Hasil untuk "Mineralogy"

Carolina Cardell, Maja Urosevic, Danielle Dias Martins et al.

This work presents the first systematic archaeometric data of 13th–14th century AD Nasrid glazed architectural ceramics from the Alhambra and Generalife, focusing on colour-specific glazing technologies. Findings provide new insights into Nasrid glazing technology, ceramic typologies, and conservation implications, contributing to discussions on Islamic material culture and technical traditions in al-Andalus. Analysed typologies include mosaic, inlay, relief tiles, roof lights, and steles with glazes in white, blue, green-turquoise, black, and honey tones. Microstructural and chemical results reveal decorative chromophores and techniques to be a reference for future studies. Most glazes are inglaze on lead tin-opacified bases, fired in oxidising conditions at ∼950 °C. Phosphorus was found in weathered glazes (associated with a burial environment) and unweathered white and blue glazes, suggesting deliberate addition of bones (fragments/ashes). Identified phases in most glazes were unmelted quartz and feldspars grains, and relatively abundant Cr-bearing wollastonite crystals precipitated during firing. Furthermore, one of the fragments with a black surface was determined not to be a glaze, but rather a polished section of a metamorphic rock. Resumen: Este trabajo presenta datos del primer análisis arqueométrico sistemático de cerámicas vidriadas arquitectónicas de los siglos XIII y XIV n.e. de la Alhambra y Generalife, centrándose en la tecnología de esmaltado de diversos colores. Los resultados ofrecen nuevas perspectivas sobre la tecnología del vidriado nazarí, las tipologías cerámicas y su estado de conservación. Estos hallazgos permiten abordar una discusión más amplia de la cultura material islámica y de las tradiciones técnicas de al-Andalus. Las tipologías cerámicas estudiadas incluyen alicatados, incrustados, sebkas, lucernarios y bordillos funerarios coloreados en blanco, azul, verde-turquesa, negro y melado. Los resultados microestructurales y químicos revelan que los cromóforos y técnicas decorativas en determinados tipos cerámicos pueden servir como marcadores en estudios futuros. Los esmaltes son de plomo opacificados con estaño, y cocidos en atmósfera oxidante a unos 950 °C. Se detectó fósforo en muestras alteradas (relacionado con condiciones de enterramiento), y en esmaltes blancos y azules no alterados, lo que sugiere la adición deliberada de huesos o cenizas óseas al vidriado. Asimismo, se identificaron en la mayoría de los esmaltes granos de cuarzo y feldespatos no fundidos, y abundantes precipitados de wollastonita con trazas de cromo. Además, se determinó que uno de los fragmentos con decoración negra no era un vidriado, sino una sección pulida de una roca metamórfica.

Sergey M. Aksenov, Nikita V. Chukanov, Ramiza K. Rastsvetaeva et al.

Materials of the 2D zeolite class retain local catalytically active sites and the stability of traditional zeolites but with layered structures. Synthetic and naturally occurring single- and multilayer apophyllite-related compounds are prototypes of advanced industrial materials for use in various technologies. Their surface chemistry allows for functionalization, and these layers serve as fundamental building blocks for zeolitic frameworks. The discovery of the first triple-layer silicate, günterblassite, provided a critical link that established a fundamental crystal–chemical relationship between layered and framework structures in a wide range of micro- and mesoporous minerals and synthetic materials. The most prominent topic in the development of 2D zeolites remains the synthesis and structural characterization of these 2D zeolite structures This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current state of 2D and 3D zeolites constructed based on apophyllite-type layers. In accordance with the terms of modular crystal chemistry, we present a straightforward classification scheme based on the topological and symmetrical distinctions of the layers and provide ways for their stacking, creating a valuable basis for understanding the modular assembly of advanced porous materials.

