Hasil untuk "Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law"

Minodora Badea, Olga Bucovețchi, Adrian V. Gheorghe et al.

<i>Background</i>: The maritime industry, vital for global trade, faces escalating cyber threats in 2025. Critical port infrastructures are increasingly vulnerable due to rapid digitalization and the integration of IT and operational technology (OT) systems. <i>Methods</i>: Using 112 incidents from the Maritime Cyber Attack Database (MCAD, 2020–2025), we developed a novel quantitative risk assessment model based on a Threat-Vulnerability-Impact (T-V-I) framework, calibrated with MITRE ATT&CK techniques and validated against historical incidents. <i>Results</i>: Our analysis reveals a 150% rise in incidents, with OT compromise identified as the paramount threat (98/100 risk score). Ports in Poland and Taiwan face the highest immediate risk (95/100), while the Panama Canal is assessed as the most probable next target (90/100). State-sponsored actors from Russia, China, and Iran are responsible for most high-impact attacks. <i>Conclusions</i>: This research provides a validated, data-driven framework for prioritizing defensive resources. Our findings underscore the urgent need for engineering-grade solutions, including network segmentation, zero-trust architectures, and proactive threat intelligence integration to enhance maritime cyber resilience against evolving threats.

Maroš Pavlovič, Matúš Michalovič

Soil is Europe’s largest terrestrial carbon reservoir, essential for climate neutrality, biodiversity, and food security. Yet, it remains the only major natural resource in the European Union without a binding legal framework. The EU Soil Strategy for 2030 and related Green Deal policies offer a vision for reversing soil degradation and boosting carbon sequestration, but legal and policy gaps persist at both EU and national levels. This article assesses the EU’s evolving framework, including the proposed Soil Health Law and the Carbon Removal Certification Framework. It also evaluates Slovakia’s national response, focusing on the 2025 amendment to the Agricultural Land Act and the failed proposal for a Climate Soil Fund. Despite these efforts, Slovakia lacks clear legal mandates, financial incentives, and coordinated policies to fully support soil-based climate action. The main contribution of this article lies in identifying how the absence of an integrated legal and financial framework in Slovakia undermines the practical implementation of soil carbon sequestration measures. The greatest challenge highlighted is the political and institutional inertia that prevents Slovakia from translating EU soil policy ambitions into enforceable national legislation and operational support for land managers. The article recommends adopting a comprehensive Soil Protection Act, establishing financial incentives for carbon farming, improving soil monitoring, and strengthening policy integration across sectors. These steps are vital for unlocking soil’s climate potential and aligning Slovakia with EU climate and biodiversity targets.

Alejandro Platas-López, Oliverio Cruz-Mejía

<i>Background:</i> Nearshoring has risen after shocks and policy shifts. We synthesize evidence in a compact loop linking triggers (trade frictions, supply-chain risk, new agreements) to location choices mediated by multidimensional proximity (geographic, institutional, organizational, social, cognitive, functional) to components (manufacturing footprint, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), employment) and outcomes (spillovers, productivity, innovation) conditioned by absorptive capacity and institutions. <i>Methods:</i> We conducted a literature review using major bibliographic databases. A staged screening pipeline (deduplication, pre-eligibility, and title–abstract screening) preceded full-text coding aligned with the review framework (triggers, proximity, components, outcomes, mediators). Studies were appraised with a five-criterion checklist, and themes were consolidated with basic bibliometric checks. <i>Results:</i> Evidence is North Atlantic and manufacturing-centric. Supply-chain disruptions dominate triggers; non-geographic proximity strongly moderates relocation. FDI anchors ecosystems, while employment effects are lagged and compositional. Strong capability and policy mixes yield broader spillovers; otherwise, benefits remain enclave-like. Sustainability and transformative outcomes are rarely assessed. <i>Conclusions:</i> The loop clarifies feedback from outcomes to future siting. Firms should build proximity beyond geography and pair early FDI with supplier and skills upgrading; policymakers should align instruments to governance, capability formation, and logistics. Research should expand Global South coverage and integrate environmental and inclusion metrics.

Katherinne Salas-Navarro, Jousua Pardo-Meza, Juan Torres-Prentt et al.

