The aim of this study is to present the history of the establishment and growth of some tree species, which are nonnative to the Polish flora, in north-eastern Poland up to the present day. The introduction of that tree species to Europe or its parts (Weymouth pine, Douglas fir, western red cedar, and other species) was initiated by Schwappach at the end of the 19th century in Germany and Prussia on areas between 0.05 and 0.15 ha. The tree growth and natural regeneration were observed until 1945 and continued today. The present study updates the information on the location of some of these stands in north-eastern Poland (Warmia and Mazury), taking into account their dendrometric parameters for future studies.
The year 2025 marks exactly one hundred years since the founding of the Polish Anthropological Society in Poznań (November 12, 1925), initiated by Professor Adam Wrzosek of the University of Poznań, who became its first president, as well as the 150th anniversary of Adam Wrzosek’s birth. This year also marks the 120th anniversary of the establishment, on the initiative of Kazimierz Stołyhwo, of the first institution devoted to physical anthropology in Poland and the first in Eastern Europe: The Anthropological Laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture in Warsaw (1905). Year 2026 will record the centenary of the publication of the first volume of the Polish Anthropological Society journal “Przegląd Antropologiczny”, now “Anthropological Review” (1926), and the 170th anniversary of the beginning of anthropology as a university discipline (1856), considered the year when the first anthropology lectures were given at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków by Professor Józef Majer. A number of works devoted to the history of physical/biological anthropology in Poland have been documented in the literature, especially the history of individual centers, published in the 1950s on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the discipline in 1956, as well as studies on the history of Polish anthropology in a more comprehensive approach on other occasions. This article explores the history of biological anthropology in Poland, narrated mostly through short biographies of its founders – the professors whose work and achievements contributed to the development of the discipline, becoming part of the history of science. The biographical histories essentially cover the 19th and 20th centuries and include the professors who have either already made history or who have turned 75 on the date of publication of this article (born up to 1950).
Nasilenie polskiej migracji do Armenii w perspektywie historycznej przypada na XIX wiek, kiedy na terenie zaboru rosyjskiego przymusowo wcielano mężczyzn do armii carskiej. Od tamtej pory dynamika polskiej mobilności oraz jej motywacji zmieniała się wielokrotnie. Jeśli chodzi o kierunek – Kaukaz – to od lat 90. XX wieku migracja ściśle wiązała się z ruchem ludności w przeciwną stronę, czyli z ormiańską migracją do Polski. Na temat polskiej migracji na terytorium dzisiejszej Armenii wiemy jednak stosunkowo niewiele, gdyż większość współczesnych opracowań skupia się głównie na analizie procesów historycznych, a aktualne ruchy migracyjne określa się wspólnym, upraszczającym terminem „migracji zarobkowej”. Poniższy artykuł powstał na podstawie badań terenowych prowadzonych przez autorkę w latach 2015–2022. Głównym celem prac badawczych było poznanie sposobów samoorganizacji i funkcjonowania współczesnej polskiej społeczność żyjącej na terenie Republiki Armenii. W artykule skupiono się na opisie poszczególnych faz obrzędowości dorocznej, z którą identyfikują się przedstawiciele polskiej mniejszości, i wpływie organizacji polonijnych na ich celebrowanie, uwzględniono zarówno święta państwowe, jak też świeckie i religijne. Tworzą one interesującą mozaikę, na którą składa się tożsamość kulturowa i narodowa, elementy promocyjne i popularyzacyjne, a także potrzeba rozrywki i życia towarzyskiego w swojskim środowisku. Autorka, analizując materiał terenowy, poszukuje odpowiedzi na pytania o motywacje, strategie i adresatów świąt celebrowanych wśród polskiej społeczności w Armenii.
The aim of the article: The evolution of a post-socialist satellite city in Central Europe. A historical and socio-spatial case study of Luboń near Poznań (Poland) is a socio-economic and spatial analysis of the development process of a satellite city with an industrial and agricultural core located in Central Europe.
Luboń is a city founded in 1954, which allows to trace the entire process of its development, based on the research methods used, including statistical data on changes in, among others, population numbers, as well as spatial data based on georeferencing of photographic images of archival maps of the City of Luboń. The methods used as the way of describing and analyzing the history of the city were inscribed in the philosophy of the evolutionary approach referring to the dynamics of change and the complexity of development processes and their imbalance.