Mohammad Hassan Karimpour, Bahareh Borouzi Niyat

Today, the demand for critical metals like lithium has enhanced significantly, leading to greater exploration, extraction, and utilize these metals. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the different types of lithium resources, minerals, exploration, extraction, processing, and applications. Pegmatites, sedimentary deposits, and brines are the main sources of lithium. One of the most important applications of lithium is in the battery industry, especially in electric vehicle batteries. The use of these batteries is increasing day by day, so it is important to explore more lithium reserves. Based on the global consumption and demand for lithium, it is necessary to use various exploration methods, including geology, geophysics, mineralogy, geochemistry, and remote sensing, followed by drilling operations to find new lithium reserves. Pegmatites, brines, and playas in Iran have high potential for lithium deposits. Exploration of lithium deposits in Iran and development of appropriate technologies can transform the country into a regional producer of this strategic metal. Introduction Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. It has an atomic mass of 6.941 g/mol, and atomic number 3 which is khnown as the least dense metal, highest electrochemical potential, and highly reactive. In addition, lithium is flammable and tends to reacts with water (form hydroxides) nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the air (Balaram et al., 2024; International Lithium Association, 2023). Lithium can replace magnesium due to its similar ionic and atomic radius. Lithium is found in a variety of geological environments and in the crust and can be extracted through various mining methods, depending on the location and composition of the deposit. Pegmatites, brines, and sedimentary deposits are the most important sources of lithium. Over the past decade, lithium demand has increased due to its use in the lithium-ion batteries industry. Global consumption of lithium in 2024, a 29% increase from consumption in 2023. Global lithium demand is expected to reach nearly 1.8 million tonnes by 2030, almost six times the demand in 2020. Global lithium demand is expected to reach 1.8 million tonnes by 2030, almost six times the demand in 2020. In this study, given the increasing demand for lithium and its extensive applications, an attempt has been made to present an up-to-date global perspective on various aspects of lithium, including its applications, geology, mineralogy, different types of lithium reserves, exploration indicators, analysis methods, extraction of lithium reserves, and finally its position and impact in the global market. Geology and classification of lithium deposits Lithium is enriched in the continental crust with an average crustal value of ~25 ppm. The most important sources of lithium include pegmatites, sedimentary deposits, and brines. Pegmatites are coarse-grained igneous rocks enriched in trace elements, including lithium. Pegmatite deposits are one of the primary sources of the lithium, particularly spodumene. The source granitic magma must be rich in lithium and also undergo extreme fractional crystallisation to form pegmatite deposits (London, 2018; Sykes et al., 2019). Lithium accumulates in the latest differentiates of granitic complexes at their final stage of consolidation and thus gets concentrated in significant amounts in pegmatites. Lithium can also be found in sedimentary deposits, where it is usually associated with clay minerals or evaporites. The sedimentary lithium deposits can be divided into two categories: (1) land-based sedimentary deposits, and (2) deep-sea sedimentary deposits. Lithium can be found in brine deposits, which are formed by the evaporation of saline water in arid regions. These deposits are rich in lithium salts such as lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, and lithium hydroxide. Lithium brine deposits are formed over millions of years through a complex combination of geological and hydrological processes involving evaporation, mixing, halite, and hectorite dissolution, and precipitation (Munk and Jochens, 2011; Munk et al., 2016). These deposits are typically found in regions with arid or semi-arid climates, where the rate of evaporation is higher than the rate of precipitation. Discussion and Result Based on the lithium demand, especially in the manufacture of various types of batteries, research to further explore lithium reserves is so important. The largest amount of lithium reserves is in the brine type in Bolivia and Argentina (21 and 20 million tons, respectively), and the smallest amount is in the pegmatite type reserve (0.1 million tons) in Australia. Australia and Chile also have the highest levels of lithium mining. The highest level of processing and production of electrochemical products and batteries is in China (Stringer, and Millan, 2019). The potential supply gap looms large. Projections indicate that by 2034, global demand for lithium could be 6.5 times greater than in 2023, further widening the supply-demand imbalance. By 2029, the industry could face a tipping point where demand far outstrips supply, creating significant challenges for the global energy transition. This impending shortage highlights the critical need for innovative, scalable, and environmentally responsible methods to extract lithium to meet future demand. The electric vehicles need is increasing year by year. Using these types of vehicles will help reduce air pollution and protect the environment. Lithium-ion battery demand is expected to grow by about 27 percent annually to reach around 4700 GWh by 2030. In 2024, the global electric vehicle market had significant changes. Chinese car company BYD took the top spot as the largest electric vehicle manufacturer, followed by Tesla in second place. In Iran, the presence of brines and playas located in the Zagros and Central Iran zones, especially in desert areas, has high potential for lithium deposits. Hectorite in clay deposits should be prioritized for lithium exploration. Exploration of lithium deposits in Iran and development of appropriate technologies can transform the country into a regional producer of this strategic metal.

Nicolette Tamara Jonkman, Karsten Kalbitz, Huig Bergsma et al.

Urban agriculture (UA) is a widespread practice often considered low-profit, taking place on marginal lands. This is supported by the lack of quantitative data on UA’s contributions to food security and employment, yet contradicted by prevalence and high participation rates. This case study of six UA sites in Kisumu, Kenya and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso explores the relationship between prior land use and current management and soil quality. A soil survey is performed determining the soil macronutrient and soil mineral composition. Agricultural management, ownership, and prior land use are investigated through interviews, satellite imagery, and historic publications. Results show three UA sites predating surrounding urban development, and data on soil nutrient content show that sites likely were chosen for their soil. The three younger sites are smaller and less embedded in the local economy, but soil analysis shows medium-rich to rich agricultural soils. We conclude that one cannot assume that UA is practiced on marginalized soils. Consequently, both value attribution to and the sustainable agricultural management of UA soils must be based on their characteristics, such as mineralogy and nutrient status, to prevent valuable soil resources from being lost. Through this, the more accurate value attribution of UA can be achieved, lending weight to the value attributed to UA by local communities.

Andreas M. Arnold, Philipp Dullinger, Aniruddha Biswas et al.