<i>Background</i>: Supply chains in pharmaceutical industry encounter constant challenges in balancing the availability of medicine with cost efficiency, particularly in developing regions with limited storage capacity, as regulatory constraints increase operational complexity. <i>Methods</i>: This research focuses on developing a multi-product, multi-period inventory planning model designed to optimize the supply process for a pharmacy located in Barranquilla, Colombia. The methodology involves conducting field studies within the pharmaceutical sector, which includes regular visits to pharmacies, interaction with employees, and analysis of historical data collected over a 16-month period. <i>Results</i>: The primary goal is to minimize costs while ensuring that products remain available to customers, considering various internal and external factors. Several scenarios will be examined to evaluate different alternatives for enhancing the supply process. Initial findings suggest that the proposed model could reduce inventory planning costs by approximately 15.78% by classifying antibiotics, which in turn leads to better resource utilization and improved order management. <i>Conclusions</i>: The proposed model minimizes the inventory planning costs associated with antibiotic management, ultimately leading to improved resource utilization and more accurate order management.

Enkhee Tuulaikhuu

Considering that the issue of how to regulate trade by law in Mongolia remains an ongoing research topic, this article aims to study the legal environment of trade in Mongolia, the legal regulations of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Mongolia’s commitments, and the experiences of key trading partner countries. The goal is to determine the need for state regulation of trade, particularly through legislation, and to provide recommendations. The research findings indicate that Mongolia’s main trading partners regulate foreign trade with separate laws, which could also be implemented in Mongolia. As a WTO member, it is crucial for Mongolia to develop and define its trade policies within the framework of WTO agreements to benefit from international trade rules, manage risks, and address legal issues. Trade laws typically define the basis of state policy for foreign trade separately, which is a common international practice. Following this, it is recommended to regulate foreign trade with a separate law while specifying regulations for domestic trade by sector. For example, in the retail sector, it is necessary to consider the impact of foreign chain stores and implement policies to protect domestic retailers. Монгол Улс дахь худалдааны эрх зүйн зохицуулалтын асуудал [Товч утга]Монгол Улсад худалдааг хуулиар хэрхэн зохицуулах асуудал судалгааны нээлттэй сэдэв хэвээр буйг харгалзан энэ өгүүлэлд Монгол Улсын худалдааны эрх зүйн орчин, Дэлхийн Худалдааны Байгууллага (ДХБ)-ын эрх зүйн зохицуулалт, Монгол Улсын үүрэг амлалт болон худалдааны гол түнш орнуудын туршлагыг судалж, Монгол Улсад худалдааг төрөөс зохицуулах, тэр дундаа хуулиар зохицуулах асуудлыг тодорхойлж, санал, зөвлөмж дэвшүүлэхийг зорив. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс харахад Монгол Улсын худалдааны гол түншүүд гадаад худалдааг тусдаа хуулиар зохицуулдаг бөгөөд үүнийг Монгол Улсад ч мөн адил хэрэгжүүлэх боломжтой. ДХБ- ын гишүүн орны хувьд Монгол Улс худалдааны бодлогоо ДХБ-ын хэлэлцээрүүдийн хүрээнд боловсруулж, зохицуулалтаа тодорхойлох нь олон улсын худалдааны дүрмээр дэлхийн улсуудтай худалдаа хийж үр ашиг хүртэх, түүнээс үүсэх эрсдэл, эрх зүйн асуудлыг мөн тийнхүү зохицуулахад чухал. Худалдааны хууль нь гадаад, дотоод худалдааг нэгэн дор буюу хамтад нь гэхээсээ гадаад худалдааны төрийн бодлогын үндсийг тодорхойлдог нь олон улсын нийтлэг жишиг байна. Үүнийг даган гадаад худалдааг тусдаа хуулиар зохицуулах бол дотоод худалдааны зохицуулалтыг салбар бүрээр тусгайлан тодорхойлох, дотоод худалдааг салбар бүрээр нарийвчлан зохицуулах нь зүйтэйг энэ өгүүлэлд онцлов. Тухайлбал, жижиглэн худалдааны салбарт гадаадын сүлжээ дэлгүүрүүдийн нөлөөг анхаарч, дотоодын жижиглэн худалдаачдыг хамгаалах бодлого хэрэгжүүлэх хэрэгтэй. [Түлхүүр үг]Худалдаа, худалдааны хууль, худалдааны бодлого, гадаад худалдаа, дотоод худалдаа, Дэлхийн худалдааны байгууллагын хэлэлцээрүүд.

Adriano Marques Manso, Marcelo Junqueira Calixto

Este artigo examina propostas de regulação da responsabilidade civil por danos causados por sistemas de inteligência artificial (IA) no Brasil, perpassando o projeto de lei n.º 21/2020 e tendo como foco o novo texto de Marco Legal da IA, o PL n.º 2.338/2023. Objetiva-se contribuir para o debate legislativo com uma análise textual e crítica dos regimes de responsabilização delineados pelo PL n.º 2.338/2023 e a antecipação de questões e dificuldades a serem enfrentadas pelos agentes da cadeia de desenvolvimento e operação e vítimas de sistemas de IA. Além disso, identificam-se posturas que deverão ser adotadas pelos agentes de sistema de IA e autoridades competentes para o funcionamento equilibrado do sistema de responsabilidade proposto no PL n. 2.338/2023.

