The paper explores and analyzes similarities and differences between French settler colonialism in Algeria and Jewish Zionist settler colonialism in Palestine. This study focuses on the history and historical development of French settler colonialism and Jewish Zionist settler colonialism by deploying the analytical framework of settler colonialism, and the comparative history of settler colonialism. Settler colonial studies and comparative settler colonialism allow for gaining insight into the genesis, and development of settler colonies. The intention behind the application of comparative settler colonialism, specifically in juxtaposing French settler colonialism in Algeria and Jewish Zionist settler colonialism in Palestine is to identify overlaps, similarities as well as differences between these settler polities. The results of this study have shown that French and Zionist settler colonialism share numerous similarities and features. The most important feature that these settler colonialisms adhere to is the logic of elimination, which is defined as policies and practices of settler colonial policies aimed at the dispossession, displacement, ethnic cleansing, genocide, as well as cultural assimilation of the indigenous populations. In this case, both French and Zionist settler colonialisms have subscribed and followed the logic of the elimination of the natives. Yet as opposed to French settler colonialism, Zionist settler colonialism has been less interested in cultural assimilation and integration of the indigenous people of Palestine into settler society. Another conspicuous difference between French and Zionist settler colonialism is that while French settler colonialism is already defunct, Zionist settler colonialism has managed to survive and persist. The current study contributes to settler colonial studies and the comparative history of settler colonialism. Moreover, our research can inform other studies in the field of settler colonialism, and we suggest that more research into comparative settler colonialism needs to be undertaken.
Keywords: France, Zionism, Algeria, Palestine, colonialism, settler colonialism
Introduction. The article highlights the main milestones of the professional development of Kharkiv University professor A. Stoyanov and his scientific activity in the field of history of law. It was found that modern researchers who, in the course of their scientific research, turned to the analysis of his works, for certain reasons, emphasize primarily the work of the scientist in the field of international law, but usually do not pay any attention to the extremely wide range of historical and legal research of the scientist, which in his scientific creativity, he himself took far from the last place in terms of importance and volume. This is what determined the topic of this article.
Summary of the main results of the study. It is noted that one of the most interesting historical and legal works by A. Stoyanov's monograph "History of Advocacy among Ancient Peoples", in which the monuments of law and legal thought of Egypt, India, ancient Jews, Greeks and Romans were analyzed. The embryo of the Institute of Advocacy A. Stoyanov saw precisely in the ancient Greek synegory. His historical and legal studies "Historical analogies and points of intersection of new legislation with ancient law", "The beginnings of family law among primitive peoples", "Family law and inheritance among Jews" and published by the publishing house of Kharkiv University in separate brochures aroused considerable interest among scientists and students of that time, "Family, marriage, and the legal position of women according to the legislative monuments of India", "Customary law in the history of the most important states of Europe and especially France", "Customs of society and courts in France from the end of the 17th century. until 1789". A certain result of this stage of his studies of ancient law was the publication of the author's lectures devoted to the history of the legislation of the countries of the East.
Some scientific research carried out by Professor Stoyanov at one time caused heated discussions and controversies. Among these, first of all, we can mention the work "Historical analogies and points of intersection of new legislation with ancient law", which was published in 1883 and was an extremely interesting attempt at diachronic comparative research, one of the first that was carried out in the universities of Eastern Europe. He was an ardent supporter of comparative and especially historical methods of studying legal institutions. He used them widely when writing his scientific works. The scientist published a significant part of his works in the journal "Notes of the Kharkiv University". One of the most interesting historical and legal studies, which has not lost its relevance even today, is the work "Criminal Law of Rome from the earliest times to Justinian inclusive", published here in 1895.
Conclusion. The conclusion that A. Stoyanov was a bright representative of that generation of lawyers of the Kharkiv school, whose work created the foundation of the modern national science of the history of law. His works, which during the Soviet era were forgotten for ideological reasons and only briefly mentioned by researchers, contain many layers of valuable historical and legal information and deep scientific conclusions. The merits of the scientist in the future have yet to be fully assessed by the next generation of lawyers.