Terpene cyclases enable the synthesis of (poly)cyclic carbon frameworks via ring closure of linear polyenes. Here, the authors report in-situ formed fluorinated-alcohol-amine supramolecular clusters that mimic terpene cyclases for shape-controlled polyene cyclizations.

Joaquin Pablo Aguilera Bustos, Ludmila Adam

Measurements of ultrasonic elastic waves were carried out at atmospheric and in-situ pressure conditions on rock samples from Nevado del Ruiz Volcano (NRV).  The study focuses on Vp/Vs as a function of  Vp as indicators of mineralogy, porosity, fluid-types and anisotropy. We find that Vp/Vs can separate the effect of microcracks vs. vesicles as a function of fluid type and effective pressures. Little-to-no pressure dependence in Vp/Vs suggest that the rock porosity is mainly comprised by vesicles, while largely varying Vp/Vs vs Vp is associated to cracks. This effect occurs under both, dry and fluid saturation conditions. When cracks close, the Vp/Vs values are representative of the rock mineralogy. Finally, as foliation results in a wide range of Vp/Vs, which could lead to misinterpretations. For instance, on NRV foliated rocks, Vp/Vs at dry conditions and parallel to the foliation plane ranges at values which are commonly associated to fluid saturation.

J. A. Gilotti, W. C. McClelland, S. Schorn et al.

<p>An eclogite-facies orthogneiss and host paragneiss from a quarry near Tavagnasco in the Lower Aosta Valley were studied in order to refine the protolith, provenance and metamorphic ages of the Eclogitic Micaschist Complex of the Sesia Zone. The orthogneiss contains jadeite with quartz <span class="inline-formula">+</span> phengite <span class="inline-formula">+</span> K-feldspar <span class="inline-formula">±</span> garnet <span class="inline-formula">+</span> rutile <span class="inline-formula">+</span> zircon, whereas the paragneiss hosts garnet <span class="inline-formula">+</span> jadeite <span class="inline-formula">+</span> phengite <span class="inline-formula">±</span> glaucophane <span class="inline-formula">+</span> epidote <span class="inline-formula">+</span> rutile <span class="inline-formula">+</span> quartz. Phase diagram modeling of two representative samples yields minimum equilibration conditions of 550 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 50 <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C and 18 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 2 kbar. Cathodoluminescence images of zircon from the orthogneiss show oscillatory-zoned cores that are embayed and overgrown by complex, oscillatory-zoned rims. Four concordant secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses from the cores give a weighted mean <span class="inline-formula">²⁰⁶</span>Pb <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M16" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="c6f00d13d95b9183e3e2526db4298e27"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-35-645-2023-ie00001.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="ejm-35-645-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">²³⁸</span>U age of 457 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 5 Ma. The cores have <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M19" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">Th</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="66336532033b9fae90efac8c3cb90ed2"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-35-645-2023-ie00002.svg" width="29pt" height="14pt" src="ejm-35-645-2023-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.1 and negative Eu anomalies indicative of an igneous protolith, which we interpret to have crystallized in the Ordovician at 780 <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C, based on Ti-in-zircon measurements. Zircon rims yield a range of <span class="inline-formula">²⁰⁶</span>Pb <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M23" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="265e2a7d42d09da6c1e252e5649f9787"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-35-645-2023-ie00003.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="ejm-35-645-2023-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">²³⁸</span>U dates from 74 to 86 Ma, and four concordant analyses define a weighted mean <span class="inline-formula">²⁰⁶</span>Pb <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M26" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="6ab83fe49e60fc98c8f39a665eb0d5b9"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-35-645-2023-ie00004.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="ejm-35-645-2023-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">²³⁸</span>U age of 78 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 2 Ma. The rims are interpreted to have grown in the eclogite facies based on their lower <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M29" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">Th</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="9fc4a0c98ca077ea326c889213881ea1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="ejm-35-645-2023-ie00005.svg" width="29pt" height="14pt" src="ejm-35-645-2023-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> (0.01), less negative Eu anomalies and steeper heavy rare earth element (HREE) patterns at <span class="inline-formula">&lt;600</span> <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C. The paragneiss yielded a detrital zircon population with major peaks at 575–600, 655 and 765 Ma; minor older components; and a maximum depositional age of approximately 570 Ma. The prominent Neoproterozoic zircon population and Ediacaran depositional age suggest derivation from the Gondwana margin. The metamorphic zircon is consistent with the oldest eclogite-facies event in the Sesia Zone; it does not show evidence of multiple periods of rim growth or any pre-Alpine (e.g., Variscan) metamorphism.</p>

Martha E. Kosters, Rosa A. deBoer, Frenk Out et al.

