Lara K Marquez, Natasha K Martin, Steffanie A Strathdee
et al.
Background: Travel restrictions implemented to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 decreased mobility and reduced physical contact during 2020–2021 for many in the general population. This analysis explored changes to network contacts among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the San Diego Border Region (SDBR) by cross-border mobility before and during the COVID-19 era. Methods: Baseline data collected between October 2020–2021, from a cohort study of PWID in the SDBR were used to retrospectively describe differences in baseline characteristics across cross-border PWID groups (cross-border PWID [CB-PWID]: n = 206; San Diego PWID [SD-PWID]: n = 203; Tijuana PWID [TJ-PWID]: n = 202). Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests evaluated sociodemographic, injecting risk behaviors, harm reduction service history, incarceration history, non-fatal overdose, HCV, HIV. Median differences in sex, drug/alcohol, and close partners before and during the pandemic among all PWID and by cross-border PWID status were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Pairwise associations across cross-border PWID groups were assessed using the Dwass, Steel, Critchlow-Fligner multiple comparison test. Results: Among 611 PWID, the number of sex, drug/alcohol-related partners and close contacts before and during the pandemic remained relatively stable (psex=0.71;pdrug/alcohol=0.15;pclose=0.09). PWID in San Diego experienced the greatest difference in drug/alcohol-related partners (median[IQR]:-1[-6,0]), while cross-border PWID reported the smallest change in close contacts versus pre-pandemic (median[IQR]:0[0,1]). PWID in Tijuana had the greatest proportion (87%) of close contacts who injected drugs of all three groups. Conclusions: Compared to pre-pandemic, the median number of sex partners, drug/alcohol-related partners, and close contacts remained stable among PWID in the SDBR. Future research should explore how these network contacts evolve over time.
Public aspects of medicine, Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
The novel Le commerce des Allongés by Alain Mabanckou, launched at la rentrée littéraire in September 2022, is a fulfilment of the novelist’s desire to reconnect with the oral narratives of his childhood: by his own admission, Mabanckou draws on the répertoire by his mother bequeathed to him. The result is a singular work in which the fantastic is grafted onto news and gives way to the magic realism, while exploring workings of black magic rites. My purpose is to study the writer’s use of the supernatural and his manipulation of stereotypes, prejudices and commonplaces associated with Africa. The aim of Mabanckou’s work is to convey a strong, though biased, criticism of the powerful and influent African men who are stifling and corrupting their country’s society, and to plunge Western readers into a fearsome reality that is likely to amuse, shock and outrage them at the same time.
English literature, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
E-health is synonymous with great promise: improving access, quality, and efficiency of care. After a timid deployment since the 2000s, e-health and, more precisely, telemedicine has vigorously spread during the Covid-19 crisis leading health actors to coordinate and propose innovations in patient care. Health professionals have made massive use of teleconsultation, thus becoming an essential component of the healthcare offer on the territory. Tele-expertise and telemonitoring have also become essential tools for crisis management. Thus, e-health questions the place of the territory in our healthcare system. Telemedicine facilitates access to care but is not a measure for compensating the lack of doctors: territorial anchoring and knowledge of the health and medical-social network are essential. These issues reaffirm the importance of local health governance, which relies on the population and territorial responsibility of health professionals and their coordination ability to meet the health needs of their territory.
Geography (General), Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a permanência da violência contra os Kaingang da Terra Indígena de Mangueirinha que perpassa a ação do Estado e dos órgãos indigenistas, relacionando-a com a colonialidade do poder. A partir da análise de documentos concluiu-se que há uma permanência nas violações contra os povos indígenas no Brasil a contar da colonização do território americano até a atualidade, por meio da Colonialidade do Poder. Essa violência se deu, em Mangueirinha, desde a demarcação e redução da terra até a atuação do SPI e a Funai, os órgãos tutelares, que muitas vezes, permitiram e até reproduziram essas violações.
This article examines the features of relations with the First Republic of Armenia and the United States of America in the context of the dilemma of orientation and expectations of the Armenian political elite and society. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of the influence of interethnic conflicts on the Armenian population and political elite after the February Revolution of 1917 on the territory of the Russian Empire. The main attention is paid to identifying general and specific elements in the process of restoring independent Armenian statehood at the end of May 1918.
