El tiempo constituye la noción básica que permite comprender el funcionamiento del sistema verbal español. Sin embargo, ciertos usos propios de Ecuador han dado pie al desarrollo de nuevas teorías basadas en la evidencialidad para explicar, en particular, el valor del pretérito perfecto compuesto (PPC) en dicha variedad. Con un planteamiento de corte psicolingüístico, este estudio pretende recabar datos a través de una encuesta sobre la producción y percepción del PPC en Ecuador. Esta información se contrastará con datos de la variedad peninsular, donde los tiempos de pasado no se vinculan con lecturas evidenciales. Los resultados han reflejado diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas variedades; no obstante, salvo en contextos mirativos, estas tienden a ser leves, lo que lleva a cuestionar la necesidad de recurrir a teorías evidenciales para explicar el funcionamiento del PPC ecuatoriano.
Recensione di Concetta Maria Pagliuca e Filippo Pennacchio (a cura di), Tempora, i tempi verbali nel racconto Vol.1. Biblion, 2023; Francesco De Cristofaro, Paolo Giovannetti e Giovanni Maffei (a cura di), Tempora, i tempi verbali nel racconto Vol. 2. Biblion, 2024.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Style. Composition. Rhetoric
A política externa da Galiza entrou numa nova fase nas suas relações com a Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa após a publicação da Lei de Acção Externa da Galiza (2021) e da Lei Paz Andrade (2014). Nesse contexto, torna-se essencial que a Galiza desenvolva este quadro normativo com o objetivo de definir uma nova estratégia para fortalecer as relações comerciais com esse grupo de países, com os quais compartilha uma afinidade cultural e histórica. Para identificar oportunidades de aprimorar essas relações comerciais, optou-se por aplicar um modelo gravitacional, considerando variáveis como o PIB e a distância entre os territórios. Os resultados revelam diferenças significativas entre os territórios analisados e em função das variáveis selecionadas. As conclusões deste estudo permitirão extrair implicações e elaborar recomendações políticas voltadas para a concepção e a inovação de uma estratégia económica futura com esses países.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Philology. Linguistics
The understanding and modeling of complex physical phenomena through dynamical systems has historically driven scientific progress, as it provides the tools for predicting the behavior of different systems under diverse conditions through time. The discovery of dynamical systems has been indispensable in engineering, as it allows for the analysis and prediction of complex behaviors for computational modeling, diagnostics, prognostics, and control of engineered systems. Joining recent efforts that harness the power of symbolic regression in this domain, we propose a novel framework for the end-to-end discovery of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), termed Grammar-based ODE Discovery Engine (GODE). The proposed methodology combines formal grammars with dimensionality reduction and stochastic search for efficiently navigating high-dimensional combinatorial spaces. Grammars allow us to seed domain knowledge and structure for both constraining, as well as, exploring the space of candidate expressions. GODE proves to be more sample- and parameter-efficient than state-of-the-art transformer-based models and to discover more accurate and parsimonious ODE expressions than both genetic programming- and other grammar-based methods for more complex inference tasks, such as the discovery of structural dynamics. Thus, we introduce a tool that could play a catalytic role in dynamics discovery tasks, including modeling, system identification, and monitoring tasks.
The topic of "negative end" of change is, contrary to the fields of innovation and emergence, largely under-researched. Yet, it has lately started to gain an increasing attention from language scholars worldwide. The main focus of this article is threefold, namely to discuss the i) terminology; ii) concepts and iii) causes associated with the "negative end" of change in grammar. The article starts with an overview of research conducted on the topic. It then moves to situating phenomena referred to as loss, decline or obsolescence among processes of language change, before elaborating on the terminology and concepts behind it. The last part looks at possible causes for constructions to display a (gradual or rapid, but very consistent) decrease in the frequency of use over time, which continues until the construction disappears or there are only residual or fossilised forms left. Keywords: loss, obsolescence, decline, competition, higher
In this paper, we continue the research on the power of contextual grammars with selection languages from subfamilies of the family of regular languages. We investigate various comet-like types of languages and compare such language families to some other subregular families of languages (finite, monoidal, nilpotent, combinational, (symmetric) definite, ordered, non-counting, power-separating, suffix-closed, commutative, circular, or union-free languages). Further, we compare the language families defined by these types for the selection with each other and with the families of the hierarchy obtained for external contextual grammars. In this way, we extend the existing hierarchy by new language families.
Philippe Blache, Emmanuele Chersoni, Giulia Rambelli
et al.
