Xiaosong Zheng, D. Štreimikienė, T. Baležentis
et al.
Abstract The main objective of this study is to analyze and compare greenhouse gas emission profiles, dynamics thereof, and the climate change mitigation efforts of the major players in the global climate change arena, namely the G7 and BRICS countries that are accounting for more than 60% of the world greenhouse gas emissions as in 2017. Given that the energy sector is the major source of the greenhouse emissions in these countries, the framework of sustainable energy development indicators was applied to the comparative analysis. The analysis revealed the differences among the groups of countries in terms of greenhouse gas emission profiles and development trends of these profiles. The convergence of greenhouse gas emission profiles can be noticed between G7 and BRICS countries during 1990–2017 period. Greenhouse gas emissions per capita has decreased in G7 countries and increased in BRICS countries. Energy intensity, economic growth and carbon factor are the main drivers of greenhouse gas emissions per capita growth in both groups of countries. Carbon factor represents carbon intensity of a country's energy sector and is measured by greenhouse gas emissions per unit of total primary energy supply. The impact of carbon factor was least significant among the main drivers in both groups. Energy intensity was the major driver of decrease in greenhouse gas emissions per capita for both groups, however, the economic growth exceeded the contribution of energy intensity in BRICS countries and greenhouse gas emissions have increased in this group during investigated period. The comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emission profiles development trends and the main drivers of these trends in both groups of countries provides important insights in shaping future climate change mitigation policies and developing greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. Due to the high greenhouse gas profiles, low GHG reduction commitments and insufficient climate change mitigation the Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme in India efforts in both groups there is danger of postponing implementation of Paris commitments and achieving the 1.5° target. The policies implemented in high ranked countries, like or Integrated Resources Planning in South Africa or measures under Energy efficiency directive in EU can be applied in low ranked countries by providing the substantial contribution to the country's climate targets.
Antibiotics are essential treatments, especially in the developing world like World Health Organization (WHO) Southeast Asian region where infectious diseases are still the most common cause of death. In this part of the world, antibiotics are purchased and used without the prescription of a physician. Self-medication of antibiotics is associated with the risk of inappropriate drug use, which predisposes patients to drug interactions, masking symptoms of an underlying disease, and development of microbial resistance. Antibiotic resistance is shrinking the range of effective antibiotics and is a global health problem. The appearance of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, which are highly resistant to many antibiotic classes, has raised a major concern regarding antibiotic resistance worldwide. Even after decades of economic growth and development in countries that belong to the WHO Southeast Asian region, most of the countries in this region still have a high burden of infectious diseases. The magnitude and consequence of self-medication with antibiotics is unknown in this region. There is a need for evidence from well-designed studies on community use of antibiotics in these settings to help in planning and implementing specific strategies and interventions to prevent their irrational use and consequently to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance. To quantify the frequency and effect of self-medication with antibiotics, we did a systematic review of published work from the Southeast Asian region.
Two decades after the construction of the first major dam, the Mekong basin and its six riparian countries have seen rapid economic growth and development of the river system. Hydropower dams, aggregate mines, flood-control dykes, and groundwater-irrigated agriculture have all provided short-term economic benefits throughout the basin. However, it is becoming evident that anthropic changes are significantly affecting the natural functioning of the river and its floodplains. We now ask if these changes are risking major adverse impacts for the 70 million people living in the Mekong Basin. Many livelihoods in the basin depend on ecosystem services that will be strongly impacted by alterations of the sediment transport processes that drive river and delta morpho-dynamics, which underpin a sustainable future for the Mekong basin and Delta. Drawing upon ongoing and recently published research, we provide an overview of key drivers of change (hydropower development, sand mining, dyking and water infrastructures, climate change, and accelerated subsidence from pumping) for the Mekong's sediment budget, and their likely individual and cumulative impacts on the river system. Our results quantify the degree to which the Mekong delta, which receives the impacts from the entire connected river basin, is increasingly vulnerable in the face of declining sediment loads, rising seas and subsiding land. Without concerted action, it is likely that nearly half of the Delta's land surface will be below sea level by 2100, with the remaining areas impacted by salinization and frequent flooding. The threat to the Delta can be understood only in the context of processes in the entire river basin. The Mekong River case can serve to raise awareness of how the connected functions of river systems in general depend on undisturbed sediment transport, thereby informing planning for other large river basins currently embarking on rapid economic development.