Stefano Mammola, Mattia Falaschi, Gentile Francesco Ficetola
Summary: Emojis enable direct expressions of ideas and emotions in digital communication, also contributing to discussions on biodiversity conservation. Nevertheless, the ability of emojis to represent the Earth’s tree of life remains unexplored. Here, we quantified the taxonomic comprehensiveness of currently available nature-related emojis and tested whether the expanding availability of emojis enables a better coverage of extant biodiversity. Currently available emojis encompass a broad range of animal species, while plants, fungi, and microorganisms are underrepresented. Within animals, vertebrates are significantly overrepresented compared to their actual richness, while arthropods are underrepresented. Notwithstanding these taxonomic disparities, animal taxa represented by emojis more than doubled from 2015 to 2022, allowing an improved representation of both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, driven by the recent addition of cnidarians and annelids. Creating an inclusive emoji set is essential to ensure a fair representation of biodiversity in digital communication and showcase its importance for biosphere functioning.
The history of the Order of lawyers at both the Conseil d’Etat (highest administrative court) and Cour de Cassation (highest court of appeal) is intertwined with that of the two Supreme Courts, of which it has been the independent and exclusive bar for more than two centuries. As Judicial Officers, the lawyers at the Conseils are required to stay in close proximity to these courts, and therefore their Order has its head office at the heart of the Cour de cassation, within the courthouse of Paris. Heir to the “Compagnie des avocats”, the Lawyers Company at the Councils of the King, the Order had a rich historical heritage, which completely disappeared in the fire of the Palace by Paris Commune in 1871. The tragic events during this period in our history, followed by the definitive establishment of the Republic in which a number of famous lawyers at the Conseils took part, have sparked a memory awareness, creating a heritage awareness. From that, a powerful effort for reconstituting and preserving its heritage was initiated by the Order, and was crowned more recently by a promoting policy, whose culmination is, in collaboration with the Cour de Cassation’s Library and the National Library of France, the systematic digitization of archives for further dissemination.
Moussallam, Yves, Oppenheimer, Clive, Scaillet, Bruno
Identifying precursory phenomena is central to the short-range assessment and anticipation of volcanic hazards. The chemistry of gases, which may separate from magma at depth, is operationally monitored at many volcanoes worldwide to manage risk. However, owing to the complexity of volcanic degassing, decoding the message of gas geochemistry has proven challenging. Here, we report an approach to restoration of measured volcanic gas compositions that enables tracking of variations in the temperature and/or oxidation state of the source magma. We validate the approach with reference to independent estimates of melt oxidation state obtained by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the iron K-edge. We then apply the method to a global database of high temperature volcanic gases and to extended gas geochemical timeseries at Unzen, Aso, and Asama volcanoes, identifying hitherto unreported but significant changes in magma intensive parameters that preceded or accompanied changes in volcanic activity. Restoration of volcanic gas compositions offers a promising complement to monitoring strategies at active volcanoes, calling for more systematic operational surveillance of redox-sensitive gas species.