The mechanisms of comprehension during language processing remains an open question. Classically, building the meaning of a linguistic utterance is said to be incremental, step-by-step, based on a compositional process. However, many different works have shown for a long time that non-compositional phenomena are also at work. It is therefore necessary to propose a framework bringing together both approaches. We present in this paper an approach based on Construction Grammars and completing this framework in order to account for these different mechanisms. We propose first a formal definition of this framework by completing the feature structure representation proposed in Sign-Based Construction Grammars. In a second step, we present a general representation of the meaning based on the interaction of constructions, frames and events. This framework opens the door to a processing mechanism for building the meaning based on the notion of activation evaluated in terms of similarity and unification. This new approach integrates features from distributional semantics into the constructionist framework, leading to what we call Distributional Construction Grammars.
This paper proposes dialogue interpreting tasks as a tool for introducing the use of the first language in language classes, and argues for integrating translatorial activities into foreign language teaching curricula. In order to test this idea six role-plays were carried out in two Estonian high schools, with Estonian as the language of instruction in one and Russian as the language of instruction in the other. The results show that without prior instruction in interpreting, high-school students demonstrated the use of interpreting strategies during role-plays involving dialogue interpreting, which suggests they possess an innate capability to translate. The author argues that the introduction of dialogue interpreting in the foreign language classroom provides students and teachers with authentic examples allowing them to compare the languages used in the plurilingual societies in which they live and study.
The research field of geopoetics as the theory of studying creative forms and ways of human interaction with the geographic space, the multidimensional concept shaped by the syncretic perception of reality, is expanding dynamically in the aspect of space interpretation and modeling. Such research prism facilitates addressing projective meanings of the modeled reality, studying geopoetic image as a cultural sign, process and result of aesthetic display and representation of reality. Taking into account the relevance of the problem, the authors of the article set a goal to investigate the semiotic triad of St. Petersburg, the emotional component of the axiological model and its semantic transformations: Petropol’ - Petrograd - Leningrad, that permits to present a multilateral description of geopoetic image modifications. The research logic is dictated by the fact that the conceptualization of space in its various manifestations is associated with the study of the territory as an object of aesthetic reflection. The study analyzes creative embodiment of a particular toponym in its dual rational and emotional essence as a fact of verbal art. Transformation and treatment of geopoetic image meanings of St. Petersburg based on the spheres of urban semiotics are analyzed in the aspect of giving new meanings and semantics to the place in the context of spatial and cultural historical relations and models. The authors argue that geopoetic image is a special representation of geographical space in its historical and cultural, value and semantic nature and fusion in their unity. The existing territory can be presented as a compact axiological model through the “prism” of socio-cultural values, signs and symbols. Actualization of the palimpsest concept based on the combination of textual layers, research of peculiarities of structural meaning modeling enable addressing the reconstruction of the semiotic system and variant semantics of “city mirror” texts.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Semantics
We introduce NSEdit (neural-symbolic edit), a novel Transformer-based code repair method. Given only the source code that contains bugs, NSEdit predicts an editing sequence that can fix the bugs. The edit grammar is formulated as a regular language, and the Transformer uses it as a neural-symbolic scripting interface to generate editing programs. We modify the Transformer and add a pointer network to select the edit locations. An ensemble of rerankers are trained to re-rank the editing sequences generated by beam search. We fine-tune the rerankers on the validation set to reduce over-fitting. NSEdit is evaluated on various code repair datasets and achieved a new state-of-the-art accuracy ($24.04\%$) on the Tufano small dataset of the CodeXGLUE benchmark. NSEdit performs robustly when programs vary from packages to packages and when buggy programs are concrete. We conduct detailed analysis on our methods and demonstrate the effectiveness of each component.
In (Van Benthem, 1991) it is proved that all permutation closures of context-free languages can be generated by grammars over the Lambek calculus with the permutation rule (LP-grammars); however, to our best knowledge, it is not established whether the converse holds or not. In this paper, we show that LP-grammars are equivalent to linearly-restricted branching vector addition systems with states and with additional memory (shortly, lBVASSAM), which are modified branching vector addition systems with states. Then an example of such an lBVASSAM is presented, which generates a non-semilinear set of vectors; this yields that LP-grammars generate more than permutation closures of context-free languages. Moreover, equivalence of LP-grammars and lBVASSAM allows us to present a normal form for LP-grammars and, as a consequence, prove that LP-grammars are equivalent to LP-grammars without product. Finally, we prove that the class of languages generated by LP-grammars is closed under intersection.
In recent years, there has been a growth in research interest in stylistic analyses of fiction. However, stylistic studies on the very short story genre called flash fiction remain scant. To fill this gap, the present study aims to conduct a stylistic investigation of one flash fiction written by a Filipino. Specifically, it examines “Dinner For Two” by Kate Osias based upon the following stylistic aspects: lexical categories, grammatical categories, and figures of speech. By combining linguistic criterion (or discrimination) and literary criterion, the stylistic analysis has helped in the deciphering of the language of the flash fiction under study by providing a more critical and objective approach to literary interpretation. Based on the analysis of the textual features along stylistic lines, it can be assumed that with brevity at its heart, flash fiction’s limitations are strengths because they may not only hook the readers but may also propel them to concentrate on the power of language, association, and inference. From this description, it can be argued that understatement and purposeful ambiguity are vital in flash fiction. Through the use of evocative language, flash fiction, as a literary genre, best works via implication.