Derya Parmaksız, M. Ali Ülkü, Heidi Weigand

<i>Background:</i> An alternative to unsustainable urban developments, rural living is on the rise, but it already has its challenges. To that end, rural logistics and transportation (RLT) calls for a comprehensive analysis of its context, especially in a climate-changed and socially turbulent world. Unlike urban logistics, there is limited focus on RLT in academic literature. However, rural areas’ lack of transportation and limited logistics operations negatively affect rural residents’ daily lives, especially socially disadvantaged groups such as older people, children, women, and low-income households. <i>Methods:</i> This study first identifies the key literature on RLT and sustainability using a systematic literature review. Then, it synthesizes from the extant literature the challenges in RLT and proposed solutions to understand how to improve accessibility and address some barriers to implementation, all through the perspective of quadruple bottom line (QBL) sustainability pillars. <i>Results:</i> The lack of opportunities presented to rural residents due to limited RLT leads to inequality between rural and urban populations, requiring academic attention. Moreover, despite the growing emphasis on sustainability in academic literature, there is a noticeable lack of attention to sustainability in RLT. <i>Conclusions:</i> This study leads policymakers toward a better understanding of rural communities’ complexities, directs practitioners to adopt the QBL perspective in decision-making, and aims to stipulate innovative RLT topics for further research for academicians.

Javid Ghahremani-Nahr, Hamed Nozari, Maryam Rahmaty et al.

<i>Background</i>: This paper discusses the optimization of a novel fuzzy hierarchical location-routing problem, taking into consideration reliability. The mathematical model presented aims to determine the optimal locations of production centers and warehouses, as well as the optimal routing of vehicles, in order to minimize total costs. <i>Methods:</i> Because of the uncertainty surrounding the demand and transportation cost parameters, a fuzzy programming method was employed to control the model. To solve the mathematical model, both GA and PSO algorithms were used. <i>Results:</i> The results show that as the uncertainty rate increases, the total costs also increase. Additionally, the results indicate that the maximum relative difference percentage between the solutions of the GA and PSO, and the optimal solutions are 0.587 and 0.792, respectively. On the other hand, analysis of numerical examples demonstrates that the Baron Solver is unable to solve large-scale numerical examples. <i>Conclusions:</i> By comparing the results of GA and PSO, it is observed that PSO was able to solve numerical examples in less time than GA, while GA obtained better results than PSO. Therefore, the TOPSIS method was used to rank the different solution methods, which resulted in GA being recognized as an effective algorithm with a utility weight of 0.972.

Ricardo Marcondes Martins

Este estudo tem por objeto os cadastros previstos nos artigos 22 e 23 da Lei de Combate à Corrupção – LCC (Lei 12.846/2013): o Cadastro Nacional Empresas Punidas – CNEP e o Cadastro Nacional de Empresas Inidôneas e Suspeitas – CEIS. A disciplina de ambos apresenta uma série de questões jurídicas tormentosas. O acesso ao CNEP deve ser restrito, para que haja coerência com a previsão da sanção de publicação extraordinária e de seu eventual afastamento pelo acordo de leniência. A permanência mínima no cadastro é de cinco anos, tendo em vista a previsão legal de reincidência. A imposição de sanções da LCC exige a fixação expressa do prazo máximo de manutenção no CNEP, respeitado o prazo mínimo de cinco anos, caso não haja, após o prazo mínimo, a exclusão da empresa por reabilitação. A inserção no CEIS não implica automática proibição de participar de licitação e de ser contratado pelo Poder Público, tendo em vista as diferentes abrangências das sanções de suspensão temporária e da declaração de inidoneidade. A LCC não prevê a sanção de proibição de participação de licitação e de contratação pelo poder público, sendo o art. 23 uma autêntica norma heterotópica.

Simone Sehnem, Lucia Godoi, Flavio Simioni et al.

