize models and can save computational costs by halting the training process when the model's performance on a validation set stops improving. However, conventional early stopping applies the same stopping criterion to all instances without considering their individual learning statuses, which leads to redundant computations on instances that are already well-learned. To further improve the efficiency, we propose an Instance-dependent Early Stopping (IES) method that adapts the early stopping mechanism from the entire training set to the instance level, based on the core principle that once the model has mastered an instance, the training on it should stop. IES considers an instance as mastered if the second-order differences of its loss value remain within a small range around zero. This offers a more consistent measure of an instance's learning status compared with directly using the loss value, and thus allows for a unified threshold to determine when an instance can be excluded from further backpropagation. We show that excluding mastered instances from backpropagation can increase the gradient norms, thereby accelerating the decrease of the training loss and speeding up the training process. Extensive experiments on benchmarks demonstrate that IES method can reduce backpropagation instances by 10%-50% while maintaining or even slightly improving the test accuracy and transfer learning performance of a model.

Hongrui Gao, Yawen Li, Meiyu Liang et al.

Because most of the scientific literature data is unmarked, it makes semantic representation learning based on unsupervised graph become crucial. At the same time, in order to enrich the features of scientific literature, a learning method of semantic representation of scientific literature based on adaptive features and graph neural network is proposed. By introducing the adaptive feature method, the features of scientific literature are considered globally and locally. The graph attention mechanism is used to sum the features of scientific literature with citation relationship, and give each scientific literature different feature weights, so as to better express the correlation between the features of different scientific literature. In addition, an unsupervised graph neural network semantic representation learning method is proposed. By comparing the mutual information between the positive and negative local semantic representation of scientific literature and the global graph semantic representation in the potential space, the graph neural network can capture the local and global information, thus improving the learning ability of the semantic representation of scientific literature. The experimental results show that the proposed learning method of semantic representation of scientific literature based on adaptive feature and graph neural network is competitive on the basis of scientific literature classification, and has achieved good results.

C. Britt, E. Church, T. Hossbach et al.

Thick, Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) have recently been explored for applied physics, such as nuclear explosion monitoring, and dark matter detection purposes. When run in fully-depleted mode, these devices are sensitive detectors for energy depositions by a variety of primary particles. In this study we are interested in applying the Deep Learning (DL) technique known as panoptic segmentation to simulated CCD images to identify, attribute and measure energy depositions from radioisotopes of interest. We simulate CCD exposures of a chosen radioxenon isotope, $^{135}$Xe, and overlay a simulated cosmic muon background appropriate for a surface-lab. We show that with this DL technique we can reproduce the beta spectrum to good accuracy, while suffering expected confusion with same-topology gammas and conversion electrons and identifying cosmic muons less than optimally.

Guillermo Lorenzo, Angela M. Jarrett, Christian T. Meyer et al.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a standard-of-care treatment for locally advanced triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) before surgery. The early assessment of TNBC response to NAC would enable an oncologist to adapt the therapeutic plan of a non-responding patient, thereby improving treatment outcomes while preventing unnecessary toxicities. To this end, a promising approach consists of obtaining \textsl{in silico} personalized forecasts of tumor response to NAC \textsl{via} computer simulation of mechanistic models constrained with patient-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data acquired early during NAC. Here, we present a model featuring the essential mechanisms of TNBC growth and response to NAC, including an explicit description of drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. As longitudinal \textsl{in vivo} MRI data for model calibration is limited, we perform a sensitivity analysis to identify the model mechanisms driving the response to two NAC drug combinations: doxorubicin with cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel with carboplatin. The model parameter space is constructed by combining patient-specific MRI-based \textsl{in silico} parameter estimates and \textit{in vitro} measurements of pharmacodynamic parameters obtained using time-resolved microscopy assays of several TNBC lines. The sensitivity analysis is run in two MRI-based scenarios corresponding to a well-perfused and a poorly-perfused tumor. Out of the 15 parameters considered herein, only the baseline tumor cell net proliferation rate along with the maximum concentrations and effects of doxorubicin, carboplatin, and paclitaxel exhibit a relevant impact on model forecasts (total effect index, $S_T>$0.1). These results dramatically limit the number of parameters that require \textsl{in vivo} MRI-constrained calibration, thereby facilitating the clinical application of our model.