Abstract Micromagnetic Tomography (MMT) is a new technique that allows the determination of magnetic moments of individual grains in volcanic rocks. Current MMT studies either showed that it is possible to obtain magnetic moments of relatively small numbers of grains in ideal sample material or provided important theoretical advances in MMT inversion theory and/or its statistical framework. Here, we present a large‐scale application of MMT on a sample from the 1907‐flow from Hawaii's Kilauea volcano producing magnetic moments of 1,646 grains. We produced 261,305 magnetic moments in total for these 1,646 grains, an increase of three orders of magnitude compared to earlier studies to assess the robustness of the MMT results, and a major step toward the number of grains that is necessary for paleomagnetic applications of MMT. Furthermore, we show that the recently proposed signal strength ratio is a powerful tool to scrutinize and select MMT results. Despite this progress, still only relatively large iron‐oxide grains with diameters >1.5–2 μm can be reliably resolved, impeding a reliable paleomagnetic interpretation. To determine the magnetic moments of smaller (<1 μm) grains that may exhibit pseudo‐single domain behavior and are therefore better paleomagnetic recorders, the resolution of the microcomputed tomography and magnetic scans necessary for MMT must be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the sample size in future MMT studies. Nevertheless, our study is an important step toward making MMT a useful paleomagnetic and rock‐magnetic technique.

N. Stoll, M. Hörhold, T. Erhardt et al.

<p>Impurities in polar ice do not only allow the reconstruction of past atmospheric aerosol concentrations but also influence the physical properties of the ice. However, the localisation of impurities inside the microstructure is still under debate and little is known about the mineralogy of solid inclusions. In particular, the general mineralogical diversity throughout an ice core and the specific distribution inside the microstructure is poorly investigated; the impact of the mineralogy on the localisation of inclusions and other processes is thus hardly known. We use dust particle concentration, optical microscopy, and cryo-Raman spectroscopy to systematically locate and analyse the mineralogy of micro-inclusions in situ inside 11 solid ice samples from the upper 1340 m of the East Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. Micro-inclusions are more variable in mineralogy than previously observed and are mainly composed of mineral dust (quartz, mica, and feldspar) and sulfates (mainly gypsum). Inclusions of the same composition tend to cluster, but clustering frequency and mineralogy changes with depth. A variety of sulfates dominate the upper 900 m, while gypsum is the only sulfate in deeper samples, which however contain more mineral dust, nitrates, and dolomite. The analysed part of the core can thus be divided into two depth regimes of different mineralogy, and to a lesser degree of spatial distribution, which could originate from different chemical reactions in the ice or large-scale changes in ice cover in northeast Greenland during the mid-Holocene. The complexity of impurity mineralogy on the metre scale and centimetre scale in polar ice is still underestimated, and new methodological approaches are necessary to establish a comprehensive understanding of the role of impurities. Our results show that applying new methods to the mineralogy in ice cores and recognising its complexity, as well as the importance for localisation studies, open new avenues for understanding the role of impurities in ice cores.</p>

H. S. Moghadam, Q. L. Li, M. Kirchenbaur et al.

Abstract Magmatic activity that accompanied the collision between Arabia and Eurasia at ∼27 Ma, provides unique opportunities for understanding the triggers and magma reservoirs for collisional magmatism and its different styles in magmatic fronts and back‐arcs. We present new ages and geochemical‐isotopic results for magmatic rocks that formed during the collision between Arabia and Eurasia in NE Iran, which was a back‐arc region to the main magmatic arcs of Iran. Our new zircon U‐Pb ages indicate that collisional magmatism began at ∼24 Ma in the NE Iran back‐arc, although magmatism in this area started in the Late Cretaceous time and continued until the Pleistocene. The collisional igneous rocks are characteristically bimodal, and basaltic‐andesitic and dacitic‐rhyolitic components show significant isotopic differences; εNd(t) = +4.4 to +7.4 and εHf(t) = +5.4 to +9.5 for mafic rocks and εNd(t) = +0.2 to +8.4 and εHf(t) = +3.4 to +12.3 for silicic rocks. The isotopic values and modeling suggest that fractional crystallization and assimilation‐fractional crystallization played important roles in the genesis of felsic rocks in the NE Iran collisional zone. Trace element and isotopic modeling further emphasize that the main triggers of the magmatism in NE Iran comprise a depleted to the enriched mantle and the Cadomian continental crust of Iran. Our results also emphasize the temporal magmatic variations in the NE Iran back‐arc from Late Cretaceous to Pleistocene.

V. S. Fedorovsky, E. V. Sklyarov, D. P. Gladkochub et al.

We announce the second edition of the Aerospace geological map of the Olkhon Region (Baikal, Russia), scale 1:40 000, which was published in 2017. The map has been considerably revised and updated, and its changes are critical for correct understanding of the regional geology, tectonics and geodynamics. Only a small number of its printed copies have been released, and therefore the map may not be available for all interested specialists. The electronic version of the map is available for studying and/or printing (see the link to its pdf file in the paper’s supplement). The pdf file is about 68 MB, i.e. small compared to the original map (more than 5 GB), but the quality is maintained. The map does not show the base layer due to the terms of the licenses owned by the companies and satellite owners.

Andrey A. Zolotarev, Sergey V. Krivovichev, Margarita S. Avdontceva et al.