Abstract Background Although current therapy for patients with early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is potentially curative, the recurrence rate is high. Patients with recurrent or metastatic (R/M) SCCHN have a poor prognosis and substantial disease burden, including impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL), productivity loss and indirect costs, such as need for caregiver support. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of R/M SCCHN and its first-line treatment on patient and caregiver quality of life, daily activities and work productivity using real-world evidence from Europe. Methods This was a multicentre retrospective study of patients with R/M SCCHN in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom incorporating patient and caregiver surveys, and a physician-reported medical chart review, conducted between January and May 2019. Patients aged 18 or over with a physician confirmed diagnosis R/M SCCHN completed four validated measures of disease activity and its impact on quality of life and work productivity, while caregivers also completed questionnaire to assess the burden of providing care. Physicians provided data for clinical characteristics, patient management, testing history and treatment patterns. Results A total of 195 medical/clinical oncologists provided data for 937, predominantly male (72%) patients, with almost half of patients aged over 65 years. The most frequently reported symptoms were fatigue (43%), weight loss (40%), pain (35%) and difficulty swallowing (32%). The EXTREME regimen was the most common first line therapy in over half of patients, who reported moderate or extreme pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, and problems with self-care resulting in a diminished health status compared with the general population. Only 14% were employed with high absenteeism or presenteeism, and over half of patients had a caregiver for whom the burden of care was substantial. Conclusion Our results provide real-world insight into the multi-faceted burden associated with R/M SCCHN. The combination of poor HRQoL and the impairment in daily activities, social life and employment illustrates the wider impact of R/M SCCHN on patients and their caregivers, and highlights a need for novel 1 L treatment regimens to improve the humanistic and productivity burdens of this cancer.
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens
The article discusses the future of collections by observing their presentation on museum websites and web portals. Comparison of different types of collections and missions (twenty-four sites and seven portals, in France and Geneva, on art, science, technology, history, and ethnography in particular) allows the introduction of arguments for the promotion or justification of a museum’s particular orientation. By synthesizing the analysis of specific headings, emerging issues and hypotheses come to light which this contribution discusses through the prism of museums’ objectives, including those that remain implicit. These current objectives, which affect the future, are: cataloguing and logging in a directory (the inventoried collection); big data processing (the quantitative perspective); the need to associate services with public outreach (collect and link: “colligere”); the question of memory in the face of tourist interests (the collection in centre position) and the necessary reflection on the collection as heritage to be transmitted (the collection as an addition). Remarks will follow on the utility of sites to the extent that they allow for the study of the role of heritage signs in the global harmony of cultural and creative industries (collections’ potential). They have become the agent and the expression of collections’ future through the practices and inventive contribution of museum outreach.
This study focuses on films based on Madame Bovary that have been produced in France and the United States between 1932 and 2014. It discusses the work of Robert Stam, Linda Hutcheon and Mary Donaldson-Evans, and through the example of these films aims at defining a possible history of film adaptation.
French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
Both biotic and abiotic factors likely played a role in influencing the diversification patterns of clades. Although the role of environmental forcing on the long-term evolution of biodiversity has been explored for invertebrate clades, little is known about how vertebrate groups responded to environmental changes. Among vertebrates, fishes (ray-finned fishes and elasmobranchs) have a long, rich, and complex evolutionary history comprising numerous diversification and extinction events. Yet, knowledge on the causes for the diversity fluctuations of these most speciose aquatic vertebrate clades in modern marine and continental ecosystems were restricted to qualitative interpretations. Here we use multiple regression methods to quantitatively examine the role of six abiotic parameters over the long-term variations of elasmobranch and actinopterygian genus-level diversity. We find that marine actinopterygian diversity is mainly controlled by temperature while continental fragmentation is the primary driver of the diversity fluctuations of elasmobranchs. Sea-level variations correlate positively with the diversity variations of both marine groups, whereas none of the tested proxies explains the diversity variation of freshwater ray-finned fishes. Our results indicate that such contrasting responses are mainly due to ecological and life-history trait differences between these groups.
Anthony Amend, Gaetan Burgaud, Michael Cunliffe
et al.
ABSTRACT Terrestrial fungi play critical roles in nutrient cycling and food webs and can shape macroorganism communities as parasites and mutualists. Although estimates for the number of fungal species on the planet range from 1.5 to over 5 million, likely fewer than 10% of fungi have been identified so far. To date, a relatively small percentage of described species are associated with marine environments, with ∼1,100 species retrieved exclusively from the marine environment. Nevertheless, fungi have been found in nearly every marine habitat explored, from the surface of the ocean to kilometers below ocean sediments. Fungi are hypothesized to contribute to phytoplankton population cycles and the biological carbon pump and are active in the chemistry of marine sediments. Many fungi have been identified as commensals or pathogens of marine animals (e.g., corals and sponges), plants, and algae. Despite their varied roles, remarkably little is known about the diversity of this major branch of eukaryotic life in marine ecosystems or their ecological functions. This perspective emerges from a Marine Fungi Workshop held in May 2018 at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. We present the state of knowledge as well as the multitude of open questions regarding the diversity and function of fungi in the marine biosphere and geochemical cycles.