M. M. Amaan Valiuddin, Christiaan G. A. Viviers, Ruud J. G. van Sloun et al.

Melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer with high mortality rate at later stages. Fortunately, when detected early, the prognosis of melanoma is promising and malignant melanoma incidence rates are relatively low. As a result, datasets are heavily imbalanced which complicates training current state-of-the-art supervised classification AI models. We propose to use generative models to learn the benign data distribution and detect Out-of-Distribution (OOD) malignant images through density estimation. Normalizing Flows (NFs) are ideal candidates for OOD detection due to their ability to compute exact likelihoods. Nevertheless, their inductive biases towards apparent graphical features rather than semantic context hamper accurate OOD detection. In this work, we aim at using these biases with domain-level knowledge of melanoma, to improve likelihood-based OOD detection of malignant images. Our encouraging results demonstrate potential for OOD detection of melanoma using NFs. We achieve a 9% increase in Area Under Curve of the Receiver Operating Characteristics by using wavelet-based NFs. This model requires significantly less parameters for inference making it more applicable on edge devices. The proposed methodology can aid medical experts with diagnosis of skin-cancer patients and continuously increase survival rates. Furthermore, this research paves the way for other areas in oncology with similar data imbalance issues.

Alex Church, John Lloyd, Raia Hadsell et al.

Simulation has recently become key for deep reinforcement learning to safely and efficiently acquire general and complex control policies from visual and proprioceptive inputs. Tactile information is not usually considered despite its direct relation to environment interaction. In this work, we present a suite of simulated environments tailored towards tactile robotics and reinforcement learning. A simple and fast method of simulating optical tactile sensors is provided, where high-resolution contact geometry is represented as depth images. Proximal Policy Optimisation (PPO) is used to learn successful policies across all considered tasks. A data-driven approach enables translation of the current state of a real tactile sensor to corresponding simulated depth images. This policy is implemented within a real-time control loop on a physical robot to demonstrate zero-shot sim-to-real policy transfer on several physically-interactive tasks requiring a sense of touch.

Akhil Pandey Akella, Hamed Alhoori, Pavan Ravikanth Kondamudi et al.

Identifying important scholarly literature at an early stage is vital to the academic research community and other stakeholders such as technology companies and government bodies. Due to the sheer amount of research published and the growth of ever-changing interdisciplinary areas, researchers need an efficient way to identify important scholarly work. The number of citations a given research publication has accrued has been used for this purpose, but these take time to occur and longer to accumulate. In this article, we use altmetrics to predict the short-term and long-term citations that a scholarly publication could receive. We build various classification and regression models and evaluate their performance, finding neural networks and ensemble models to perform best for these tasks. We also find that Mendeley readership is the most important factor in predicting the early citations, followed by other factors such as the academic status of the readers (e.g., student, postdoc, professor), followers on Twitter, online post length, author count, and the number of mentions on Twitter, Wikipedia, and across different countries.

Eric Church, Christopher Jackson, Richard Saldanha

Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers are planned to comprise a central role in the future of the U.S. High Energy Physics neutrino program. In particular, this detector technology will form the basis for the 40 kton Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In this paper we take as a starting point the dual phase far detector design proposed by the DUNE experiment and ask what changes are necessary to allow one of the four 10 kt modules to be sensitive to heavy Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter. We show that with control over backgrounds and the use of low radioactivity argon, which may be commercially available on that timescale, along with a significant increase in light detection, one DUNE-like module gives a competitive WIMP detection sensitivity, particularly above a dark matter mass of 100 GeV.