Technogenic steklite, KAl(SO₄)₂, and unnamed mineral phase (K,Na)₃Na₃(Fe,Al)₂(SO₄)₆ from burnt dumps of the Chelyabinsk Coal Basin have been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. Steklite is trigonal, space group <i>P</i><inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mover accent="true"><mn>3</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <i>a</i> = 4.7277(3), <i>c</i> = 7.9871(5) Å, <i>V</i> = 154.60(2) ų. The crystal structure was refined to <i>R</i>₁ = 0.026 (<i>wR</i>₂ = 0.068). It is based upon the [Al(SO₄)₂]⁻ layers formed by corner sharing of SO₄ tetrahedra and AlO₆ polyhedra. The anionic [Al(SO₄)₂]⁻ layers are parallel to the (001) plane and linked via interlayer K⁺ ions. The regular octahedral coordination of Al is observed that distinguishes technogenic steklite from that found in Tolbachik fumaroles. The (K,Na)₃Na₃(Fe,Al)₂(SO₄)₆ phase is trigonal, space group <i>R</i><inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mover accent="true"><mn>3</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <i>a</i> = 13.932(2), <i>c</i> = 17.992(2) Å, <i>V</i> = 3024.4(7) ų, <i>R</i>₁ = 0.073 (<i>wR</i>₂ = 0.108). The crystal structure is based upon the anionic chains [(Fe,Al)(SO₄)₃]³⁻ running parallel to the <i>c</i> axis and interconnected via K⁺ and Na⁺ ions. There are no known minerals or synthetic compounds isotypic to (K,Na)₃Na₃(Fe,Al)₂(SO₄)₆, due to the presence of separate K and Na sites in its structure.

Berna YAVUZ PEHLİVANLI

İnceleme alanı Yozgat ili Sorgun ilçesinde bulunmakta ve yaklaşık 1000 km2’lik bir alanı kapsamaktadır. Bölgede Paleozoyik, Kampaniyen-Maastrihtiyen, Eosen, Miyosen ve Kuvaterner yaşlı birimler bulunmaktadır. Bu birimler içinde Alt Eosen yaşlı Çeltek formasyonu bölgede özellikle kömür içeriği bakımından dikkat çekmiş olup aynı birim içinde petrollü şeyl olarak tanımlanan kayaçlar yer almaktadır. Dünyadaki petrol ve gaz verimliliği ve anoksik depolanma süreçleri dikkate alındığında organik madde birikimi açısından Eosen dönemi önemlidir. Çalışma alanı içerisinden derlenen 2 farklı sondaj ve bir adet yüzeyde yapılan ölçülü stratigrafik kesite (ÖSK) ait 29 adet örneğin toplam organik karbon (TOC) ve ana-iz element analizleri baz alınarak petrollü şeyllerin paleo-sedimanter ortam ve karakteristikleri ile TOC miktarları arasındaki ilişkileri çalışılmıştır. Bu örnekler, %1.97 -16.17 (ortalama% 6.30) arasında TOC içeriğine sahiptir. Çeltek formasyonu petrollü şeyllerine (ÇFPŞ) ait jeokimyasal verilerde V/Cr, V/(V+Ni), U/Th, δU ve Ötijenik Uranyum (AU) değerleri hesaplanarak, petrollü şeyllerin değişken paleo-ortam koşullarına sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Paleo-tuzluluk için Sr/Ba oranları hesaplanmış ve örneklerin genellikle tatlı su ortamında çökeldiği tespit edilmiştir. ÇFPŞ’nin paleo-iklim koşulları, kimyasal alterasyon indeks (CIA) değerleri ve Sr/Cu oranlarına göre, kuru, sıcak ve zaman zaman nemli olarak belirlenmiştir. Fe/Ti ve (Fe+Mn)/Ti oranlarına göre ise petrollü şeyllerin sedimantasyonu esnasında ortamda hidrotermal bir etkinliğin olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca Zr/Rb oranları bakımından petrollü şeyllerin çökeldiği dönemdeki paleo-hidrodinamiklerin oldukça zayıf olduğu yorumu yapılabilir. Sonuç olarak havzadaki bu farklı jeokimyasal şartlar, farklı paleo-ortam koşullarına neden olmaktadır.