The history of diplomatic struggle of Italy for the recognition of Italian control over the Dodecanese Islands is examined. It is emphasized that the archipelago, captured by Italy during the Libyan war of 1911-1912, had strategic importance as a natural centre to establish spheres of influence in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is noted that Italy had not originally sought the inclusion of the archipelago in its own land, but quickly showed interest to establish its power over the Dodecanese Islands and refused to implement the international agreements providing the evacuation of the Italian occupying forces from the archipelago. The article proves that the difficult diplomatic struggle in which, along with Italy, Greece and Ottoman Empire, the great European powers - France, Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary - took part, did not led to the return of the disputed Islands to the Ottoman Empire or to their transfer to Greece, demanding these Islands on the basis of ethnic principle. The author argues that the persistence, under various pretexts, the Italian occupation of the Islands was as a result of significant diplomatic victory of Italy and subsequently allowed them to be Italian possession.
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Introduction: Medicine and its technology are the most important issues in the history of Islamic countries. However, their present condition in Islamic countries is not favorable. The aim of the present research was to assess the development of medical technology in Islamic countries through studying their medical patents in United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
Methods: The current research was a descriptive and applied study. The study population included all medical patents of Islamic countries registered until 2014 in the USPTO. The data were collected through combining the fields of countries’ names and the search classification, and by using the USPTO software. The required information from each patent was extracted using the USPTO 2. PATREF 5 was used for citation information and GPS Visualizer software was applied for the visualization of the geographic information map.
Results: The analysis of the data showed that among the 57 Islamic countries; only 26 countries, including Malaysia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, and Kuwait, had been active in medical inventions. The findings showed that subjects such as pharmaceuticals, organic compounds, molecular biology and microbiology, and medical and laboratory, dental, and optical, thermal, and electrical surgery equipment had the highest rank. The results also revealed that regarding medical patents, Islamic countries had the most communications with countries such as America, France, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, Malaysia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.
Conclusion: The results of this study, in addition to providing Islamic countries’ authorities with knowledge on medical technology, and can be useful in macro and micro policies of Islamic countries in this field.
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics
This article investigates the historical and philosophical background of the French tradition of historical epistemology. As a sort of ‘historical epistemology of historical epistemology,’ it traces some of the forces, incidents, and events that made possible (and perhaps even necessary) the emergence of a new way of doing epistemology in the first half of the twentieth century in France. Three developments that occupy a position privilege in this narrative are: (i) the collapse of German idealism, (ii) the birth of French positivism, and (iii) what the author calls ‘the crisis in the theory of science’ that swept over Europe in the early 1900s. These developments suggest that the emergence and development of historical epistemology was the effect of changes internal to the history of Western philosophy (from Kant to Comte) as much as a function of changes external to this history (including changes in the material fabric of society).