Magdalena Małgorzata Jóźwiak

Św. Hieronim ze Strydonu, nazywany princeps exegetarum, utrwalił się w pamięci potomnych ogromną ilością dzieł. Najważniejszym dziełem i celem życia Hieronima była praca nad Pismem Świętym. Zabłysnął on również objaśniając Pismo Święte. Stworzył wiele komentarzy biblijnych zarówno dla ksiąg Starego, jak i Nowego Testamentu. W niniejszym artykule pochyliliśmy się nad Hieronimowym komentarzem do Iz 7,10-16 (Commentaria in Isaiam, PL 24, 107 A-113 B) poszukując odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób Strydończyk interpretuje „Proroctwo o Emmanuelu”. Czy ów starożytny biblista interpretację mesjańską tego proroctwa wyjaśnia w sensie dosłownym i odnosi ją do Ezechiasza, którego miała porodzić żona króla Achaza, co miałoby być znakiem trwałości dynastii Dawidowej (por. 2Sm 7,1nn.), czy może Hieronim dopatruje się tutaj sensu typicznego i odnosi ów passus do Chrystusa? Podjęliśmy także próbę ukazania na wybranych fragmentach, w jaki sposób Hieronim – vir trilinguis, piszący po łacinie, a posługujący się dość dobrze greką i hebrajskim, radzi sobie z krytyką tekstu zestawiając z oryginalnym tekstem Biblii dostępne mu starożytne przekłady Iz 7,10-16. Fragmenty z Hieronimowego dzieła podaliśmy w tłumaczeniu własnym.

Neville Ryant, Kenneth Church, Christopher Cieri et al.

This paper introduces the second DIHARD challenge, the second in a series of speaker diarization challenges intended to improve the robustness of diarization systems to variation in recording equipment, noise conditions, and conversational domain. The challenge comprises four tracks evaluating diarization performance under two input conditions (single channel vs. multi-channel) and two segmentation conditions (diarization from a reference speech segmentation vs. diarization from scratch). In order to prevent participants from overtuning to a particular combination of recording conditions and conversational domain, recordings are drawn from a variety of sources ranging from read audiobooks to meeting speech, to child language acquisition recordings, to dinner parties, to web video. We describe the task and metrics, challenge design, datasets, and baseline systems for speech enhancement, speech activity detection, and diarization.

Cenk Albayrak, Cemaleddin Simsek, Kadir Turk

In this paper, we propose a new early termination method (ETM) for Luby transform (LT) belief propagation (BP) decoder. The proposed ETM, which we call least reliable messages (LRM), observes only sign alterations of a small cluster in log-likelihood ratio (LLR) messages passing between nodes in BP decoder. Simulation results and complexity analyzes show that LRM significantly lower computational complexity of early termination section in decoder without any performance degradation and decreases the average decoding iteration amounts compared to conventional ETMs in literature. The method can be easily applied to code families which can be decoded by BP such as low density parity check (LDPC) codes, polar codes and Raptor codes.

Tadeusz Gacia

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Christopher A. Tout, Anna N. Zytkow, Ross P. Church et al.

The very bright red star HV2112 in the Small Magellanic Cloud could be a massive Thorne-Zytkow Object, a supergiant-like star with a degenerate neutron core. With its luminosity of over $10^5\,\rm L_\odot$, it could also be a super asymptotic giant branch star, a star with an oxygen/neon core supported by electron degeneracy and undergoing thermal pulses with third dredge up. Both TZOs and SAGB stars are expected to be rare. Abundances of heavy elements in HV2112's atmosphere, as observed to date, do not allow us to distinguish between the two possibilities based on the latest models. Molybdenum and rubidium can be enhanced by both the irp-process in a TZO or by the s-process in SAGB stars. Lithium can be generated by hot bottom burning at the base of the convective envelope in either. HV2112's enhanced calcium could thus be the key determinant. A SAGB star is not able to synthesise its own calcium but it may be possible to produce this in the final stages of the process that forms a TZO, when the degenerate electron core of a giant star is tidally disrupted by a neutron star. Hence our calculations indicate that HV2112 is most likely a genuine TZO.

Adam H Marblestone, Evan R Daugharthy, Reza Kalhor et al.

We propose a neural connectomics strategy called Fluorescent In-Situ Sequencing of Barcoded Individual Neuronal Connections (FISSEQ-BOINC), leveraging fluorescent in situ nucleic acid sequencing in fixed tissue (FISSEQ). FISSEQ-BOINC exhibits different properties from BOINC, which relies on bulk nucleic acid sequencing. FISSEQ-BOINC could become a scalable approach for mapping whole-mammalian-brain connectomes with rich molecular annotations.