The scientific novelty lies in the study of transformative processes and the long break of independent Armenian statehood, the people’s and liberation struggle, as well as the geopolitical developments in the region in the context of the clash of both diplomatic and military, political and economic interests. As a result, after lengthy negotiations, on February 25, 1919, the assembly was presented with a single demand of the Armenians for recognition of the Armenian state.
The characteristic features of such decisions are highlighted and described, on the basis of which it was proposed to transfer Armenia under the guardianship of the Entente and transfer its mandate to one of the countries for at least twenty years. It is emphasized that the Armenian delegations expressed their desire to transfer the patronage (mandate) of a united, independent and free Armenia to the United States of America or the newly formed League of Nations.
Political science (General), Political institutions and public administration (General)
Compte rendu de Battistini, A. ; Conconi, B. ; Lysøe, É. ; Puccini, P. (éds) (2021). L’Europa o la lingua sognata. Studi in onore di Anna Soncini Fratta. Bologne : I libri di Emil, 648 pp.
English literature, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
South Africa experienced an increase in the number of mixed categories of migrants from the African continent. Central to these migrants is the issue of their remittances. Using remittance motives in a prospect theoretical framing, this paper presents the findings of a study that explored remittance patterns and behaviour along a range of migrants’ characteristics. The data are premised on questionnaires, interviews and focus groups with migrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Somalia and Zimbabwe who live in Cape Town, South Africa. The results show that economic migrants remit cash and goods more frequently, while forced migrants remit more both socially and in terms of the value of cash and goods. In addition, income, education and family size are significantly associated with remittance behaviour in respect to the amount of cash remitted as well as value of goods. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between the type of remittance channels and income, education and immigration status.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
Este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar a legalização do aborto no Brasil a partir da categoria laicidade, com dados coletados na audiência pública do Supremo Tribunal Federal acerca da ADPF442 (Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental n. 442). Para tanto, parte-se de uma breve discussão sobre a legalização do aborto e as definições de laicidade. Na sequência, são analisados os principais argumentos apresentados na audiência pública. Por fim, discutem-se as possibilidades da categoria laicidade para o debate em torno da descriminalização do aborto.
The low penetration in Brazil of critical theories regarding humanitarian interventionism reflects itself in the scarcity of academic works able to put into question the United Nations Mission for the Stabilization of Haiti (Minustah). This article aims at filling part of those gaps by presenting a range of theoretical tools available elsewhere, in parallel to observations made during field-work done in Haiti. The objective is to overcome the inhibitions that radical objections to the so-called Liberal Peace currently face so as to open a path for a Brazilian critical theorizing that might go beyond the ones already available at the Anglo-Saxon academic world.
International relations, Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
New Caledonia has an unusual linguistic dynamic in comparison to other French overseas territories. While New Caledonia was established as a penal colony in 1853, the other French islands were settled as plantation colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. In these areas, French Creole is usually the lingua franca and has lower status than French. In New Caledonia, although French has official status and dominates in state institutions, it is the native language of only half of the population. There are 28 indigenous languages and a French Creole, Tayo, spoken mostly in the rural areas.
The 2014 census population revealed a multicultural New Caledonian population, it did not however record the rate of multilingualism in speakers. The present study conducted in two stages addresses a gap in the research by focussing on patterns of language use and social attitudes of New Caledonians towards their own multilingualism. The same methodology was used to collect data in both stages of the research so that a comparative analysis could be carried out between urban and rural New Caledonia. This paper focuses on social perceptions of ancestral languages and cultures as well as challenges to their preservation in multilingual spaces, as New Caledonia transitions towards the thorny question of independence in a referendum, expected to be held between 2016 and 2018.