Only one French railway worker has been honoured as a Righteous Amongst the Nations for rescuing Jews during the Holocaust. But to what extent can one reduce the history of railwaymen, rescue and the deportations in Vichy France to this single incident? This article reveals the more complicated history of the Jewish but also non-Jewish deportation trains, and how it intersected with the history of the cheminots and of rescue operations between 1940 and 1944. Without aggrandizing the actions of the cheminots themselves, it seeks to rectify simplistic assumptions that cheminots failed to rescue Jews during the Holocaust.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
The history of scientific development in Algeria, which has not been long, represents a series of continual rises and falls. The Algerian leadership and researchers have been making efforts to create Algeria's national science through protection from the western scientific tradition, which is reminiscent of the colonial period of the country, and at the same time adoption of scientific knowledge and scientific institutions functioning principles from abroad, with no organizational or scientific experience of their own. Since the time the independent Algerian state was established, its scientific development has been inevitably coupled with active support of European countries, especially France, and other western and non-western states. Today the Algerian leadership is highly devoted to the modernization of the national scientific and research potential in strong cooperation with its foreign partners. The article concentrates on examining the present period (the 2000s) of the scientific development in Algeria. The main conclusion is that there still is a number of problems - for Algeria until now lacks an integral scientific community with the state preserving its dominating role in science and research activities. Despite these difficulties, the Algerian science has made an outstanding progress. The efficiently built organizational scientific structure, the growing science and technology cooperation with foreign countries as well as the increasing state expenses in science allow to hope for further success of the Algerian scientific development.
We studied the socio-political integration policies being applied in Germany, Spain and France, highlighting their similarities and differences. We then checked whether their integration models were consistent with the common immigration policy of the UE and whether the latter allows them to plan measures for handling immigration to suit their own particular needs. We employed the Comparative Education methodology; the units of comparison were Germany, Spain and France, whose resident foreign populations represent more than 50% of the EU total. We studied the following: history and context; integration at federal and national level; the social-educational requirements for acquiring nationality; and the teaching of the mother tongue of immigrant students in educational institutions. We discovered that, even though the three countries belong to the EU and have common principles and rules about immigration, the design, management and ways of conceiving the integration of immigrant populations vary considerably.
List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1. The Space and Strategy of Demographic Growth. 1 Humans and Animals. 2 Divide and Multiply. 3 Jacopo Bichi and Domenica Del Buono, Jean Guyon and Mathurine Robin. 4 Reproduction and Survival. 5 The Space of Growth. 6 Environmental Constraints. 7 A Few Figures. 2. Demographic Growth: Between Choice and Constraint. 1 Constraint, Choice, Adaptation. 2 From Hunters to Farmers: The Neolithic Demographic Transition. 3 Black Death and Demographic Decline in Europe. 4 The Tragedy of the American Indios: Old Microbes and New Populations. Africa, America, and the Slave Trade. 6 The French Canadians: A Demographic Success Story. 7 Ireland and Japan: Two Islands, Two Histories. 8 On the Threshold of the Contemporary World: China and Europe. 3. Land, Labor, and Population. 1 Diminishing Returns and Demographic Growth. 2 Historical Confirmations. 3 Demographic Pressure and Economic Development. 4 More on Demographic Pressure and Development: Examples from the Stone Age to the Present Day. 5 Space, Land, and Development. 6 Population Size and Prosperity. 7 Increasing or Decreasing Returns?. 4. Toward Order and Efficiency: The Recent Demography of Europe and the Developed World. 1 From Waste to Economy. 2 From Disorder to Order: The Lengthening of Life. 3 From High to Low Fertility. 4 European Emigration: A Unique Phenomenon. 5 A Summing Up: The Results of the Transition. 6 Theoretical Considerations on the Relationship between Demographic and Economic Growth. 7 More on the Relationship between Demographic and Economic Growth: Empirical Observations. 5. The Populations of Poor Countries. 1 An Extraordinary Phase. 2 The Conditions of Survival. 3 A Brief Geography of Fertility. 4 The Conditions and Prospects for Fertility Decline and Demographic Policy. 5 India and China. 6 Fertilia and Sterilia. 7 Explaining a Paradox. 6. The Future. 1 Population and Self-Regulation. 2 The Numbers of the Future. 3 The North--South Divide and International Migration. 4 On Sustainability of Extended Survival. 5 The Moving Limits. 6 The Emerging Limits: Resources. 7 The Emerging Limits: Environment. 8 Calculations and Values. Notes. Select Bibliography. Index