Somayeh Samiee, Sedigheh Zirjanizadeh

Introduction The study area is located in 180 kilometers at the South of the city of Birjand and at 4 kilometers North of the Qhaleh-Zari mine, within the Central Lut Block. According to Stocklin and Nabavi (1973), the Lut Block (Eastern Iran) extends over 900 km in a north-south trend and is 200 km wide in an East-West direction. It is confined by the Nayband fault and the Tabas Block on the west, Nehbandan Fault in the east, Doruneh Fault in the north, and the Jaz- Morian Basin in the south. The sixty- five percent of the exposed rocks within the Lut Block consist of volcanic and plutonic rocks (Karimpour et al., 2011). The extensive magmatism of the area has resulted from the west-dipping subduction of the Lut Block zone (Karimpour et. al., 2005). The Koodakan area is located in the north of the Qhaleh-Zari mine, and in fact, it is comprised of the continuation of Qhaleh-Zari mineralization type. In the study area, rock units include Tertiary volcanic, intrusive, subvolcanic, and pyroclastic rocks. Analytical techniques The samples were collected from the study area focusing on the vein mineralization for preparing geology, mineralization and geochemistry maps. In addition, the dip and direction of the faults were measured for preparing structural map. Ten samples were analyzed for thirty six elements using Inductively- Coupled Plasma-Mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the Zar- Azma Laboratory, Mashhad, Iran. Results Petrographically, the rocks in the area consist of granodiorite, dioritic dikes, andesite and andesite- basalt. The volcanic rocks have extended throughout the study area and are mainly affected by various intensities of propylitic and/or carbonate alterations. The volcanic rocks are mainly andesitic in composition. Based on field observations and microscopic evidence, volcanic rocks can be subdivided into andesite, hornblende andesite, andesite- basalt and pyroxene andesite. Diorite porphyrtic dikes swarms are the youngest units in the area, and are not related to mineralization. Propylitic alteration comprises dominant alteration in the Koodakan 2 area and is characterized by epidote, chlorite and calcite mineral assemblages. Argillic alteration is locally present within the surface outcrops. Silicification is mainly cropped out in both adjacent to mineralized veins, and to a lesser amount, as pervasive silica. Mineralization is mainly controlled by a system of faults and joints. Three trends of faults are identified in the area including the a) NW-SE. b) NE-SW. c) E-W. The NE-SW trending mineralized veins represent a northeast dip ranging from 60- 70, and a width between 5 cm to 3 meters. In most cases, mineralization is hosted by pyroclastic units (especially agglomerate) or in the contact between agglomerate and andesitic rocks. At least three styles of veins were identified in the area. These are 1) quartz+ specularite+ chalcopyrite ± galena ± pyrite veins. The thickness of these veins varies from 2 cm to >1 m. The type 1 displays a dominant NW-SE strike. Quartz comprises of the most common mineral assemblage within the three types of veins forming uhedral to subhedral crystals with 1-10 cm long. Sulfide mineral dominantly includes chalcopyrite which is weathered to chalcocite at margins- together with galena, and pyrite. 2) quartz+ Fe oxides (limonite) veins range in thickness between 20 cm-1 m, and their ore mineral contents are not as important as types. 3) The NW-SE trending late carbonate veins mainly occurred in northern parts of the study area. These veins do not contain any ore minerals. Based on lithogeochemical studies, the concentration of Cu in mineralized veins ranges from 75-9928 ppm. The highest grade of Cu is related to quartz + malachite ± Fe oxide veins, and the lowest grade is related to silicified- Fe oxide veins. The geochemical abundances of Pb are similar to that of Cu and mainly vary from 7ppm to >3%.Highest concentrations of Zn are consistent with type 1 veins, and range from 25- 109285 ppm. Arsenic represents a widespread distribution of halos in the studied veins and its content varies between 5 and 424 ppm. Based on geology, mineralization, and geochemistry data, mineralization of the Koodakan 2 area is comparable with the veins in the Qaleh- Zari deposit and can be classified as IOCG deposit type. Detailed studies including the fluid inclusion, electron microprobe, and stable isotopic investigations can be further applied to examine the type of mineralization in the Koodakan 2 area. References Karimpour, M.H., Large, R.R, Razmara, M. and Pattrick R.A.D., 2005. Bi- sulfosat mineral series and their paragenetic associations in specularite- rich Cu- Ag- Au deposits, Qaleh- Zari mine, Iran. Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 13(2): 417–432. Karimpour, M.H., Stern, C.R., Farmer, L., Saadat, S. and Malekzadeh, A., 2011. Review of age Rb-Sr geochemistry and petrogenesis of Jurassic to Quaternary igneous rocks in Lute Block, Eastern Iran. Geopersia, 1(1): 19–54. Stocklin, J. and Nabavi, M.H., 1973. Tectonic map of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran.

Ece Simay SAATCI, ZAFER ASLAN

Bu çalışmada Yürekli volkanitinin (Biga Yarımadası, KB Türkiye) petrografisi, jeokimyası ve kökeninin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Tersiyer volkanizmasının yaygın olduğu Batı Anadolu (KB Türkiye), tektonik ve magmatik olayların berbaber gözlendiği önemli bir kuşaktır. Yürekli volkaniti dasitik lav ve piroklastitlerinden oluşmaktadır. Dasitik lavlar, porfirik ve hyaloporfirik dokuda olup, ana mineral olarak plajiyoklas, kuvars, amfibol, biyotit, sanidin ve Fe-Ti oksit, tali mineral olarak da apatit ve zirkon içermektedir. Petrolojik açıdan, yüksek potasyumlu ve kalk-alkali karakterlidir. N-MORB’a göre normalize iz element diyagramında büyük iyon yarıçaplı litofil element (BİYE) içerikleri yönünde zenginleşme, yüksek çekim alanlı element (YÇAE) içerikleri bakımından ise fakirleşme göstermektedir. Kondrite göre normalize edilmiş nadir toprak element (NTE) diyagramında; hafif nadir toprak elementler zenginleşmiş, ağır nadir toprak elementler ise daha az zenginleşmiştir. Ayrıca nadir toprak element dağılım şekli konkav (ortalam LaN/LuN=16–25) olup, zayıf negatif Eu anomalisi (0.66–0.81) gösterir. İncelenen volkanitlerin gelişiminde plajiyoklas, amfibol ve biyotit fraksiyonel kristallenmesi ve kabuk asimilasyonu rol oynamıştır. Elde edilen tüm verilere göre, Yürekli volkanitinin çarpışma sonrası ortamda oluştuğu ve ana magma kaynağının zenginleşmiş litosferik manto ile ilişkili olduğu söylenebilir.