У статті проаналізовано специфіку укладання перекладних іншомовно-українських фразеологічних словників кінця ХХ – початку ХХІ століть, встановлено принципи їх структурної параметризації, з’ясовано характерні ознаки макроструктури й мікроструктури досліджуваних словників, визначено особливості систематизації реєстрових одиниць та засоби і способи відображення етнолінгвістичної інформації у фразеологічних працях перекладного типу, відзначено прикладні моменти використання перекладних фразеологічних словників.
Інформація про авторів:
Чумак Володимир Васильович – кандидат філологічних наук, професор, заступник директора з наукової роботи Українського мовно-інформаційного фонду НАН України (Україна).
Електронна адреса: chumak@nas.gov.ua
Корнієнко Лариса Миколаївна – кандидат філологічних наук, учитель англійської мови школи І–ІІІ ступенів N 233 Оболонського району м. Києва (Україна).
Електронна адреса: larisa.kornienko@ukr.net
__________
Література
Амосова Н. Н. Об английских фразеологических словарях // Лексикографический сборник. Вып. VI. Москва : Изд-во АН СССР, 1963. С. 78–87.
Баранцев К. Т. Курс лексикології сучасної англійської мови. Київ : Рад. школа, 1955. 255 с.
Горецький П. Й. Історія української лексикографії. Київ : Вид-во АН УРСР, 1963. 241 с.
Горецький П. Й. Методологічні принципи складання загальних двомовних перекладних словників // Лексикографічний бюлетень. Київ, 1951. Вип. І. С. 5–22.
Краснобаєва-Чорна Ж. В., Боровик А. В. Сучасна українська фразеографія : Довідник. Донецьк : ДонНУ, 2011. 93 с.
Москаленко А. А. Нарис історії української лексикографії. Київ : Рад. школа, 1961. 162 с.
Прадід Ю. Ф. Історія української фразеографії // Мовознавство. 2012. № 1. С. 31–39.
Скрипник Л. Г. Фразеологія української мови. Київ : Наукова думка, 1973. 280 с.
Фразы, пословицы и приговорки Малороссїскїя / Уклад. О. П. Павловський // Грамматика малороссійскаго нарѣчія. Санкт-Петербург, 1818. С. 79–86.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Computational linguistics. Natural language processing
A new method for Text-to-SQL parsing, Grammar Pre-training (GP), is proposed to decode deep relations between question and database. Firstly, to better utilize the information of databases, a random value is added behind a question word which is recognized as a column, and the new sentence serves as the model input. Secondly, initialization of vectors for decoder part is optimized, with reference to the former encoding so that question information can be concerned. Finally, a new approach called flooding level is adopted to get the non-zero training loss which can generalize better results. By encoding the sentence with GRAPPA and RAT-SQL model, we achieve better performance on spider, a cross-DB Text-to-SQL dataset (72.8 dev, 69.8 test). Experiments show that our method is easier to converge during training and has excellent robustness.
The most fundamental problem considered in algorithms for text processing is pattern matching: given a pattern $p$ of length $m$ and a text $t$ of length $n$, does $p$ occur in $t$? Multiple versions of this basic question have been considered, and by now we know algorithms that are fast both in practice and in theory. However, the rapid increase in the amount of generated and stored data brings the need of designing algorithms that operate directly on compressed representations of data. In the compressed pattern matching problem we are given a compressed representation of the text, with $n$ being the length of the compressed representation and $N$ being the length of the text, and an uncompressed pattern of length $m$. The most challenging (and yet relevant when working with highly repetitive data, say biological information) scenario is when the chosen compression method is capable of describing a string of exponential length (in the size of its representation). An elegant formalism for such a compression method is that of straight-line programs, which are simply context-free grammars describing exactly one string. While it has been known that compressed pattern matching problem can be solved in $O(m+n\log N)$ time for this compression method, designing a linear-time algorithm remained open. We resolve this open question by presenting an $O(n+m)$ time algorithm that, given a context-free grammar of size $n$ that produces a single string $t$ and a pattern $p$ of length $m$, decides whether $p$ occurs in $t$ as a substring. To this end, we devise improved solutions for the weighted ancestor problem and the substring concatenation problem.
Ferréz llega a España en 2006 con la publicación de Manual práctico del odio, haciéndose representante de uno de los grandes sucesos literarios de Brasil en el siglo XXI, la nueva literatura marginal. Analizamos cómo afecta el proceso de traducción de su obra en la (re)significación literaria de esta estética y en la pérdida de su fuerza testimonial y política, que se revela mediante un lenguaje propio, jergal y coloquial como particularidad distintiva imposible de soslayar.