Dominika Janus, Marcelina Kałasznik, Krystian Suchorab
et al.
When learning and using a foreign language, language users must not only adhere to the grammatical rules of a particular language, but also have knowledge of which words occur together. This is the knowledge of how to combine words and grammatical forms to create certain meanings in certain contexts. Against this background, phraseme constructions (in short: PhK) play an enormously important role in everyday communication, as they are usually ready-made components that are filled with corresponding lexical components in the respective contexts. The subject of this article are phraseme constructions that are being recorded lexicographically as part of the project “A Multilingual Repository of Phraseme Constructions in Central and Eastern European Languages (PhraConRep)” (CA22115), which started in November 2023. The source language of the project is German. As part of the project, around 300 phraseme constructions are to be recorded lexicographically in their entirety and provided with corresponding translation examples in the project languages. The article discusses the structure of the dictionary articles. The translation aspects in the German-Polish context are also discussed. In addition, difficulties in the area of German-Polish equivalence are highlighted. The PhK repository created as part of the project is the first such a broad-based project and can be considered a model in terms of the model-like characteristics of each recorded unit.
Our information sphere—the space where we not only express our opinions, but where we also form our opinions—is facing significant challenges. The core trends of »truth decay«— growing disagreement about facts; blurred lines between opinion and fact; increasing influence of opinion over fact; and declining trust in formerly respected sources of factual information—have become increasingly evident in the strategic and systemic dilution and distortion of information that contribute to increasing fragmentation of society, deepening already existing divisions. Over the past three years, growing geopolitical tension and asymmetric warfare have further increased the visibility of and focus on the weaponisation of information and, by implication, the weaknesses of our collective cognitive security. Societal and economic repercussions of the pandemic and the accompanying »infodemic«, the accelerated geopolitical competition, as well as recent domestic political violence in the USA and—most recently—Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, have increased the sense of urgency to defend and reinvigorate the information ecosystems that form the core of our liberal democracies, enabling everyone to not only express their opinions, but also to form their opinions, to make informed choices without being manipulated. Against this backdrop, the strategic importance of strengthening our knowledge supply chains is growing. Reinvigorating already existing components of our shared information sphere—including national verified encyclopedias—can help boost collective cognitive resilience against information manipulation, both in and beyond Europe. The external face of such investments can contribute to developing new aspects of European knowledge diplomacy, promoting and projecting European democratic values and freedoms in third countries.
This work is devoted to description of the microstructure (dictionary entry) of the Beserman dictionary, which is compiled based on the materials of T. I. Teplyashina. Besermans are small people who live compactly in the North West of Udmurtia. From the point of view of linguistics they speak a special dialect of the Udmurt language. The Besermans have a stable ethnic and linguistic identity, which is different from the Udmurt. At the beginning of the 21st century, the language of Besermans has become an object of considerable interest for linguists. Field materials were embodied in two dictionaries, a monograph and scientific articles. The most significant contribution to the study of the Beserman dialect was made by T. I. Teplyashina, who published the monograph “The Language of the Besermans”. Most of her materials, which were systematized in a field file, remained unused. The scientist's field file representing the Beserman speech of speakers born in the century before last can be called a unique linguistic heritage, waiting to be processed and implemented as a dictionary. Our dictionary will contain lexical and textual materials published in monographs and previously unpublished. This article examines in detail the structure of the dictionary, which has no analogues, at least in the lexicography of the Ural-Volga region.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the concept of the “Russian Dctionary of Language Expansion” by A. I. Solzhenitsyn in line with the national lexicographic tradition. The article emphasizes the author’s continuity in the compilation of thesauruses as sources for enriching speech with obsolete words and expressions that have come out of regular communicative practice. It notes the role of V. I. Dahl as the author of the first dictionary of “The Living Great Russian Language” and his influence on the basic idea of the book by Solzhenitsyn, who inherited the classical principles of philological work with language as a phenomenon of national culture. Attention is drawn to the role of extralinguistic factors in the preparation of this publication. The study employs the following methods: comparative, semantic, sociolinguistic and textual. They have made it possible to identify the idiosyncrasies of Solzhenitsyn as a linguist, to show the originality of the method of selection and characteristics of vocabulary units, to characterize the features of the genre of the author’s lexicography works and to determine its role in linguistic science of the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The article analyzes the conceptual features of this publication: the composition and structure of the dictionary borrowed from the 19th century, the need to supplement and revive it with folk-figurative, occasional and literary elements from the heritage of Russian poets and writers of the 19th –
20th century, the concise character of the description of meanings, the presence of swear words, etc. Fragments Solzhenitsyn’s letters are used for contextual comparison. The article formulates idea about the need to treat the visual and expressive side of the language carefully and to restore and preserve the lost fragments of everyday speech of the past as facts of traditional verbal culture. The urgency of the book is seen in it being a successful experience of metaphilological understanding and restoration of classical linguistic works. The results of the study can be used in the theory and practice of compiling experimental dictionaries, in hermeneutics, in the historico-cultural study of the lexicographic heritage of the 19th – 20th centuries. They can motivate scholars to search for new ideas and methods of analyzing texts presenting interest for the formation of the basic values of the national linguistic worldview.