The authors of the article formulate answers of three research questions: (1) how did the industrialization origins and socio-spatial alterations shape satellite city contemporary form? (2) how was its spatial form affected by the de-industrialization process of the first decade after 1989? (3) how has the city changed under the demographic and suburbanization pressure of its larger neighbour over the years?
The article also contains elements of historical analysis, reconstructing urban dynamics. It also includes elements of conceptualisation based both on genetic studies of the concept of “new cities”, but also on assumptions present in Soviet urban planning thought, which was a direct inspiration for the solutions of the 1950s.
The generalizations, after answering the research questions, proposed in the conclusion indicate the existence of the state of crisis and invite to discuss the dynamics of the phenomena of metropolisation from the point of view of peripheral participants of the process.
Political science, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
The aim of this article is to analyze the latest volume of migrant memoirs from Poland to Canada Zwyczajna przeprowadzka / An Ordinary Move: Memoirs of Polish Immigrants in Canada 1988-2012 (2014) in order to track the changes in attitudes to the migrants’ perception of Poland and Canada in the context of finding/losing home, (un)belonging and Polish-Canadian identity. This edited collection and its examination will be situated within the history of Polish life writing in Canada as well. The texts gathered in the volume are written in prose and verse and prove the migrants’ variegated perspectives ranging from nostalgic and painful tones discussed in light of Svetlana Boym’s The Future of Nostalgia to affirmative ones that can be described through the concept of finding a friendly space or the so called locus amoenus (Shallcross). This contribution also addresses the question of the usage of Polish and English as languages of expression as the recent publication is the first bilingual edition in the series. All in all, the memoirs show not only the constant need to write one’s experience of migration and narrate the immigrants’ attitude to their Polish identity but also testify to the possibility of migrants’ “transnational status” (Kozaczka 152).
The article presents the short outline of history of public history in the USA and in Poland, referring to Barbara Franco’s definition that it is history for the public, by the public, with the public, and about the public. Emphasizing the role of the public, it focuses on these four aspects, addressing issues of the relationship between the past, the public and other stakeholders, and relating them to the ways of dealing with history that respond to changing external conditions, that take into account local specificities, but at the same time are a universal experience.
BENEDICTINE NUNS OF THE LATIN AND ARMENIAN RITES IN LWÓW – THE TRACES OF COEXISTENCE AND MUTUAL RELATIONS
The article analyses relations between two monasteries of the Benedictine nuns in Lwów – Latin and Armenian – from the 17th century to the 20th century. The source base includes here the archives of the Latin Benedictine nuns, taken away in 1946 from Lwów (since then: Lviv) and kept in their monastery in Krzeszów, Lower Silesia. The author demonstrated closeness and multiplicity of the relations, determined many episodes unknown by now and showed in new light some facts which have been already known.
In 1919, the authorities of the newly established University of Poznan took over the buildings and movable property of the German Royal Academy, which had functioned in Poznan between 1903 and 1918. The Seminar of Art History, which was organised at the time, acquired, among other things, a collection of 4,000 slides and 4,000 reproductions which had been used in teaching art history at the German university. Thanks to the first Polish professor of art history, Szczęsny Dettloff, the collection began to grow. Dettloff, one of the fathers of academic art history in Poland, understood perfectly the need to expand the university’s research workshop: the library and the reproduction collection. He built a Polish photo library at the University of Poznan on the basis of the existing German reproduction collection and a set of diapositives acquired in 1919 from the Museum of Wielkopolska (the collection after the German Kaiser Friedrich Museum). The article describes the reproduction collection in the inter-war period, indicates its state of preservation and analyses the role of the local collection in the academic teaching of art history (in the context of the programme of studies, but also of trips for students).