<i>Background</i>: Food waste is a situation that triggers certain controversy, considering that there is still a significant number of people who do not have access to healthy and nutritious food every day. The management of food leftovers from school lunches depends on the creation of measurement mechanisms. Thus, current characteristics of schools should be identified in order to mitigate and better manage these leftovers. This study addresses this gap, that is, it seeks to understand how food waste management is carried out in schools from a circular economy perspective. <i>Methods</i>: Focusing on the management of school lunches in municipal schools, this study aims to build an inductive interpretive theory in order to understand how schools promote food waste management. <i>Results</i>: Loss estimates and their monetization were identified and explained, and alternatives for waste recovery using the ReSOLVE framework were proposed. <i>Conclusions</i>: Therefore, it was assumed that the perspective of circularity is a possible and viable way to manage food waste in school lunches. Stakeholder engagement and awareness raising become necessary premises for success in the food circularity journey.

Jaime Rodríguez-Arana Muñoz

El artículo analiza el impacto del principio de buena administración pública en las nuevas tecnologías. Su hipótesis fundamental es que el principio de buena administración se adapta perfectamente a las nuevas exigencias de la Administración Pública digital. La metodología utilizada es deductiva, con investigación bibliográfica descriptiva. Para probar la hipótesis, el artículo analiza el contenido de la Carta Europea de Derechos Fundamentales y la Carta Iberoamericana de Derechos y Deberes de los Ciudadanos frente a la Administración Pública. La investigación realizada permite una reflexión conclusiva que pretende conectar el principio de buena administración con la digitalización de la Administración Pública en el contexto de un Estado de Bienestar promotor de los derechos fundamentales.

Zabiulla Md, Kadali B Raghuram

Vehicular emissions have many impacts on human health and travel behaviour. A lot of evidence on the health effects of vehicular emissions is available but very few studies have looked at the impacts on travel behaviour. The current study attempts to fill this research gap by analysing the factors that influence pedestrian travel behaviour concerning vehicle emissions based on travellers’ perceptions in the Indian context. For this, a stated preference questionnaire survey was conducted and a factor-based regression followed by a mediation analysis was used to analyse the responses. Results showed that a person’s perceived impacts about vehicular emissions had a greater impact on their travel behaviour. Public concern and environmental attitude lead to direct changes in travel behaviour whereas vehicle technology and negligent attitude had significant indirect effects. The present study findings are useful to the urban planning policymakers in reducing the impact of vehicular emissions on pedestrians by implementing strategies that lessen human exposure to transport emissions.

Lisa Toohey

Quan Zhu, Harold Krikke, Marjolein C. J. Caniëls

Long and complex supply chains are vulnerable to disruptions. One way to solve this problem is to successfully manage supply chain integration (SCI). A system dynamics simulation is thus applied to study a cheese supply chain with three individual firms: a producer, a logistics service provider (LSP), and a retailer. Our purpose is to study the effects of SCI strategies with different dimensional focuses, i.e., information integration (Scenario 1), relational integration (Scenario 2), and operational integration (Scenario 3), on the recovery of three types of disruptions, i.e., a producer capacity disruption, an LSP capacity disruption, and a demand disruption. Tests of parameter scenarios are further applied to provide solutions for supply chains using different strategies. Our results indicate that Scenario 3 is the best practice, regardless of any type of disruption, while Scenario 1 usually achieves the worst performance. This is consistent with an evolutionary perspective of supply chain integration: information integration gives firms a competitive advantage as the first step. Working as partners to share the most appropriate information leads to greater benefits. We extend this perspective by showing that further elimination of information delay helps the supply chain achieve the best performance.

Jorge Alfredo Cerqueira-Streit, Gustavo Yuho Endo, Patricia Guarnieri et al.

<em>Background</em>: Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) considers social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainability. In the context of the pandemic, organizations must face consequences striking the wider dimensions of sustainability. Thus, after the COVID-19 pandemic, how will the value chains collaborate for the transition from a traditional (linear) to a Circular Economy? Methods: From this question, in this paper, we analyze the international papers that connect sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) with circular economy (CE). We conducted an Integrative Literature Review based on the Web of Science and Scopus databases from 2010 to 2020, using the Methodi Ordinatio protocol to classify the papers. <em>Results</em>: The 37 best-ranked papers were analyzed thoroughly. The results show the prominent authors, institutions, the network relationship between authors, the evolution of publications, and the leading journals. The content of these articles was categorized and discussed about the changes in the way products are manufactured, distributed, consumed, and recovered. The integration of CE principles in SSCM has been evaluated as having potential utility for industries, cities, and businesses in general. <em>Conclusions</em>: Finally, an agenda was identified with suggestions for further research, which can aid researchers and practitioners acting in this field. Managers can obtain insights to improve supply chain sustainability and consequently respond to the challenges imposed by the current pandemic.