L. Dong, Y. Liu, X. Shi et al.

Sediment core ARC4-BN05 collected from the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, covers the late to middle Quaternary (Marine Isotope Stage – MIS – 1–15, ca. 0.5–0.6 Ma) as estimated by correlation to earlier proposed Arctic Ocean stratigraphies and AMS¹⁴C dating of the youngest sediments. Detailed examination of clay and bulk mineralogy along with grain size, content of Ca and Mn, and planktic foraminiferal numbers in core ARC4–BN05 provides important new information about sedimentary environments and provenance. We use increased contents of coarse debris as an indicator of glacier collapse events at the margins of the western Arctic Ocean, and identify the provenance of these events from mineralogical composition. Notably, peaks of dolomite debris, including large dropstones, track the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) discharge events to the Arctic Ocean. Major LIS inputs occurred during the stratigraphic intervals estimated as MIS 3, intra-MIS 5 and 7 events, MIS 8, and MIS 10. Inputs from the East Siberian Ice Sheet (ESIS) are inferred from peaks of smectite, kaolinite, and chlorite associated with coarse sediment. Major ESIS sedimentary events occurred in the intervals estimated as MIS 4, MIS 6 and MIS 12. Differences in LIS vs. ESIS inputs can be explained by ice-sheet configurations at different sea levels, sediment delivery mechanisms (iceberg rafting, suspension plumes, and debris flows), and surface circulation. A long-term change in the pattern of sediment inputs, with an apparent step change near the estimated MIS 7–8 boundary (ca. 0.25 Ma), presumably indicates an overall glacial expansion at the western Arctic margins, especially in North America.

G. A. Tret'yakov

A hydrothermal interaction of oceanic rocks with seawater was simulated in the Selektor program at 350°C and 25 MPa. It was found that the maximum extraction of major ore-forming elements of massive sulfide deposits from basalts occurs under reducing conditions: 2.9 Ч 10-3 mol Fe at ξ = -lg(rock/seawater) of 2.1, 3.3 Ч Ч 10-4 mol Zn at ξ = 0.625 and 5.02 Ч 10-5 mol Cu at ξ = 1.4. The major transport complexes of these elements in hydrothermal fluids are FeCl20 > FeCl+ > Fe2+, ZnCl+ > ZnCl20 > ZnCl3-, CuCl32- > CuCl2-. According to recycling model, the mafic rocks (gabbro, basalts) are the most likely source of metals for hydrothermal sulfide systems.