The significance of an archive ecclesiastical microfilm catalogue and of liturgy and library collections. Review of the publication Microfilm Catalogue in Possession of the Ecclesiastical Archives, Library and Museum Centre of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, compiled by Maria Dębowska, Publishing House of Instytut Teologiczny Księży Misjonarzy in Cracow, Cracow 2017, p. 677. Ever since 1960, the Ecclesiastical Archives, Library and Museum Centre of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin has been microfilming primarily ecclesiastical archive materials and partially also the historical collections of church libraries. The descriptions of the resulting microfilms were published over the years in the journal Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne. Subsequent groups of microfilms were assigned consecutive publication numbers and were referred to as microfilm catalogues. The current status of the work is presented in a printed catalogue by Maria Dębowska, PhD. The catalogue brings together descriptions of 5,593 microfilms. Created in the Ecclesiastical Archives, Library and Museum Centre, the microfilm collection is a unique resource for studies on the history of the Church in Poland. Słowa kluczowe: archiwistyka, Ośrodek Archiwów, Bibliotek i Muzeów Kościelnych Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, Dębowska Maria, Kumor Bolesław, zasób polskich archiwów kościelnych, zbiory historyczne bibliotek kościelnych, kościelne dobra kultury / archival science, Ecclesiastical Archives, Library and Museum Centre of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Maria Dębowska, Bolesław Kumor, Polish ecclesiastical archival fonds, collections of historical church libraries, church cultural values.
Abstract The shift from shade‐intolerant species to shade‐tolerant mesophytic species in deciduous and mixed forests of the temperate zone is well described in studies from North America. This process has been termed mesophication and it has been linked to changes in fire regime. Fire suppression results in the cessation of establishment of heliophytic, fire‐dependent tree species such as oak (Quercus) and pine (Pinus). Due to the scarcity of old‐growth forests in Europe, data on long‐term compositional changes in mixed forests are very limited, as is the number of studies exploring whether fire played a role in shaping the dynamics. The aim of this study was to reconstruct tree succession in a 43‐ha natural mixed deciduous forest stand in Białowieża Forest (BF), Poland using dendrochronological methods. In addition, the presence of aboveground fire legacies (charred and fire‐scarred deadwood) enabled the fire history reconstruction. Dendrochronological data revealed tree establishment (Quercus) back to the end of the 1500s and fires back to 1659. Under a regime of frequent fires until the end of the 18th century, only oak and pine regenerated, sporadically. A shift in the fire regime in the first half of the 19th century triggered oak and pine cohort regeneration, then gradually spruce (Picea) encroached. Under an increasingly dense canopy and less flammable conditions, regeneration of shade‐tolerant Carpinus, Tilia, and Acer began simultaneously with the cessation of oak and pine recruitment. Synthesis. The study reports the first evidence of mesophication in temperate Europe and proves that fire was involved in shaping the long‐term dynamics of mixed deciduous forest ecosystems. Our data suggest that fire exclusion promoted a gradual recruitment of fire‐sensitive, shade‐tolerant species that inhibited the regeneration of oak and pine in BF.
W artykule zostało opisane historyczne doświadczenie z zakresu finansowania modernizacji gospodarki Ukrainy. Na podstawie analizy porównawczej ujawniono potencjał, możliwości i ograniczenia rynkowego i planowo-mobilizacyjnego modelu modernizacji. Uzasadnia się celowość przeprowadzania systemowej polityki modernizacji, która przewiduje zmiany w obszarach gospodarczych, społecznych, prawnych, politycznych i innych. Podkreślono niebezpieczeństwo mechanicznego transferu już aprobowanych na Zachodzie sposobów organizacji produkcji, techniki i technologii bez odtworzenia socjalnych i ekonomicznych warunków, w których się sformowały i, w których funkcjonują. Uogólnione zostały źródła finansowania i determinanty przeprowadzania nowoczesnych przekształceń modernizacyjnych.
History of Poland, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) across Europe remains a public health challenge. The study describes potentials and limitations of methods in a transnational survey of recent marginalised, nightlife and online community NPS users in Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Portugal (n = 3023). In terms of demographic profile, drug use history and type of NPS, different methods reached different segments of the NPS-using population. Last year use of different NPS varied across countries and groups. Respondents used NPS in a variety of settings, with public spaces most common in the marginalised group. The study suggests that prevalence rates can reveal a picture of the NPS market that significantly deviates from what law enforcement seizures indicate. Outreach in nightlife settings and peer education are recommended to inform users about health risks and to improve access to drug services and care.