Ehsan Izadi Yazdan Abadi, Melody Khadem Sameni, Masoud Yaghini

Railway infrastructures are among the most important national assets of countries. Most of the annual budget of infrastructure managers are spent on repairing, improving and maintaining railways. The best repair method should consider all economic and technical aspects of the problem. In recent years, data analysis of maintenance records has contributed significantly for minimizing the costs. By studying each of line parameters, we can take steps towards condition based maintenance of that parameter. Chain faults as well as the cost of the track inspection will be reduced too. In this research, data mining techniques are used to investigate the relationship between geometric parameters of track and twist failure. By using other parameters of the track, twist can be predicted.  Moreover, the parameter that has the highest impact on twist can be found.  In this paper, Bayesian classification and decision tree techniques have been used. Finally, after conducting this study, it was found that alignment level (AL) and cross level (XLV) have the highest impact on causing track twist. This is the first research in the literature that have used all the above-mentioned methods to investigate twist failure in order to avoid chain failure and achieve condition-based maintenance.

Hamidah Nayati Utami, Bambang Eka Cahyana, Umar Nimran et al.

Purpose – This research was conducted with the aim of examining and explaining the effect of strategic leadership, corporate governance, organizational culture, business infrastructure and corporate alignment as determinants of corporate hospitality; testing and explaining the direct effects of corporate hospitality and corporate sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – This research used a quantitative approach with a survey method. The research population was all subsidiaries, branches and departments in PT Pelindo 1 (Persero). The sample size in this research was n = N = 61, which covered 5 subsidiaries, 17 branches and 39 directorates at PT Pelindo 1 (Persero). Data analysis was done with inferential statistics using WarpPLS analysis using the help of WarpPLS package computer programs. Findings – There is a significant and positive direct effect between Strategic Leadership, Corporate Culture, Corporate Governance, Business Infrastructure and Corporate Alignment on Corporate Hospitality which means higher Strategic Leadership, Corporate Culture, Corporate Governance, Business Infrastructure and Corporate Alignment will result in a higher Corporate Hospitality. The analysis also shows that there is a significant and positive indirect effect between Strategic Leadership, Corporate Culture, Corporate Governance, Business Infrastructure and Corporate Alignment on Corporate Sustainability through Corporate Hospitality which means higher Strategic Leadership, Corporate Culture, Corporate Governance, Business Infrastructure and Corporate Alignment will lead to higher Corporate Sustainability through Corporate Hospitality. Originality/value – The originality of this research can be proven from the lack of research on hospitality. Some other research on hospitality, mostly doing research at airports, hospitals and hotels. However, this research was conducted at the port, where company friendliness is a discipline that includes many marketing studies.

Gabriel Radecki, Wojciech Radecki

Przedmiotem tego artykułu jest skrótowe przedstawienie poglądów autorów czeskich wyrażonych w monografii zatytułowanej „Wprowadzenie do prawa gruntowego”. Przez prawo gruntowe autorzy monografii rozumieją interdyscyplinarną dziedzinę prawa, która zajmuje się źródłami, metodami, zasadami i narzędziami prawa publicznego i prywatnego odnoszącymi się do stosunków prawnych, których przedmiotem są grunty. Prawo gruntowe wykazuje ścisłe i bezpośrednie związki z prawem środowiska. Po każdym z 17 rozdziałów monografii przedstawiane są podobieństwa i różnice z prawem polskim.

Pedro Aires Montenegro, Rui Calçada

A methodology for analyzing the lateral train-structure interaction is proposed in this article. The wheel­‑rail contact formulation incorporated in the methodology consists in three main steps: the geometrical problem, where the contact point position is detected; the normal contact problem, in which the forces are determined based on the Hertz theory, and the tangential contact problem, where the creep forces are calculated using the rolling friction laws proposed by Kalker. Two application cases are presented related to the running safety assessment of a train moving over bridges subjected to earthquakes and a crosswinds. The dynamic response of both the bridges and the train are discussed and the running safety is assessed using criteria existent in the literature.

Petraška Artūras, Čižiūnienė Kristina, Prentkovskis Olegas et al.

Dynamically changing economic conditions influence the growing demand of various freights transportation. Inevitably, the demand for heavy and oversized freight transportation is increasing, which is quite problematic. In many cases, it is very difficult to standardize the technology of heavy and oversized freight transportation. Decisions are necessary, which would allow to deliver heavy or oversized freight to the destination place, allocating fewer funds as possible for infrastructure improvements, choosing the most appropriate mode of transport for such freight transportation or using advantages of multimodal (combined) transport. In this article there will be selected methodology of heavy and oversized freight transportation system, carrying heavy and oversized freight by road transport. There will also be made an approval of this methodology, based on a hypothetical route within Lithuanian territory.