Reza Zarei Sahamieh, Sara Ebrahimi

Introduction<br> The study area is a small part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar structural zone in the Markazi province, located in the northeastern part of the Farmahin, north of Arak (Hajian, 1970). The volcanic rocks studied from the area include andesite, dacite, rhyodacite, ignimbrite and tuff of Middle to Late Eocene age (middle Lutetian to upper Lutetian) (Ameri et al., 2009). It seems that folding and faulting is caused in sedimentary basin and volcanic activities. On the other hand, except of orogeny maybe rifting had rule in eruption so that this case has seen in the other area such as Taft and Khezrabad in central Iran (Zarei Sahamieh et al., 2008). The oldest formation in the studied area is Triassic limestones. The dominant textures of these rocks are porphyritic, microlite porphyritic, microlitic and rarely sieve-texture. Sieve texture and dusty texture (dusty plagioclases) indicates magma mixing. Mineralogically, they contain plagioclases, clinopyroxenes, amphiboles, quartz and biotite as the main constituents and zircon, apatite, and opaque minerals as accessories. Plagioclases in the andesitic and basaltic- andesite rocks are labradorite, bytownite and anorthite (based on electron microprobe) .Moreover, plagioclases in andesitic rocks show that H2O is lesser than 2.5 precent. Amphibole is found in both plagioclases and groundmass. <br><br> Materials and methods<br> In this article are used different analyses methods such as XRF, ICP-MS and EPMA. Whole-rock major and trace element analyses were determined with ICP-MS method. <br> The major and trace element composition of some rock was determined by electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) using a Cameca SX100 instrument in Iran Mineral Processing Research Center (IMPRC). Moreover, whole-rock major and some trace element analyses for some samples were obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), using an ARL Advant-XP automated X-ray spectrometer. <br><br> Results<br> Chemical data based on electron micro probe studies of minerals indicate the presence of labradorite, bytownite, anorthite as the plagioclases in volcanic rocks, as well as augite, pigeonite and clinoenstatite among the pyroxenes are abundant. Microscopic study of these lavas and pyroclastic rocks show evidences of magmatic contamination in the form of oscillatory zoning, resorption rims in plagioclase and presence of basic inclusions. The presence of oxidized amphibole rims (in hornblende) indicates the high temperature of the magma at the time of eruption. <br> Based on geochemistry especially the ratio of Eu/Eu* is variable between liquid and solid phases. The calculated of this ratio in studied rocks show negative anomaly (Eu<1) (Tabatabai Manesh et al., 2010). <br> According to classification diagrams is used of different diagrams for example TAS/SiO2, R1-R2 and Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y. TAS/SiO2 diagram show that the rocks are of basaltic-andesite, andesite and dacite. R1-R2 diagram show these rocks are andesite, andesi-basalt, dacite and rhyodacite. Finally, based on Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y the rocks in area under study are andesite, basalt, dacite and rhyodacite type. <br> The geochemical diagrams (such as AFM) for identify of mama series show that the rocks studied are calc-alkaline and A/NK-A/CNK show magma is peraluminous to metaluminous in nature. Enrichment of incompatible and LILE elements such as Ba, K and Rb show that contamination of magma with continental crust have been occurred in this area. Similarity between REE patterns in all samples is related to common source for all volcanic rocks in the studied area. <br><br> Discussion<br> The tectonic setting diagrams show that these rocks belong to the continental margin which have been involved in a subduction zone and belong to the orogenic andesite belt. <br> The position of the samples on the major elements-SiO2 diagrams indicate that magma differentiation has been occurred. Spider diagrams show depletion and enrichment that the type of rocks in studied area have positive anomalous of Rb and negative anomalous of Nb and Ti, this phenomenon shows contamination between magma and crustal rocks (Ghasemi and Talbot, 2006; Rollinson, 1993). Comparison of spider diagrams normalized to chondrite or MORB also show that the parent magma has been contaminated. It appears that assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) were the dominant processes in the genesis of the studied volcanic rocks (Roozbehani and Arvin, 2010). As a conclusion and regarding to what we said in this article ,the area under study are included both lava and pyroclastic rocks such as andesite, dacite, rhyodacite, ignimbrite ,tuff and tuffits that cut by younger dykes and belong to Middle to Late Eocene age(middle Lutetian to upper Lutetian).There is no rocks older than Triassic age. Volcanic rocks have been occurred in two environments, dry and water together. From volumetric point of view, Aciditic and intermediate rocks such as dacite, rhyodacite and andesite are the most in the area under study (Ahmadian et al., 2010). Basitic rocks are a lesser amount than the others. <br> Regarding to all evidences such as field works, structurally, texturally, mineralogically, geochemically and petrologically show that rocks in studied area belong to subduction zone and magma that created of these rocks have been originated from mantle and contaminated with continental crust during eruption and rising. <br><br> Acknowledgments<br> The authors wish to thank Journal Manager and reviewers who critically reviewed the manuscript and made valuable suggestions for its improvement. <br><br> References<br> Ahmadian, J., Bahadoran, N., Torabi, G. and Morata, M., 2010. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in Aroosan Kabood (north-east of Anarak). Journal of Petrology, 1(1): 103-120. (in Persian) <br> Ameri, A., ashrafi, N. and Karimi qarebaba, H., 2009. Petrology, Geochemistry and tectonics environment of Eocene volcanic rocks in east of Herris, east Azerbayjan, north-west of Iran. Journal of geosciences, 18(71): 85-90. (in Persian) <br> Ghasemi, A. and Talbot, C.J., 2006. A new scenario for the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26(6): 683-693. <br> Hajian, J., 1970 . Geological map of Farmahin (1/100000). Geological Survey of Iran. <br> Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation and Interpretation. Longman scientific and technical, London, 352 pp. <br> Roozbehani, L. and Arvin, M., 2010. Petrography, geochemistry and petrogenesis of ryolitic and andesitic rocks in Nasir Abad, south-west, Kerman .Journal of Petrology, 1(2): 1-16. (in Persian). <br> Tabatabai Manesh, M., Sayed Safai, H. and Mirlohi, A.S., 2010. Study of mineralogy and effective process on volcanic rocks in Jahaq anticlinal (south of Kashan). Journal of Petrology, 1(2): 61-76. (in Persian) <br> Zarei Sahamieh, R., Tabasi, H. and Jalali, M., 2008. Petrology and tectonomagmatic investigation of volcanic rocks of Ashtian. Journal of Science Kharazmi University, 8(3):227-240. (in Persian) <br>

W. Lowrie, F. Heller

P. Wasilewski, H. H. Thomas, M. Mayhew