Abstract This study explores the intersection of sustainable and green tourism with 17 United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs), identifying key themes and emerging interdisciplinary configurations. Using the PRISMA framework, we analyzed publications covering the years 2015–2023. A machine learning-based BERTopic model was employed to extract meaningful topics and map publications to the relevant SDGs. This study reveals a strong link between sustainable tourism and multiple SDGs. Seven key themes illustrate the role of sustainable tourism in fostering economic growth, environmental conservation, and community resilience. Geotourism and geoheritage development contribute to quality education (SDG 4) by promoting geological knowledge and conservation while generating local economic opportunities. The tourism-energy-economy nexus highlights the need for clean energy (SDG 7) and climate action (SDG 13) to mitigate emissions linked to tourism-driven economic expansion. Mangrove ecosystem ecotourism management safeguards biodiversity and strengthens life below water (SDG 14) and life on land (SDG 15) while supporting sustainable livelihoods. Rural and smart data-driven tourism enhance decent work and economic growth (SDG 8) by integrating technology and local resources into sustainable development strategies. Ecotourism and community engagement empower local populations, fostering sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11) and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17) through collaborative conservation efforts. Finally, eco-destinations and tourist engagement emphasize responsible consumption and cultural heritage preservation, reinforcing responsible consumption and production (SDG 12). Together, these themes underscore tourism’s broader role in achieving the SDGs by balancing economic benefits with environmental and social sustainability. Our findings add to policy-making and strategic planning, emphasizing the need for a more subtle approach to sustainable tourism, considering diverse regional contexts. Future research should focus on applying technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and big data, conducting in-depth case studies, examining socioeconomic impacts on local communities, and evaluating policy effectiveness to increase its contribution to achieving the SDGs. Clinical trial registration: Not applicable.
This study investigates the impact of gender inequality in household decision-making on food security among rice-farming households in Jambi Province, Indonesia. Drawing on the Harvard and Moser Models, the research develops quantitative indicators of gender roles and applies an ordered probit model to assess household food security across ranked categories. Data were collected from 214 households using a two-stage stratified sampling method, combining survey responses with secondary institutional data. The findings reveal that only 29% of households are food secure, while 71% experience either temporary or chronic food insecurity. Male-dominated households are more likely to achieve food security, whereas female-dominated and jointly managed households are significantly more vulnerable. Structural factors also exert a decisive influence: the education of the household head and land ownership consistently enhance food security. At the same time, participation in farmer training without resource support and reliance on non-farm income have adverse effects. These results underscore the importance of gender-inclusive policies that expand women’s access to education, land, credit, and market information. Targeted microcredit programs, resource-supported training, and the promotion of joint decision-making are recommended to reduce gender inequality and strengthen sustainable food security in rural farming communities.
El artículo busca identificar las características de los diferentes métodos de elaboración del protocolo familiar en empresas de familia, propuestos por diversos autores. Se realiza una revisión narrativa de la literatura. Se consultaron cuatro bases de datos académicas, dos fuentes especializadas y una biblioteca física, se identificaron diecisiete trabajos de los cuales se incluyen seis en esta revisión. Se observa que los métodos coinciden en iniciar el proceso con una etapa diagnóstica, razón por la que se centra el análisis en su desarrollo. Las restantes fases varían en número, contenido, actores y herramientas, sin diferencias en los temas abordados, sino en su tratamiento y profundización. Entonces, se reconoce la etapa diagnóstica como necesaria y relevante en este proceso, tanto para la familia como para el consultor. Se realiza una propuesta para el reconocimiento del estado de situación del sistema empresa-familia-patrimonio, en el abordaje de la protocolización.