Józef Figiel

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Anna Marciniak-Kajzer

The Polish word „kuchnia” (kitchen, cooker, cuisine, cooking in English) has at least a few colloquial meanings. Most frequently it is associated with a collec­tion of recipes. Another meaning of the word is a device for cooking, e.g. a gas or an electric cooker or until recently a coal-burning stove. It is also a room, where food is prepared. The word sounds similar in most of the European languages. It might have originated from the German etymon „küch” which means cooking. In many languages the room for food preparation and device for cooking have the same source word. Therefore it is worth considering why there are so few expressions with reference to this important sphere of our life. Historical sources containing information that would render it possible to reconstruct kitchens are scarce and relatively late. It may be suspected that for contemporary people an issue of such a self-evident nature was not worth noting. The paper treats both on written and iconographic sources. On their basis it can be assumed that kitchen as a room functioned only in large castles and monasteries, where meals were prepared for a large number of people. In other residences or even at knights’ manor houses or wealthy bourgeois houses, food was cooked in living (day) rooms, whereas initial preparation might have taken place in front of the building. The development of constructions used for cooking is another issue discussed in this paper. Iconographic sources reveal that meals were most often cooked in open hearths that were initially built on the ground level and subsequently they were placed higher. Another essential concern was smoke removal from above the hearth. Based on iconography it can be claimed that most frequently there was a hood protruding from a wall, the purpose of which was mainly protection against sparks. Not always do we know whether this hood was connected with chimney ducts. Today such a construction is called a fire place and it is used mainly for heating. It seems that placing a hearth in the so-called „wide chimney” was an essential stage in the development of a kitchen as a separate room. As a consequence the entire room „in the chimney” became a kitchen and this may give an answer to the question why there is a lack of extensive vocabulary with reference to the kitchen. Another problem mentioned in the paper are difficulties that archeologists face when they attempt to reconstruct equipment used for cooking on the basis of archeological records obtained during excavations.

Marcin Wysocki

The presented paper discusses the issue of faith in St. Ambrose’s letters. According to him, there is nothing more important than faith and therefore he refers repeatedly in his correspondence to various issues related to faith. So Ambrose’s letters are the perfect practical complement to his dogmatic and exe­getical works. The above article on the basis of the reading of his letters shows the faith as a gift to be developed and improved, having the source in the Scriptures; richness of faith and its reference to other virtues and the Christian faith in relation to Jews and Gentiles are shown as well.

Józef Pochwat

According to the researchers, Origen († 254) was the author of the Homilies on the Book of Psalms, whereas Jerome († 420) was their translator into Latin. Based on the above work, we have determined who are the devil and demons. These spirits of wickedness, after rebellion directed against God, were expelled from heaven and they stay in a terrible place, in hell. The Devil and his army are doing everything to separate man from God and make him his friend. This happens when man rejects God’s commandments and commits sin. The author, aware of human weaknesses, stresses the possibility of returning to God through repentance and penance. The forgiveness of sins became possible by the saving passion, death and resurrection of Christ. We wish to stress a strong christocentrism in the teaching of Origen – Jerome. Analysis of the text of the Homilies indicates authorship of Origen with the exception of places with information about Arius and monks, which indicates authorship of Jerome or these are only his notes made during translation of the Origen’s Homilies from Greek into Latin.

Ludmiła Lach-Bartlik

Although Apponius’ Expositio in Canticum Canticorum refers directly to one of the books of the Old Testament, by dint of the allegorical exegesis used by it’s author, we can find there many New Testament subjects and theological problems. It also contains knowledge about the Holy Trinity. In the article there were used quotations about the Holy Trinity (from books I-III), one can find either the very noun “Trinity” (Trinitas) or individual Persons in the Holy Trinity: the Father, the Son and the Spirit, yet having relations with each other. In the first part of the article there were analyzed attributes, which are used by Apponius to describe the nature of the Holy Trinity: inseparabilis, individua, coaeterna Trinitas. The speci­fied attributes of the Holy Trinity get to the core of the Christian dogma about God and combine with the faith and baptism. God is one, indivisible, acting with a one divine power, but eternally existing in three Persons. In the second part of the article, the relations occurring in the Trinity were presented. Apponius’ Trinitas is the three Persons in God: the Father, the Son, and the Spirit. The Persons in the Trinity are in two kinds of relations: occurring between the Persons of the Holy Trinity (the immanent Trinity) and going beyond the Trinity into the world and human beings (the economic Trinity). Apponius using the language of symbols, metaphors and analogies, reminds the fundamental truths about God. By descrip­tion of the attributes of the Holy Trinity he emphasizes the unity of God, and by the description of the relations – the trinity of the Persons.