Maćkiewicz Barbara, Asuero Raúl Puente, Almonacid Antonio Garrido
Increasing demand for urban agriculture (UA) can be perceived as a global phenomenon. In some parts of the world its main function is to feed the rapidly growing population while in others it is more associated with lifestyle and environmental issues. Undeniably, UA provides opportunities for sustainable city development. UA can support all pillars of sustainable development: ecological, economic, and social. However, depending on existing circumstances certain pillars may be influenced more than others. In this paper we concentrate on urban allotments in Andalusia and take Baeza as an example of a city with an interesting approach to urban gardening. We attempt to answer the question how urban allotments in Baeza affect the city’s sustainable development and what remains to be done to make this influence more effective. Our study showed that allotment gardens in Baeza endorsed all three pillars of sustainable city development. However, developing broader community relations on the city scale, revival of declining local grocery market and dissemination of environmental initiatives which allotment gardens may also promote and facilitate was missing.
This work attempts to reconstruct the culture that contributed to the philosophical way of thinking. My goal is to extract two important factors: religion carrying individual experience and the importance of certain ideas which are present in that culture. Sources of philosophical thinking can be found in the structure of polis. Only on its basis could the idea of the wise man and citizen as well as religion-oriented individual experience be raised. Greek polis paves the way for a new style of thinking by creating the conditions for its citizens to follow the ideal, regardless of the position they occupy in society. Sustainability, which should be a feature of a good citizen, is also the essence of society. Highly positioned wisdom as moral reflection tinged with religiosity allows thinking according to the laws of logos. Finally, the experience offered by the mystery cults leads to the transformation of their own existence and the emergence of a way of recognition of reality different than before. Undeniably, all the elements related to structure policies with its ideals contribute to the emergence of a new way of thinking in the form of philosophy. One could say that the philosophical objectivity is preceded by the subjectivity and rationality of its roots dating back to irrationality.
History might have stopped for the Polish Constitutional Court in 2015–2016. After thirty years of building an impressive resume as one of the most influential and successful European constitutional courts and living proof of ‘the rule of law in action’, the Court has fallen under the relentless attack of a right-wing populist government and succumbed to it. This paper moves beyond the hitherto dominant perspective of ‘here and now’ and lawyers’ fixation on ‘the boat’, and instead focuses more on the journey and important lessons the journey might teach us and enhance the understanding of ‘our boat’. The Polish case (‘the boat’) is much more than just an isolated example of yet another government going rogue. An important European dimension colors what has transpired in Poland over the last twenty months. To understand what has happened in Poland and why, one has to take a longer view and revisit not only its 2004 accession, but also its 1989 constitutional moment. The constitutional debacle in Poland must be but a starting point for a more general analysis of the processes of the politics of resentment and constitutional capture that strike at core European principles of the rule of law, separation of powers and judicial independence.
This article examines the mobilization of historical memory as a resource for cultural diplomacy through the medium of the museum. Noting the increasing trend for states to incorporate “dark heritage” of conflict into their cultural diplomacy strategies, the article examines the recent case of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, which has been heavily criticized by the current Polish government for its alleged failure to convey an adequately heroic account of the war to both domestic and foreign audiences. The article demonstrates that the current Polish government has placed great importance on historical memory as a means of persuading European partners of the validity of its vision of European history and of Poland’s place within the contemporary European project. However, in its approach to the Museum of the Second World War, we argue, the Polish government has not developed an effective strategy for mobilizing historical memory to influence others. This case study allows us to demonstrate the potential pitfalls of drawing on historical memory in the context of cultural diplomacy.
Summer is generally considered to be the season when the body is well-supplied with vitamin D. The aim of this study was to compare maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of vitamin D during two extreme seasons of the year in Poland—winter and summer. A total of 100 pregnant women with no history of chronic diseases before pregnancy were included in the study. Pre-delivery maternal venous blood and neonatal cord blood samples were collected and total 25(OH)D concentration was measured. Data on vitamin D consumption (collected with the use of Food Frequency Questionnaire) and lifestyle factors were taken. Both, maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of vitamin D were higher in the summer group as compared to the winter group (mean 22.2 ± 6.5 ng/mL vs. 16.5 ± 8.2 ng/mL (p < 0.001), respectively for the mothers and 31.3 ± 9.4 ng/mL vs. 22.7 ± 11.0 ng/mL (p < 0.0001), respectively for the neonates). However, only 16% of the pregnant women reached the optimal vitamin D concentration during summer. Therefore, summer improves the levels of vitamin D in the body but does not guarantee the recommended concentration and supplementation throughout the whole year is essential.