Labor. Work. Working class, Economic growth, development, planning
This study is conducted to expect how deep the institutional impact is on economic growth in ASEAN and recommend it as a reference for enchanting policies that can strengthen economic growth. This research will investigate and determine the institutional indicators that are significant to economic growth. The study also put additional variables expected contribute to economic development, such as import and export as predictive variables. The study implies trend analysis used to reveal the performance of institutions and panel data analysis applied to determine the most significant WGI indicators for ASEAN economic growth. Trend visualization indicates Singapore and Brunei Darussalam performed the best score in almost entire institutional indicators. Thus, panel analysis discloses that export, import, and regulatory quality are selected as the most significant variables in economic growth. The regulatory quality is an indicator of institutional strength reflecting the observation of the government’s capacity to advance inclusive policies to encourage the enlargement of the private sector. The decision is made by considering p-value is less than alpha value and rejecting null hypothesis. The alpha value representing an error probability is selected to make a decision. In brief, it recommends policymakers in developing regulations and executing more effective policies to promote private sector development. The result provides the comparatively modest R-squared value of 0.25247. In upcoming research, the R-squared value can be enhanced by including more independent variables. That additional variables expected can support regulatory quality such as interest rates and investment. Lastly, this study provides the latest insight of the economic development picture in ASEAN after challenging time of the Covid-19.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economics as a science
Abstract Sustainable management of wild ungulate populations is key to maintaining ecosystem health. High ungulate densities across Europe pose growing ecological, social, and economic challenges, particularly where natural predators are absent. In highland Scotland, red deer (Cervus elaphus) have long been managed under a landowner-led system with limited community involvement and low regulatory oversight. As Scotland seeks to deliver sustainable land management, there is increasing momentum to reduce deer impacts and enhance community participation in land and wildlife management. We explore the potential for community hunting to contribute to sustainable deer management in highland Scotland. We compare Scotland with Slovenia, a largely highland country where community-based hunting is strongly embedded culturally and in law. Reviewing literature and expert local knowledge in both countries, we use the ‘social habitat for hunting’ concept to examine macro-, meso-, micro-, and individual-level factors that shape hunting participation. Significant structural, cultural, and institutional barriers to community hunting exist in Scotland, including weak social norms and cultural legitimacy, proprietary shooting rights, weak regulatory mechanisms, and low access to and uptake of training. In contrast, Slovenia’s hunting model illustrates how integrated governance, community empowerment, and intergenerational knowledge transfer maintains sustainable community-based hunting practices. Community hunting could help to deliver sustainable deer management in highland Scotland through building a supportive social habitat.
With a rapid economic growth and social development in China, the associated problems of water pollution and shortage of water resources would limit the sustainable and coordinated development of socioeconomic and water environmental systems of urban cities. To investigate the relationship of coupling coordination between social economy and water environment on urban scale, we introduced an integrated approach that enables the dynamic evaluation of coupling coordination degree (CCD), which consists of a system dynamics model and a coupling coordination degree model; and applied it to a case study in Kunming in 2016-2025. The business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and five alternative regulating scenarios are simulated to evaluate the effectiveness exerted by various socioeconomic development patterns and water protection efforts in improving CCD. We found that the improvement of CCD could attribute to both the sufficient water protection efforts and the maintaining sustainable speed and scale of socioeconomic development patterns. Under BAU scenario, Kunming would maintain the current state of barely balanced development with CCD at 0.5-0.8, predominantly due to substantial water consumption and pollution. Through the comparison of dynamic evolutions of system indicators and CCD under five alternative regulating scenarios, it is realistic for Kunming to plan its future development in accordance to M-H scenario (Medium-speed socioeconomic development pattern; High-intensity water protection effort). Following this scenario, Kunming's CCD would conform to a steadily increasing trend in 2016-2025 and remain above 0.8 in 2022-2025, tracing a shift in the development stage of that coupling coordination from "barely balanced development" to "highly balanced development" despite the difficulty to cut NH3-N emission significantly. The effective and feasible regulatory measures such as reducing productive or domestic water pollutants and consumptions; improving collection and reuse rates of wastewater, should be prioritized when adjusting coordination development during decision-making.