Corpus studies into the nature of language and the interrelationship between grammar and lexis have highlighted the pervasiveness of recurrent strings of words essential to the construction of meaning which Wray [2002: 9] has named “formulaic sequences” (FS). Research by Boers et al [2006], Eyckmans [2007], Stengers [2009] and Wray & Fitzpatrick [2008] suggests that good command of these phrases in the foreign language (FL), of their typical occurrence and of their use restrictions contributes to learners’ fluency, and is taken as evidence of a high level of proficiency. Boers & Lindstromberg [2012] argue that explicit FS instruction accompanied by awareness-raising tasks yield significant learning gains, especially in FL contexts. As a pushed-output procedure, Wajnryb’s dictogloss technique [1990] has recently been adapted in FS-focused instruction studies like those of Janssens [2016] and Lindstromberg, Eyckmans & Connabeer [2016]. In similar fashion, we designed an experimental study for the teaching of nine pedagogically relevant sequences with Spanish-L1 EFL university learners. Two types of treatment were implemented with a focus on the target FSs’ meanings, forms and uses with two naturally-occurring learner groups (Group 1, N=13, and Group 2, N=17), whose performance was compared to that of a control group (N=7). Group 1 completed a set of Focus-on-Form activities [Doughty & Williams 1998], while Group 2 carried out two sessions of FS-oriented dictogloss. Results show that learners in Group 2 produced 40 instances of the target FS in five essay-writing tasks at different stages of the study and as late as a month and a half post intervention. By contrast, Group 1 produced 23 instances of seven target FSs across three essay writing tasks, six weeks after treatment. These findings indicate that dictogloss seems to reinforce advanced students’ familiarization with target FS in context, and FS memory retention over time. Based on the descriptive analysis of uncued target FSs produced by learners in their written production tasks, the possible contributions of dictogloss to long-term FS acquisition are discussed.
Battle of Narratives: Political Memes During the 2019 Ukrainian Presidential Election
The article highlights the peculiarities of political internet memes as information units that shape public opinion. The article also examines the role of memes in society. The research material includes creolized memes (including both verbal and visual elements) about the Ukrainian politicians Petro Poroshenko and Volodymyr Zelenskyi. These memes were created in 2019 during the Ukrainian presidential election. The article firstly focuses on the verbal aspects of the memes and their semantic and functional features. In addition, the peculiarities of opponent image construction are analysed. The article then examines the influence of Ukrainian politicians on the conduct of the “meme war”. The article also sheds light on the role which memes play in the polarization of society.
Wojna narratywów: memy polityczne podczas wyborów prezydenckich na Ukrainie w 2019 roku
Artykuł przedstawia cechy politycznych memów internetowych jako jednostek informacji wpływających na świadomość ludzi, a także wyjaśnia ich rolę w społeczeństwie. Materiałem badań były kreolizowane memy (obecność elementów słownych i ikonicznych) o Piotrze Poroszence i Włodzimierzu Zełenskim, wygenerowane podczas kampanii prezydenckiej na Ukrainie w 2019 roku. Główny nacisk położono na werbalny aspekt memu, jego cechy semantyczne i funkcjonalne, przeanalizowano specyfikę konstruowania wizerunku przeciwnika, podkreślono znaczenie ukraińskich polityków w prowadzeniu „wojny memetycznej” oraz wyjaśniono rolę memów w polaryzowaniu społeczeństwa.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
The article raises the issue of religious terms being introduced and defined in academic explanatory dictionaries of the 20th and 21st centuries. Words of religious discourse are insufficiently represented in explanatory dictionaries, and they are often labelled “according to religious beliefs”. “The Russian Dictionary of the 21st century”, being created at the Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia in Saint-Petersburg, includes plenty of religious terms with derivatives that all receive their own definition and illustrations, both free from ideological component. This dictionary also shows the difference between religious meanings and neutral ones, the shift of semantic accents in religious meanings, the difference in the meanings of the same word in different religions and confessions.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Thanks to numerous innovative technologies and methods, the Information Age has brought new challenges, but also new opportunities, to the cultural and scientific sector, for both the development and the presentation of its primary activities. More importantly, it paved the way for new networking possibilities through inter-institutional and multidisciplinary collaborative projects, based on linking together analogous needs, efforts, and ideas. The goal of this paper is to present and examine the opportunities for cooperation in a virtual environment between related institutions, gathered around a common project involving the development of a collaborative portal about eminent and meritorious persons. We shall present the project through three basic phases of development: the inception of the idea and the launching of the national pilot project ‘Znameniti i zaslužni Hrvati’ (Eminent Croats) that resulted in the creation of the portal Znameniti.hr; the one-year European project funded by the DARIAH–ERIC consortium that enabled the establishment of regional cooperation and the creating of the portal EminentPeople.eu; and the preparation of a new international project considering the European perspectives of this portal.