Preliminary results from the study show a difference in the language habits between older and younger generations on New Caledonians of Melanesian descent. Although French is perceived as the lingua franca by all, English is more valued than ancestral Melanesian languages by the younger generations. In terms of cultural representations and links with family history, there seems to be a discrepancy between the younger and the older generations. Whilst the older generations perceive the Centre Culturel Tjibaou as a traditional space for Melanesian art and culture their younger counterparts on the contrary view it as a place associated with contemporary art and music performances.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration, Sociology (General)
The aim of this paper is to present the history of the Dōnghú, Wūhuán and Xiānbēi Proto-Mongolian tribes in the period from the 4th century B.C. to the end of the 3rd century A.D. The history of the ancient nomadic peoples who lived north of China is written in Chinese dynasty chronicles. Proto-Mongolian tribes from the 1st century B.C. are called Dōnghú in Chinese sources. The earliest news on them originates from the Warring States Period (4th – 3rd century B.C.), and tells of a conflict with the northern Chinese states. Other types of sources on the history of the Proto-Mongolian tribes are archaeological findings, which associate Mongolian ethnogenesis with slab grave cultures and the Lower Xiàjiādiàn. Linguists find the materials for the research on Mongolian ethnogenesis in the Altaic linguistic family, which the Mongolian language belongs to as well. Based on the mentioned sources, the change in the political situation in the steppes at the end of the 3rd century B.C., when the people of Xiōngnú created a powerful state and conquered the Dōnghúes, is described in the paper. The remains of the shattered Dōnghúes, who had mostly migrated to the north, have been recorded in Chinese chronicles under new topoethnonyms: Xiānbēi and Wūhuán. The weakening and fall of the Xiōngnúes’ state enabled the Proto-Mongolian tribes to re-enter the historical scene. At the end of the 1st century B.C. the Chinese Hàn Empire firstly established relations with the Wūhuán tribes and in the middle of the 1st century A.D. with the Xiānbēi tribes, too. In the beginning both tribal alliances acknowledged the supreme authority of China and carried out frontier service. Under the guidance of tribal chiefs the tribes started to run an independent policy and attack China’s border areas during the 2nd century A.D. In the conclusion, the author describes the period when the Wūhuán and Xiānbēi tribes were at the peak of their power. However, already at the beginning of the 3rd century, the Wūhuáns fell under the authorities of China and Xiānbēi, but the Xiānbēi tribal alliance fell apart in the second half of the 3rd century.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
Based on relevant statistical data and literature, this work analyses the demographical development of Slavonia – especially its ethnic structure - over a period of one century. It revises influences (direct and indirect) that socio-political changes have had on mechanical movements of the population. The foci of attention are the First and Second World Wars, political and territorial changes, agricultural colonization (private and state), economic migrations during the post-war period, de-ruralization and urbanization, rural-urban migrations and the Homeland War. The authors devote a special chapter to the influence of the Homeland War on the development of total population, interrelations between specific ethnic groups and the disruption of population age structure in Slavonia. The analysis has shown that the disrupted age structure – partly as a consequence of previous negative movement trends and major mechanical outflow of the population during the 1990s, as well as significant war mortality among younger reproduction-capable groups – will have an affect on future demographic ageing of the observed populations. This leads the authors to the conclusion that the politically induced migrations, and in part assimilation, have had a dominant role in the ethnic homogenization of Slavonia and other parts of Croatia.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
Overview of pottery manufacturing traditions in St Lucia, placed within the island's cultural history from pre-Columbian times up to present Afro-Caribbean folk pottery. Authors focus on manufacturing processes in different cultural traditions through history, looking at raw materials used, the shaping and finishing, decoration, and firing process. First, they sketch St Lucia's habitation history since the first Amerindian settlers in 200 AD, and evidence of pottery, which climaxed in the later Suazoid period pottery since about 1150 AD, and discuss how later European colonization and arrival of Africans contributed to the decline of Amerindian traditions, replaced by European and West African pottery traditions, although some Amerindian traditions remained. The pottery manufacturing of 3 main cultural traditions are examined, discussing differences, as well as similarities due to cultural blending: Suazoid pottery, later Amerindian Island Carib pottery, with origins in the Guianas region, related to the Kar'ina, and current St Lucian, West African-influenced, "folk pottery". Authors conclude that all 3 traditions mainly use local clay, and include hand-built and low-fired pottery. Shaping techniques include coiling, and in today's pottery also fashioning with smaller lumps. Surfaces are smooth and polished in today's pottery, but more scraped and scratched in Suazoid vessels. Further, they find that decoration is uncommon in today's pottery, while Suazoid ceramics included decorations, and that vessel shapes tend to be simple in all 3 traditions. They also find that women have been the principal potters through time, although pottery was a male activity among the Island Caribs in the mid-17th c.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Latin America. Spanish America