این پژوهش با هدف بررسی آثار بازاریابی شبکههای اجتماعی بر تمایل گردشگران روستایی به بازدید مجدد از اقامتگاههای بومگردی در استان گلستان انجام شد و نقش میانجی آگاهی از برند و آگاهی از ارزش اقامتگاههای بومگردی را ارزیابی نمود. روش تحقیق ازنظر گردآوری دادهها، توصیفی - پیمایشی و از نوع همبستگی است و از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی میباشد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل گردشگرانی است که به اقامتگاههای بومگردی در شرق استان گلستان مراجعه کردهاند. برای تعیین حجم نمونه از جدول مورگان استفاده شد که حجم نمونه مورد نیاز 384 نفر تعیین شد. در این راستا، با روش نمونهگیری غیراحتمالی در دسترس، 400 پرسشنامه توزیع شد که در نهایت 365 پرسشنامه قابل استفاده جمعآوری شد. ابزار گردآوری دادهها، پرسشنامه استاندارد بوده که روایی و پایایی آن پیش از اجرا تأیید شده است. به منظور تحلیل دادهها از روش تحلیل معادلات ساختاری بهره گرفته شد. این روش امکان بررسی روابط علی میان متغیرهای پژوهش را فراهم کرده و نقش میانجی آگاهی از برند و آگاهی از ارزش اقامتگاهها را در ارتباط میان بازاریابی شبکههای اجتماعی و تمایل به بازدید مجدد ارزیابی نموده است. یافتهها نشان داد که بازاریابی شبکههای اجتماعی تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر تمایل گردشگران به بازدید مجدد دارد. همچنین، نتایج حاکی از آن بود که آگاهی از برند و ارزش اقامتگاههای بومگردی از طریق بازاریابی شبکههای اجتماعی تقویت شده و این دو متغیر میانجی نقش کلیدی در افزایش تمایل به بازدید مجدد ایفا میکنند. بر اساس نتایج، بازاریابی شبکههای اجتماعی باعث تقویت اعتماد و افزایش تجربه رضایتمندانه گردشگران شده که این عوامل به طور مستقیم تصمیم آنها برای بازدید مجدد را تحت تأثیر قرار داده است. پژوهش نشان داد که بازاریابی شبکههای اجتماعی نه تنها ابزاری مؤثر برای جذب اولیه گردشگران است، بلکه نقش قابل توجهی در حفظ و افزایش تمایل آنان به بازگشت دارد. در پایان، پیشنهاد میشود اقامتگاههای بومگردی در استان گلستان از استراتژیهای بازاریابی محتوایی، مدیریت برند و افزایش آگاهی از ارزش خدمات اقامتگاهها در شبکههای اجتماعی بهرهگیری کرده و این اقدامات را بهعنوان بخشی از برنامههای توسعه پایدار گردشگری مورد توجه قرار دهند.