Prof. Plohl set down the basis for the electrification of the Sava Banate (banovina) and in doing so significantly contributed to the improvement of the wealth, health, and education of the poorest households, especially in rural areas. He founded the Banal Electrical Company (Bansko električno poduzeće – BEP) in October 1937 and served as its chairman until his tragic death in September 1939. Together with the Peasants’ Concord (Seljačka sloga) organisation, within two years he managed to electrify the Vojni Križ Municipality, initiate he construction of the hydroelectric power station in Tribalj, and set down a plan for electrifying the Sušak–Zagreb railway. He managed to decrease the cost of electrifying rural households five- to sixfold! The owners of electrification companies feared they would lose their planned income and thus employed engineer Ivo Radulović, director of Elektra–Sušak, to hold professional lectures in which he would discredit the BEP’s tenets of electrification. This paper also describes in detail a heated polemic between Plohl and Radulović that developed in the newspapers.
U povijesti hrvatske književnosti ranoga novovjekovlja, zadarski pjesnik Barne Karnarutić po svojem poetskom ostvarenju Vazetje Sigeta grada, objavljenom u Veneciji 1584., slovi kao autor najstarijega epa s povijesnom tematikom. Uz neke pojedinosti iz života Barne Karnarutića i Petra Fodrocija, izdavača trećega izdanja Karnarutićeva epa, rad se bavi usporedbom dosadašnjih izdanja Karnarutićeva epa i Fodrocijeva izdanja iz 1661. Priloženi su i Fodrocijev hrvatski prijevod posvete Nikoli VII. Zrinskomu te Forgačev opis opsade i obrane Sigeta iz 1566.
Lexicalisation of vertical motion: A study of three satellite-framed languages
This article presents a comparison of the description of motion in three satellite-framed languages, namely in Polish, Russian and English. More specifically, the lexicalisation patterns of horizontal and vertical motion are compared on the basis of elicitation data. The study highlights the divergent patterns of the lexicalisation of motion along these two planes in the three languages. Besides a description of the motion verbs coding these relations, the linguistic and non-linguistic factors influencing the lexicalisation patterns of motion are discussed.
Leksykalizacja ruchu wertykalnego w polskim, rosyjskim i angielskim
Artykuł przedstawia porównanie sposobów leksykalizacji ruchu w trzech językach z tzw. „ramą towarzyszącą" - w języku polskim, rosyjskim oraz angielskim. Na podstawie danych uzyskanych od respondentów porównane zostały wzory leksykalizacji ruchu horyzontalnego i wertykalnego w tych trzech językach. Wyniki wskazują na różne wzorce leksykalizacji ruchu horyzontalnego i wertykalnego. W artykule omówiono czynniki zarówno językowe jak i niejęzykowe wpływające na wzorce leksykalizacji ruchu wertykalnego.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
Članak donosi pregled glavnih nalazišta i spoznaja u proučavanju prapovijesnih razdoblja na području Hrvatskoga zagorja. Najstarije kamene izrađevine, datirane u stariji paleolitik, iz Punikvi su kraj Ivanca, a na Hušnjakovu brijegu u Krapini i u špilji Vindiji otkriveni su ostatci vrste Homo neanderthalensis iz srednjega paleolitika. Iako postoje mnogobrojni slučajni nalazi kamenoga oruđa i oružja iz razdoblja neolitika, jedino istraživanja na području Budinščine upućuju na moguće postojanje neolitičkoga sojeničkoga naselja. Za poznavanje naseljenosti u eneolitiku važna su naselja lasinjske kulture na području Cerja Tužnoga i Cerja Novoga te nalazi keramike tipa Višnjica retz-gajarske kulture. Kraj ranoga i srednje brončano doba obilježeni su nalazištima skupine s litzenskom keramikom (Vindija, Velika pećina i dr.). Kasno brončano doba obilježila je kultura polja sa žarama kojoj pripadaju bogate ostave s oružjem, oruđem i nakitom. Iz istoga su razdoblja i mnoge visinske utvrde poput Židovskoga grada, Kuklja, Želimora, Staroga grada u Krapini i dr. Željeznom dobu pripadaju ostatci arhitekture te različitih keramičkih i metalnih predmeta otkriveni u Svetom Križu i svetištu Majke Božje Gorske u Loboru.