Many African writers have been very critical of Europe in their works, especially in relation to racism and the experience of colonization. Yet, with the conditions in African countries becoming unfriendly to the careers of these writers, many of them have had to seek refuge in Europe. The New European context of African writing (which means an entry into the space of the Other) raises a number of issues about literary style in the exilic/migrant text, especially with regard to the use of literature as a means of recreating the self and articulating the way the self experiences a new cultural space. To what extent does this entry into the space of the Other imply dialogism and transformation? The present paper discusses the stylistic and discourse patterns utilized by the Nigerian poet, Uche Nduka, who has been in self-exile in Germany, in his <i>The Bremen Poems</i>. It analyses the images that are enlisted in the textual politics of re/identification in the poems, especially in the articulation of Europe/Germany as a productive space. It analyses the images that are enlisted in the textual politics of re/identification in the poems, especially in the articulation of Europe/Germany as a productive space.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration, Sociology (General)
The second issue of PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies for 2006 features a special selection of essays grouped under the title ‘Women in Asia’ and guest-edited by Devleena Ghosh and Barbara Leigh, both from the University of Technology Sydney. The essays in this special issue had their first incarnations at the Eighth Women in Asia Conference, ‘Shadow Lines’, organised by the Women’s Caucus of the Asian Studies Association of Australia and the University of Technology Sydney (convened by Ghosh and Leigh), and held at the University of Technology Sydney from 26 to the 28 September 2005. Aiming self-consciously and tacitly to toy with, and dispute, the historical and discursive valencies accruing to the key, twined terms ‘women’ and ‘Asia’, the ten essays grouped here combine to form a rich repository of contemporary research about the status of women in many parts of that vast, arguably incoherent, geocultural space called Asia. All of the contributing authors thus ‘attempt to unsettle discourses about limits,’ to cite from co-editor Devleena Ghosh’s opening paper. That attempt is far from straightforward, as Ghosh elaborates: ‘That lines, borders and boundaries exist, whether of prejudice, politics, economics, or culture, is undeniable. But how do we analyse these issues without ossifying them, creating implacable alterities that refuse the liminal spaces that people occupy?’ Multivalent solutions are called for, Ghosh suggests, and these are to be found not simply in ‘counter-politics and interventions’, but also through the excavation and recognition of multiple subjectivities from/in ‘a thousand plateaus, [and] felt and experienced through the body, historical landscapes, domestic spaces, through performance as well as through the realm of the imaginary, in the impact of ideals and the weight of history’.
In addition to the special section on ‘Women in Asia’, this edition of PORTAL contains two essays in its general academic section. François Provenzano’s ‘Francophonie et études francophones: considérations historiques et métacritiques sur quelques concepts majeurs’ offers a sustained meditation and critique of the discourse of Francophonic unity, and suggests a range of possible critical directions for future research into the study of French-speaking zones, peoples and cultures. Barbara Elizabeth Hanna and Juliana de Nooy’s ‘The Seduction of Sarah: Travel Memoirs and Intercultural Learning’, focuses on a big-selling memoir that was also something of a media-sensation on its publication in Australia in 2002, expatriate Australian journalist Sarah Turnbull’s account of her ambivalent ‘new life’ in Paris, France, after her marriage to a local: Almost French: A New Life in Paris. Interested in Turnbull’s autobiography as a potentially useful and productive classroom text for demonstrating, and enabling discussion of, intercultural difference, the authors’ rich analysis demonstrates that such texts present a host of problems to the teacher keen to work with students’ self-critical capacities to locate themselves in international and transcultural frameworks.
We are delighted, as well, to present three cultural works in this issue: Katherine Elizabeth Clay’s evocative ‘comic’ narrative of study abroad, ‘From Penrith to Paris,’ itself a lively visual-textual antidote to Turnbull’s ambivalently romanticized view of (not-quite)-belonging in Paris (as discussed by Hanna and de Nooy in this issue); a typically idiosyncratic satire about the current German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, from Anthony Stephens, expertly deploying an ancient Celtic narrative verse form; and California-based Chicana writer Susana Chávez-Silverman’s code-switching chronicle/crónica, ‘Oda a la ambigüedad Crónica,’ a beautifully concise exploration of loss and the sensory regime of memorialisation.
Paul Allatson, Chair, PORTAL Editorial Commitee
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration, Sociology (General)