En el artículo se presenta una mirada crítica a la teoría económica convencional de los recursos no renovables, mostrando que el concepto de renta por escasez que surge de la misma refleja serias limitaciones explicativas en cuanto a la relación entre precios e inversión en la industria del petróleo. Se analiza la literatura teórica y empírica mediante la exposición de las revisiones modernas de la teoría del agotamiento, y la contraposición del contenido del concepto de renta por escasez expuesto por Lewis Gray -precursor de Hotelling- frente a la teoría clásica de la renta de David Ricardo.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economic history and conditions
صنعت ورزش تأثیر فوق العادهای بر محیط طبیعی دارد؛ لذا سازمانهای ورزشی باید روشهای مدیریت مناسبی را برای پایداری محیط بکار بگیرند. هدف پژوهش حاضر، ارزیابی ارتباط و ارائه مدل مدیریت سبز و توسعه پایدار با نقش میانجی نگرش کارکنان به محیط زیست در فدراسیون فوتبال ایران میباشد. روش پژوهش توصیفی – همبستگی بود که به روش میدانی انجام شد. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل تمامی مدیران و کارکنان فدراسیون فوتبال ایران به تعداد ۱۵۷ نفر بود که از این تعداد، 111 نفر در این مطالعه همکاری داشتند. برای گردآوری دادهها از پرسشنامههای استاندارد استفاده شد. روایی پرسشنامه با نظر اساتید متخصص مورد بررسی و تأیید قرار گرفت و پایایی آن با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد. نتایج نشان داد که مدیریت سبز اثر مثبت و معنیداری بر توسعه پایدار دارد و مدیریت سبز اثر مثبت و معنیداری بر نگرش کارکنان به محیط زیست دارد. همچنین، نگرش کارکنان به محیط زیست اثر مثبت و معنی داری بر توسعه پایدار دارد. نتایج حاکی از آن است که با توجه به جذابیتهای فوتبال و طرفداران بیشمار آن، فدراسیون فوتبال جمهوری اسلامی ایران میتواند با اجرای مدیریت سبز نقش بسزایی در توسعه پایدار و حفاظت از محیط زیست داشته باشد.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economic history and conditions
Historically, dengue has been considered an unimportant public health problem because mortality rates were low and epidemics occurred only infrequently. In the years after World War II, great progress was made in controlling infectious diseases of all kinds, especially vector-borne diseases, and the war on infectious disease was declared won in the late 1960s.1 Coincident with this success in disease control was the economic recovery in some countries of Southeast Asia, and urban growth increased as people from rural areas migrated to the cities to find work. The lack of planning, inadequate housing, water, sewage, and waste management in these cities created ideal conditions for dengue viruses and their mosquito vector Aedes aegypti, both of which had been spread widely in the region during World War II, to thrive.2 The result was the emergence of epidemic dengue hemorrhagic fever. During the 1950s and 1960s, the disease was limited to a few countries in Southeast Asia, but as economic growth expanded, the cities and epidemic dengue also grew, because little effort was made to control the mosquito vector. In the 1970s and accelerating in the last two decades of the 20th century, epidemic dengue expanded regionally and globally. Epidemics increased in both frequency and magnitude, and the viruses became hyperendemic (cocirculation of multiple virus serotypes) in most major cities of the tropics. Despite this alarming emergence of a severe and fatal form of epidemic dengue, the disease was still considered a minor public health problem by policymakers. In 2012, dengue is the most important vector-borne viral disease of humans and likely more important than malaria globally in terms of morbidity and economic impact. The latest studies estimate 3.6 billion people living in areas of risk, over 230 million infections, millions of cases of dengue fever, over 2 million cases of the severe disease, and 21,000 deaths.3 In addition to the public health and economic costs, there is a major social impact in those countries where large epidemics occur, often disrupting primary care for hospitalized patients.4 Given the dramatic urban growth and lack of adequate surveillance for dengue in tropical developing countries in the past 50 years, it is likely that even these figures underestimate the true disease burden of dengue. Thus, ignored for many years, only recently has the potential magnitude of the dengue problem been acknowledged by policymakers and funding agencies. This acknowledgment has resulted in excellent progress in understanding dengue virus biology and development of dengue vaccines and antiviral drugs but not economic impact of the disease. As the pipeline of dengue vaccine candidates, a number of which are already in clinical trials, has grown, it has become apparent that vaccine access will require more and better studies on the actual cost of dengue to endemic communities. In recent years, many studies have been conducted in different Asian and American countries in attempts to measure the economic impact of dengue on a community. Although most have contributed valuable information on the subject, none has provided comprehensive data on the actual cost of dengue disease. The work by Halasa and others5 provides one of the best studies to date on that subject. Working in collaboration with the Puerto Rico Department of Health and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Dengue Branch in Puerto Rico, the investigators conducted a comprehensive review of 100 laboratory-confirmed dengue patients who experienced the disease between July of 2008 and March of 2010. The study included both adults and children and hospitalized and ambulatory care patients. Records were reviewed for each patient, who was then subjected to a comprehensive interview about their illness and how it impacted their activities. The work by Halasa and others5 measured the cost, both direct and indirect, of dengue in six categories of cases and went to considerable effort to validate their data. The results, perhaps not surprisingly, show the economic burden of dengue in Puerto Rico to be very high. This study is the first study to show the societal distribution of the economic cost of dengue, with the individual household bearing the largest burden (48%) compared with only 24% by the government and 22% by insurance.5 The total annual cost of dengue between 2002 and 2010 was $46.45 million ($418 million during the 9-year period).5 Clearly, there is a need to conduct more comprehensive studies of this kind in other dengue-endemic countries of the world. These kinds of data are needed to allow policymakers and public health officials to make informed decisions on the cost efficacy of dengue control programs. The private sector also needs comprehensive economic analyses to guide decision-making in vaccines and antiviral drug development. Finally, international funding agencies require these kinds of data to establish priorities in public health funding. Studies of this kind will always have limitations, and this study was no exception. However, the work by Halasa and others5 clearly identified the most important limitations, such as recall bias and not being able to estimate the cost of tourism and deaths associated with dengue. The latter two limitations, however, would add to the overall cost of dengue, driving the cost even higher. The fact that the study was supported by a private vaccine manufacturer might raise questions about conflict of interest by some people. In my mind, however, this possibility is not an issue because of the detailed methodology used and the reputation of the Brandeis group as the leader in research on the economic impact of dengue.
El sector agrícola juega un papel importante en la economía de todos los países. La actividad agrícola en la región de Piura, es una actividad fundamental para su desarrollo. El primer objetivo del estudio fue identificar, estimar y validar el modelo ajustado para pronosticar la producción de Limón y plátano. El segundo fue realizar el pronóstico de la producción del limón y plátano para el periodo 2020M10 hasta 2022M09. Para concretizar los objetivos se utilizó la metodología de Box y Jenkins. La base de datos proviene del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú sede Piura y se consideraron datos mensuales entre los años 1999M01 y 2020M09. En los pronósticos se evidenciaron la presencia de quiebre estructural para la producción del plátano, en los pronósticos de la producción del limón se detectó presencia de estacionalidad en la serie. Luego del cumplimiento de supuestos el mejor modelo ajustado de promedio móvil integrado autorregresivo de Box-Jenkins para la producción del limón es un SARIMA y para la producción del plátano es un ARIMA. Los resultados pueden ser utilizados para tomar decisiones a investigadores, productores y empresarios del sector agrícola de la Región de Piura.
Economics as a science, Economic history and conditions
La presente colaboración expone por qué el capital automotriz de Estados Unidos fluye constantemente hacia México y otras partes del Sur Global durante las últimas décadas, y cómo se relaciona con las ventajas que de ello extrae, entre otros mecanismos por el valor del arbitraje laboral en el contexto de las cadenas globales de valor. Estrategia seguida por más de tres décadas que la agenda del Consenso de Washington y que lejos de percibir indicios de “escalamiento” industrial más bien se ha producido un proceso de degradación y retroceso. Condición donde sobresale México pero también América Latina, lo que la ha mantenido sumergida en un escenario de dependencia tecnológico, fragmentación industrial y precarización del mercado nacional.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economics as a science