In previous studies on learner lexicography, design features of both the content and presentation of learner's dictionaries are the two major research concerns. The quality assessment of learner's dictionaries also covers the two dimensions. Terms used for evaluating them are respectively "usability" or "availability" for the former and "findability" or "accessibility" for the latter. However, the lexicographical construction of "learnability", which takes into account the users' reference and learning needs, remains virtually unexplored either theoretically or practically. Compared to the features of dictionary design mentioned above, "learnability" as the design philosophy of learner lexicography is worth more serious consideration. The present paper aims at exploring the lexicographical notion of "learnability" by way of introducing the neglected legacy of Robert Morrison in his compilation of Wuche Yunfu (五车韵府) (1819), which is characterized by a high degree of learnability illustrated in the dictionary entries. Morrison's pioneering efforts may help with the conceptual clarification of "learnability" in compiling learner's dictionaries, bilingual ones in particular. Moreover, it is hoped that the recognition of Morrison's lexicographical practice will be beneficial to the future production of better Chinese–English dictionaries for non-native Chinese learners.
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
As a counterpoint to the hypertechnicity of current medical language, metaphor is a key in patient/therapist exchange; ignored or negative, it can lead to refusals; contextualized and adapted, it can help the patient, at best, to recapture his/her body’s potential through poetry. English for Specific Purposes can teach the medical student how to decode, for instance the war metaphor borrowed from military art, which is commonly found in healing arts (“Medicine is War”*). Exploring this mental space invites the searcher to go deeper into the contextual and conceptual networks of care practice. Taking disease as an “invasion” to “be fought” with “heavy weapons” to “eradicate” “evil” instead of “yielding” to it, reveals aggressivity, whereas considering it as a “personal initiation” or a “natural unbalance” favours a more harmonious and holistic vision of what is at stake. Our analysis is grounded on the differences of approach between Western Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine.* Hodgkin Paul, “Medicine is war: and other medical metaphors” in British Medical Journal Vol. 29, 21-28 December 1985
Practitioners, researchers and translators are persons who often have to communicate about domain-specific issues in a foreign language and may consult bilingual specialised dictionaries for help. However, many specialised dictionaries focus on terms even though studies of the foreign language text production process reveal that this also includes grammar, language conventions, genre conventions and style. Specialists can be expected to know conventions and style in their own source language culture but cannot be expected to know how these are realised in a foreign language. Bilingual specialised dictionaries can help users if they contain domain-specific example sentences illustrating how source language convention and style can be transposed to a foreign language. This means that bilingual specialised dictionaries should not merely help users translate terms but be lexicographical tools designed to assist in foreign language communication so that they provide help to practitioners, researchers and translators who produce specialised texts in a foreign language using proper conventions and style.
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
Semantic description of French denominal verbs enXer
This article presents a semantic description of French denominal verbs, such as EMBARQUER, EMPOISONNER, ENDIMANCHER and ENDEUILLER. Traditionally described as parasynthetic compounds, these verbs are the result of a special type of word formation, consisting in the affixation of a prefix and suffix to a stem. Our purpose is to deal with a semantic description of this particular verb class, based on the referential and cognitive nature of de noun stem. It will be shown that the semantic classification outlined by Fradin (2003) in verbes en-SITE (EMBARQUER, ENFOURNER, ENGLUER) and V-cibles (ENCOLLER, ENFLEURER, ENGLUER), based on the cognitive figure-ground opposition is not general enough. The thesis defended here is that denominal verbes enXer instantiate a transformational process of a more abstract topological kind.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics