Hasil untuk "Drawing. Design. Illustration"

Andrea Lancia

Il tema della rappresentazione costituisce un ambito specifico in cui il discorso sul disegno e quello sulla progettazione grafica dialogano sfumando i confini delle due discipline. In particolare, il ragionamento sul linguaggio grafico della rappresentazione schematica riveste un ruolo fondamentale per distinguere il valore conoscitivo e il valore configurativo del disegno, in relazione all’ambito in cui viene applicato e alle finalità per cui è utilizzato. Partendo da questa considerazione, l’articolo propone una ricostruzione e un’analisi del lavoro di ricerca di Giovanni Anceschi, realizzato in un percorso che parte dalla tesi di laurea realizzata alla HfG di Ulm nel 1966, sul tema della schematizzazione nella stampa scientifica enciclopedica e divulgativa, e arriva al più articolato testo del 1992 dal titolo L’oggetto della raffigurazione. Il punto di vista del progettista consente una prospettiva sul linguaggio grafico che unisce la postura descrittiva e analitica del teorico a quella esecutiva e funzionale dell’operatore. Attraverso un ragionamento sui presupposti dati dall’impostazione ulmiana, sul metodo tassonomico utilizzato, e sulla scelta del tema della rappresentazione scientifica, si individuano delle considerazioni che possano contribuire all’attuale dibattito sulla metodologia e l’epistemologia nella progettazione grafica in rapporto al disegno.

Jesús Izquierdo Martín

El artículo explora la relación entre arte, literatura y memoria para dar cuenta de la violencia de la violencia dictatorial y colonial en España, centrándose en la representación de los verdugos, de los victimarios. Utilizando la estatua de un legionario emplazada recientemente en Madrid, reflexiona en torno a la intervención artística sobre el monumento como desafío a las narrativas oficiales. Si las estatuas y monumentos actúan como símbolos del poder, la actuación artística sobre ellas cuestiona y resignifica estas representaciones, desvelando, entre otras cosas, los nombres de los perpetradores. Posteriormente, el texto aborda la literatura de la memoria como dispositivo crucial para nominar concretamente a unos victimarios cuyo último desafío al orden democrático fue tratar de ocultar sus nombres. Un regalo del franquismo y, en parte, de la democracia. La literaura, sin embargo, se han conformado recientemente   como dispositivo relevante para entrever al victimario en un acto de justicia poética para las víctimas. Un acto que hace visible lo invisible, exigiendo responsabilidad pública a quienes les infringieron tanto dolor, incluso aunque los verdugos hayan muerto.

Bing-Yue Wu, Vidya A. Chhabria

Machine learning (ML) has demonstrated significant promise in various physical design (PD) tasks. However, model generalizability remains limited by the availability of high-quality, large-scale training datasets. Creating such datasets is often computationally expensive and constrained by IP. While very few public datasets are available, they are typically static, slow to generate, and require frequent updates. To address these limitations, we present DALI-PD, a scalable framework for generating synthetic layout heatmaps to accelerate ML in PD research. DALI-PD uses a diffusion model to generate diverse layout heatmaps via fast inference in seconds. The heatmaps include power, IR drop, congestion, macro placement, and cell density maps. Using DALI-PD, we created a dataset comprising over 20,000 layout configurations with varying macro counts and placements. These heatmaps closely resemble real layouts and improve ML accuracy on downstream ML tasks such as IR drop or congestion prediction.

Matt Landreman, Humberto Torreblanca, Antoine Cerfon

In fusion reactor design, steels under consideration for the blanket are ferromagnetic, so the steel's effect on the plasma physics must be examined. For efficient calculation of these fields, we can exploit the fact that the magnetic material gives a small perturbation relative to the fields from the electromagnetic coils and plasma. Moreover the magnetization is saturated due to the strong fields in typical fusion systems. These approximations significantly reduce the nonlinearity of the problem, so the magnetic materials can be described by an array of point dipoles of known magnitude, oriented in the direction of the coil and plasma field. The approach is verified by comparison to finite-element calculations with commercial software and shown to be accurate. As no linear or nonlinear solve is required, only evaluation of Biot-Savart-type integrals, the method here is significantly simpler to implement than other methods, and extremely fast. The method is compatible with arbitrary CAD geometry, and also allows rapid computation of the magnetic forces. We demonstrate adding the ferromagnetic effects to free-boundary MHD equilibrium calculations, assessing the effect on plasma properties such as confinement and stability. Moreover, it is straightforward to differentiate through the model to get the derivative of the field with respect to the electromagnet parameters. We thereby demonstrate gradient-based coil optimization for a quasi-isodynamic stellarator in which the field contribution from a ferromagnetic blanket is included. Even a significant steel volume is found to have little impact on the plasma physics properties, with the main effects being a slight destabilization of ballooning modes and a radial shift of the edge islands due to decrease in rotational transform. Both issues are corrected by minor reoptimization of the coil shapes to account for the field from the steel.

Lila Insúa Lintridis 

Un repertorio de materialidades en forma de siete dibujos conforma este proyecto de creación, de nombre Polinizadores de lo común, que da cuenta de la ambigua idea de lo vivo y lo no vivo en las artes. Una escritura-esqueje que parte de esta serie de dibujos. La naturaleza de esta escritura dibujada es movilizar y sostener una serie de preguntas, propias y del común, nacidas del medio que habitamos y de anteriores reflexiones sobre la conservación o memoria de las artes escénicas en sentido expandido.  En la tarea de rumiar —desde estos presupuestos— nos acompañamos del marco conceptual propuesto por Silvia L. Gil (sobre un horizonte feminista y dónde colocar la esperanza) y de Vinciane Despret (con los modos y maneras de arañas y pulpos). Otros seres no humanos como las mariposas monarca nos llevan a transitar por las dimensiones cosmológicas de la cultura. El trazado de esas rutas migratorias en las artes y sus conexiones entre lo vivo y lo muerto, más allá de una lógica binaria, forman parte entretejida y revuelta de la realidad que habitamos.  Partiendo del fragmento, la variación, la mutación o el enigma, este texto abraza historias que crean mundos, bucea sus rastros en la escritura con la ayuda y a modiño de una investigación basada en la práctica artística. 

Alexis Isaac Paredes Amaguaya

Este artículo presenta el proceso de creación de la marca Entreprenehur Artesanal en Latacunga (Ecuador). El objetivo es analizar el proceso llevado a cabo para la creación de una marca, coherente con las características distintivas del proyecto social y afín a su contexto. Metodológicamente se sigue un enfoque cualitativo, basado en el análisis interpretativo de la información recolectada a través de entrevistas y la revisión documental. Mediante los insights del brief se construyen fichas nemotécnicas para registrar y organizar información de manera resumida y estructurada. Para el desarrollo de la identidad corporativa y su manual, que pretenden ser percibidos como una iniciativa social, se aplica la metodología de Guillermo González, que se enfoca en la creación de ideas y su aplicación a la realidad. Finalmente, se somete el producto definitivo a un focus group para conocer su criterio. Se concluye que la construcción de la marca, a través del enfoque adoptado, demuestra ser eficaz. Sin embargo, se reconoce el potencial para refinar y perfeccionar dicho proceso en futuras intervenciones.

Chao Gu, Ke Lin, Yiyang Luo et al.

To accurately understand engineering drawings, it is essential to establish the correspondence between images and their description tables within the drawings. Existing document understanding methods predominantly focus on text as the main modality, which is not suitable for documents containing substantial image information. In the field of visual relation detection, the structure of the task inherently limits its capacity to assess relationships among all entity pairs in the drawings. To address this issue, we propose a vision-based relation detection model, named ViRED, to identify the associations between tables and circuits in electrical engineering drawings. Our model mainly consists of three parts: a vision encoder, an object encoder, and a relation decoder. We implement ViRED using PyTorch to evaluate its performance. To validate the efficacy of ViRED, we conduct a series of experiments. The experimental results indicate that, within the engineering drawing dataset, our approach attained an accuracy of 96\% in the task of relation prediction, marking a substantial improvement over existing methodologies. The results also show that ViRED can inference at a fast speed even when there are numerous objects in a single engineering drawing.

L. Siddharth, Jianxi Luo

Aiming to support Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) in the design process, we present a method to identify explicit, engineering design facts - {head entity :: relationship :: tail entity} from patented artefact descriptions. Given a sentence with a pair of entities (based on noun phrases) marked in a unique manner, our method extracts the relationship that is explicitly communicated in the sentence. For this task, we create a dataset of 375,084 examples and fine-tune language models for relation identification (token classification) and elicitation (sequence-to-sequence). The token classification approach achieves up to 99.7 % accuracy. Upon applying the method to a domain of 4,870 fan system patents, we populate a knowledge base of over 2.93 million facts. Using this knowledge base, we demonstrate how Large Language Models (LLMs) are guided by explicit facts to synthesise knowledge and generate technical and cohesive responses when sought out for knowledge retrieval tasks in the design process.

Kseniia Zhuravlova, Olena Sidorova

У статті розглянуто один з напрямків сумісного японсько-українського проекту співпраці університету Тойо в Токіо та Національного авіаційного університету в Києві. В результаті співпраці студентка НАУ з кафедри дизайну інтер’єру взяли участь у проекті кафедри дизайну у житті людини та довкілля з університету Тойо присвяченому розробці дизайну устілок. Було проаналізовано вплив взуття на здоров’я стоп та всього організму людини, розглянуто критерії створення устілок та виготовлення реального виробу. Головний біль, біль в області шиї, хребта та попереку, дискомфорт у суглобах – ці та багато інших проблем можуть стати наслідком незручного носіння взуття. Стопа –це опора людини, на яку припадає основне навантаження під час ходьби, бігу та навіть у спокійному положенні, коли вага нашого тіла повністю припадає на нижні кінцівки. Від того, у якому стані перебуває стопа, залежить не тільки здоров’я ніг, а й суглобів, хребта, судин і навіть внутрішніх органів. Зручне взуття дозволяє сучасній людині вільно рухатися в потрібному напрямку. Важливим елементом комфортного взуття є устілка. Їх існує велика різноманітність. Для того, щоб підібрати найбільш практичний різновид устілок, необхідно розуміти різницю між ними, їх особливості. Метою даного дослідження є визначення впливу устілок на здоров’я людини, експериментальні дослідження розподілу навантаження на стопи людини, підбір відповідної форми та матеріалу, і, найголовніше, практичне виготовлення устілок із врахуванням результатів пошукової та аналітичної діяльності. Проведено досконалий аналіз матеріалів виготовлення, форми устілок та виявлено низку практичних переваг, що відіграють важливу роль при виборі найбільш оптимального варіанту. Виявлено, що спеціальні вкладиші у взуття, які забезпечують підтримку наших стоп в правильному положенні, виконують додаткову амортизаційну функцію і сприяють рівномірному розподілу навантаження по всій нозі. За призначенням вони бувають лікувальними і профілактичними. Перші, як правило, підбираються лікарем-ортопедом і використовуються для корекції тих чи інших патологій стоп. Що стосується профілактичних орто устілок, то їх рекомендується носити навіть тим, хто ще не встиг зіткнутися з будь-якими захворюваннями опорно-рухового апарату, але має до них схильність або відчуває великі навантаження на нижні кінцівки. Залежно від призначення, такі вкладки у взуття будуть відрізнятися конструкцією, ступенем жорсткості, матеріалом виготовлення та іншими специфічними особливостями. Устілки, змодельовані за індивідуальними параметрами безпосередньо по нозі, будуть максимально точно повторювати рельєф стопи, а тому допоможуть досягти позитивного ефекту набагато швидше та якісніше. Таким чином японські фахівці з кафедри дизайну у житті людини та довкілля з університету Тойо в програму навчання своїх студентів включають: 1) ергономічні дослідження руху людини та розподіл навантаження; 2)на основі проведених досліджень розробку оптимальної форми виробу; 3) виготовлення запроектованого виробу з використанням інноваційних технологій, в даному конкретному випадку з використанням 3Д принтера; 4) перевірку ефективності розробленого виробу; 5) створення рекламного проспекту до розробленого виробу.

Wilson Florio, Ana Tagliari

The enhancement of the archival architectural heritage, in terms of preservation, has favored the documentation and investigation of projects and buildings. The significance of constructing 3D digital models in the domain of architecture is already a well-established idea. In addition, the digital reconstruction of hand-made drawings contributes to the deepening of the study of unbuilt. In this sense, the representation only by orthogonal projections is insufficient to perceive the spaces, on the other hand, animation allows us to include time by simulating the displacement of a virtual spectator. In the unbuilt project for the Museum of Contemporary Art at the University of São Paulo, MAC USP (1975), designed by architect Paulo Mendes da Rocha, the circulation system is organized by a set of ramps, footbridges, and stairs, which promotes the contemplation of the internal spaces. Using digital simulation, this article analyzes the temporal sequence of approach to this building, its accesses, penetration into interior spaces, and the multiple views from six paths resulted by animations. Rendering, animation, and axonometric resulting from 3D digital model, allowed us to analyze the circulation system, particularly the emphasis of the ramps in this project from the concept of promenade architecturale. The original contribution of this article is highlighting the singular circulation system adopted by the architect in this unbuilt project by digital simulations.

Se-Hang Cheong, Yain-Whar Si

Force-directed algorithms have been developed over the last 50 years and used in many application fields, including information visualisation, biological network visualisation, sensor networks, routing algorithms, scheduling, and graph drawing. Our survey provides a comprehensive summary of developments and a full roadmap for state-of-the-art force-directed algorithms in schematic drawings and placement. We classified the model of force-directed algorithms into classical and hybrid. The classical force-directed algorithms are further classified as follows: (a) accumulated force models, (b) energy function minimisation models and (c) combinatorial optimisation models. The hybrid force-directed algorithms are classified as follows: (a) parallel and hardware accelerated models, (b) multilevel force-directed models and (c) multidimensional scaling force-directed algorithms. Five categories of application domains in which force-directed algorithms have been adopted for schematic drawings and placement are also summarised: (a) aesthetic drawings for general networks, (b) component placement and scheduling in high-level synthesis of very-large-scale integration circuits design, (c) information visualisation, (d) biological network visualisation and (e) node placement and localisation for sensor networks.

Kostiantyn Kucher, Nicole Sultanum, Angel Daza et al.

Appropriate evaluation and experimental design are fundamental for empirical sciences, particularly in data-driven fields. Due to the successes in computational modeling of languages, for instance, research outcomes are having an increasingly immediate impact on end users. As the gap in adoption by end users decreases, the need increases to ensure that tools and models developed by the research communities and practitioners are reliable, trustworthy, and supportive of the users in their goals. In this position paper, we focus on the issues of evaluating visual text analytics approaches. We take an interdisciplinary perspective from the visualization and natural language processing communities, as we argue that the design and validation of visual text analytics include concerns beyond computational or visual/interactive methods on their own. We identify four key groups of challenges for evaluating visual text analytics approaches (data ambiguity, experimental design, user trust, and "big picture" concerns) and provide suggestions for research opportunities from an interdisciplinary perspective.

Peter Schaldenbrand, Zhixuan Liu, Jean Oh

Generating images that fit a given text description using machine learning has improved greatly with the release of technologies such as the CLIP image-text encoder model; however, current methods lack artistic control of the style of image to be generated. We present an approach for generating styled drawings for a given text description where a user can specify a desired drawing style using a sample image. Inspired by a theory in art that style and content are generally inseparable during the creative process, we propose a coupled approach, known here as StyleCLIPDraw, whereby the drawing is generated by optimizing for style and content simultaneously throughout the process as opposed to applying style transfer after creating content in a sequence. Based on human evaluation, the styles of images generated by StyleCLIPDraw are strongly preferred to those by the sequential approach. Although the quality of content generation degrades for certain styles, overall considering both content \textit{and} style, StyleCLIPDraw is found far more preferred, indicating the importance of style, look, and feel of machine generated images to people as well as indicating that style is coupled in the drawing process itself. Our code (https://github.com/pschaldenbrand/StyleCLIPDraw), a demonstration (https://replicate.com/pschaldenbrand/style-clip-draw), and style evaluation data (https://www.kaggle.com/pittsburghskeet/drawings-with-style-evaluation-styleclipdraw) are publicly available.

Jessie Henshaw

Like all natural systems, great societies and their cultures emerge by a growth process from their environments, developing, organized, and behaving as wholes with their internal designs linked with their external worlds. So the general patterns of how growth produces both successful and failing new designs for new systems can be a great teacher of what does and does not successfully work. Our own world culture imperils its survival by being unresponsive to change as our world economy has; driven to endlessly maximize its compound growth and so growing conflict with internal and external systems. New methods now let us compare different kinds of growth systems in their natural contexts to expose their different ways of coupling with their contexts and steering in response to their futures. Some work out fine by respecting internal limits and finding a fit with external parts, and so working adaptively for survival as a whole. For living systems, steering is much improved by rich experience of external contexts, allowing more prompt attention and response to new risks and opportunities. Recognizing emerging systems starts with noticing change associated with a growing center of relationships, a nucleus of activity in a nourishing place, something sprouting. Storms, trees, relationships, organisms, businesses, organizations, cultures, etc., all start as emerging centers of design that develop by capturing resources from their contexts to expand their ability to capture more. As such, growth begins and develops as a natural exploratory process, starting with compound growth and needing to creatively respond to its natural limits to achieve long life and a stable place in the world. The coupling of internal human thoughts and external worlds matters, too; however, only indirectly connected with our contexts, our fixed images of a changing world can blind us to the meanings of life.

Claire Leibowicz, Emily Saltz, Lia Coleman

Machine learning tools for generating synthetic media enable creative expression, but they can also result in content that misleads and causes harm. The Responsible AI Art Field Guide offers a starting point for designers, artists, and other makers on how to responsibly use AI techniques and in a careful manner. We suggest that artists and designers using AI situate their work within the broader context of responsible AI, attending to the potentially unintended harmful consequences of their work as understood in domains like information security, misinformation, the environment, copyright, and biased and appropriative synthetic media. First, we describe the broader dynamics of generative media to emphasize how artists and designers using AI exist within a field with complex societal characteristics. We then describe our project, a guide focused on four key checkpoints in the lifecycle of AI creation: (1) dataset, (2) model code, (3) training resources, and (4) publishing and attribution. Ultimately, we emphasize the importance for artists and designers using AI to consider these checkpoints and provocations as a starting point for building out a creative AI field, attentive to the societal impacts of their work.

Shuo Jiang, Jianxi Luo

Technology is essential to innovation and economic prosperity. Understanding technological changes can guide innovators to find new directions of design innovation and thus make breakthroughs. In this work, we construct a technology fitness landscape via deep neural embeddings of patent data. The landscape consists of 1,757 technology domains and their respective improvement rates. In the landscape, we found a high hill related to information and communication technologies (ICT) and a vast low plain of the remaining domains. The landscape presents a bird's eye view of the structure of the total technology space, providing a new way for innovators to interpret technology evolution with a biological analogy, and a biologically-inspired inference to the next innovation.

Ana Elisa Pillon, Bianca Antonio Gomes, Bruna Andrade da Silva et al.

The increasing number of elderly in Brazil, ends up generating the growth of a population without work activities. Digital games are emerging as an option that is being used often to offer distraction, fun, physical and mental health to the elderly. This article presents the analysis of the use of SolitaireQuiz game by five elderly between 60 and 100 years. Qualitative research was used as a methodology, and the instruments for collection were questionnaire and observation. As a result, it was noticed that although the elderlies were able to play, only one participant won the game and most reported that they had difficulty understanding the rules of the game, emphasizing that they had little time to understand them. In future works could be relevant seek knowing the participants' suggestions in order to improve the game. Or, this same research could be performed in other countries, resulting in a comparison of identical but resident audiences in different countries.

Rebekka Kiesewetter

This article discusses academic (Open Access) publishing as a tool. On the one hand, with regards to a commercial publishing industry that ties in its inequalities in the institutional legitimation of knowledges with a neoliberal, competitive, and individualizing world view; as well as with regards to current models of policy and funding driven initiatives considering Open Access (OA) publishing as a business capitalizing on inequalities based on gender, class, and race embedded in systems of scholarly knowledge production. On the other hand, this article reviews current strands of scholar-led OA publishing initiatives that use publishing as a base for an interventionist practice geared at unsettling institutional and neoliberal frameworks of scholarly knowledge production and communication — conceptionally, formally, and organizationally. These initiatives are discussed within more speculative text sections unfolding around feminist and intersectional epistemologies, highlighting the performative, material, and relational character of publishing and publications. Thereby, this text aims to performatively point out possible different publishing formats, activities, and institutions, as well as different perspectives for and on publishing that might be instrumental for instantiating more horizontal and inclusive scholarly forms of knowledge production.

Fabian Klute, Irene Parada

A drawing of a graph is $k$-plane if no edge is crossed more than $k$ times. In this paper we study saturated $k$-plane drawings with few edges. This are $k$-plane drawings in which no edge can be added without violating $k$-planarity. For every number of vertices $n>k+1$, we present a tight construction with $\frac{n-1}{k+1}$ edges for the case in which the edges can self-intersect. If we restrict the drawings to be $\ell$-simple we show that the number of edges in saturated $k$-plane drawings must be higher. We present constructions with few edges for different values of $k$ and $\ell$. Finally, we investigate saturated straight-line $k$-plane drawings.

Pieter van Goor, Robert Mahony, Tarek Hamel et al.

Visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (VSLAM) is a key enabling technology for small embedded robotic systems such as aerial vehicles. Recent advances in equivariant filter and observer design offer the potential of a new generation of highly robust algorithms with low memory and computation requirements for embedded system applications. This paper studies observer design on the symmetry group proposed in previous work by the authors, in the case where inverse depth measurements are available. Exploiting this symmetry leads to a simple fully non-linear gradient based observer with almost global asymptotic and local exponential stability properties. Simulation experiments verify the observer design, and demonstrate that the proposed observer achieves similar accuracy to the widely used Extended Kalman Filter with significant gains in processing time (linear verses quadratic bounds with respect to number of landmarks) and qualitative improvements in robustness.