Hasil untuk "Academies and learned societies"

Elza Kawakami Savaget

A crescente preocupação com as mudanças climáticas tem incentivado a adoção de fontes energéticas de baixa emissão de carbono. Nesse contexto, a energia nuclear, especialmente a de fusão termonuclear, tem ganhado destaque internacional. O Brasil, embora possua uma matriz elétrica majoritariamente renovável, apresenta histórico nas pesquisas de fusão desde os anos 1970, com as construções de tokamaks – como o TBR-1 e o ETE, lideradas pelo IFUSP e INPE. Em 1981, a formulação do Programa Nacional de Física do Plasma e Fusão Termonuclear Controlada (PNFPFTC) representou um marco institucional, promovendo a formação de recursos humanos, estruturação de laboratórios e articulação internacional. Contudo, a descontinuidade de grupos de pesquisa, como o da UNICAMP, revela a fragilidade da política científica nacional frente à ausência de programas estruturantes e estáveis. A criação da Rede Nacional de Fusão, em 2006, e a proposta do Programa Nacional de Fusão Nuclear em 2021 visam retomar e consolidar os esforços. No cenário global, grandes empreendimentos, como o ITER, na Europa, o EAST, na China, e o KSTAR, na Coréia do Sul, demonstram que a pesquisa de fusão nuclear é de large-scale science ou big science, que precisam de consórcios internacionais e elevado investimento. O Brasil, apesar de não integrar o consórcio ITER, firmou acordo de cooperação com a EURATOM em 2009, viabilizando intercâmbios e desenvolvimento tecnológico. Assim, destaca-se o papel dos cientistas como agentes articuladores da pesquisa para a política e para a sociedade.

Piotr Forecki, Marcin Starnawski

DOI:10.1017/S1049096522000117 The populist wave has not spared Poland. Since 2015, the United Right coalition, under the Law and Justice (PiS) party leadership, has subjugated key state institutions. It targeted the judiciary, media, and education system (Cervinkova and Rudnicki 2019). This can be perceived as an attempt at not only taking over key governmental positions but also shifting the political culture toward illiberal democracy—or even a soft authoritarianism with a significant conservative outlook (Bonet and Zamorano 2020; Hidalgo 2019; Markowski 2019; Nyyssönen and Jussi Metsälä 2020; Sajó 2019; Szczepański and Kalina 2019).Whereas responses came from various dissenting civil-society actors, including academics, the voice of political scientists as an organized community has been weak. Individual expert commentators provide critical analyses; however, compared to other social sciences, political science organizations contributed little in defense of democratic values. In this Spotlight, we explore political scientists’ public engagement and link it to the question of political science’s role in fostering democratic education in both academia and society at large. We begin with a brief history of the right-wing populist rule in Poland. Since its founding in 2001, the PiS has exploited social resentments and fears, defending victims of the capitalist transition and condemning those who benefited from it. Although the early PiS cabinets in 2005–2007 implemented rather neoliberal policies (e.g., effectively dismantling the progressive tax system), they remained committed to populism coupled with conservative propositions, including restrictions on reproductive rights, expanding “traditional values” in education (e.g., promoting the Catholic religion and suggesting that schools should instill traditional gender roles in girls and boys), and occasional suggestions that capital punishment should be restored. The party also used the politics of history by promoting uncritical nationalism—that is, “affirmative patriotism” based on an idealized vision of Poland’s and Poles’ history, which downplays discrimination of and violence toward the country’s ethnic and religious minorities in the twentieth century (Forecki 2018)—and ignoring difficult topics such as antisemitism in modern Poland. During the 2015 electoral campaign, parallel to the international humanitarian crisis, the PiS portrayed refugees as a threat to the country. It won the parliamentary elections in 2015 and 2019, and its presidential candidate also was reelected in 2020. The party’s control over the state-owned media is a critical factor in securing its successes. However, for its current supporters, the anti-neoliberal turn in social policies— unprecedented in post-transition history—as well as nationalism boosted by the PiS party’s rhetoric of sovereignty in the European Union andpolitics of history seem toovershadow the subjugation of the judiciary, neglect of the environment, decline of public services (e.g., health care and schooling), and hatred of LGBTQ people. Last but not least, the PiS party attempts to capture universities for its political purposes.Most recently, on state-owned television, the sitting Minister of Education and Science labeled participants of the gay-pridemarch “abnormal” and denied them “the same rights as normal people” (Sitnicka 2021). In this context, little intervention by the political science community is striking. Political scientists are present every day in the media, organize conferences, and publish studies on the Polish variant of authoritarian populism. Nevertheless, as a community organized in autonomous institutions and learned societies, political scientists seem to avoid direct involvement in protecting democratic political culture. We note that none of the major non-university institutions—the Polish Political Science Association (PPSA) and the Political Sciences Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PSCPAS) (not to be confused with the Polish Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Political Studies, a research institution)—issued a statement on the destruction of Poland’s democracy. The websites for both institutions do not show any trace of these activities. Moreover, the PPSA board meeting in late September 2015—during the anti-refugee campaign instigated by right-wing politicians—confirmed that the PPSA website should publish “only information on scholarly events” (Polish Political Science Association 2015). The board discussed the populist threat only at the February 2016 meeting: it decided on petitioning the government of Turkey in solidarity with the repressed Turkish political scientists, and it launched “a discussion on the political science community’s position on changes in Poland after the October 2015 elections. As a result of the discussion, it was proposed that the local chapters of the PPSA organize contradictory debates on the current political themes” (Polish Political Science Association 2016). In fact, this was the last PPSA board-meeting report displayed on the association’s website (as of February 2022). Among more than 150 news entries published by the PPSA between November 2015 and February 2021, only three are public statements. Two expressed the PPSA’s support for the PSCPAS’s intervention on the classification of political-science–related disciplines (e.g., political science, media and communication, and public policy) in the governmental reform of higher education and science (Polish Political Science Association 2018a, 2018b), and one was the PPSA board’s critical statement on predatory journals (Polish Political Science Association 2022). The PSCPAS website (knpol.pan.pl) contains several opinions on this reform. These interventions focus on the community’s self-interest, not on broader societal problems. Unlike the PPSA, the Polish Sociological Association (PSA) maintains a separate statements section online with 17 documents issued between May 2016 and May 2021. Statements included interventions against propagandistic abuse of the state-controlled

Yossi Lukman Ubaidillah, Muhammad Ahsanul Husna, Ummu Jauharin Farda

Penelitian pengembangan ini bertujuan guna menambah inovasi baru dalam dunia pendidikan dengan seiring berkembangnya teknologi digital dari masa ke masa serta tidak banyaknya inovasi media pendidikan dalam proses belajar mengajar serta dapat meningkatkan keaktivan, motivasi belajar,serta fokus dalam pembelajaran.pada metode penelitian ini merupakan bentuk penelitian pengembangan (Research and Development) dengan menggunakan model pengembangan 4D (Define, Design, Development and Disseminate ) atau biasa di kenal dengan 4P ( Pendefinisian, Perancangan, Pengembangan dan Penyebarluasan. Pada penelitian ini melewati tiga tahapan besar pembuatan media pembelajaran meliputi tahap pendefinisian, tahap perancangan, serta tahap pengembangan dalam pengembangan media pembelajaran. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian menggunakan pedoman wawancara, observasi, angket,serta dokumentasi. Penggunaan produk pengembangan media pembelajaran Adobe Flash CS 6 ini merupakan produk yang berupa file software aplikasi yang dapat di gunakan pada desktop atau komputer pada saat mengajar atau proses pembelajaran, dalam media pembelajaran berbasis Adobe Flash CS 6 ini memiliki beberapa dalam pengoprasian adapun fitur menu di dalam aplikasi antara lain yaitu berupa kompetensi, materi, uji kompetensi, tugas keterampilan, beserta refrensi buku yang dipakai guna meningkatkan keaktivan, motivasi belajar serta fokus dalam pembelajaran, Media pembelajaran berbasis Adobe Flash CS 6 ini memeiliki tingkat kevalidan baik dari segi materi maupun media yang tergolong dalam kategori sangat baik, penilaian validasi ahli materi pada media aolikasi ini mendapatkan skor sebesar 99 yang dimana masuk pada kategori sangat baik, dan validasi ahli media mendapat skor penilaian 94 dan tergolong kategori sangat baik.

Olivier Pourret

Commentary on open access

T. Meron, Ash Stanley-Ryan, Harriet Macey et al.

Theodor Meron has been a Judge and, between March 2012 and January 2019, was the President of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (the Mechanism). He was also a Judge of the Appeals Chambers of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda from November 2011 until the closure of those tribunals. He served a total of four terms as President of the ICTY and three terms as President of the Mechanism. A leading scholar of international humanitarian law, human rights and international criminal law, Judge Meron is the author of thirteen books on international law and chivalry in Shakespeare and more than 100 articles, including some of the books and articles that helped build the legal foundations for the international criminal tribunals. His most recent book is Standing up for Justice (Oxford University Press, 2021). He is a member of the Institute of International Law and of the Council on Foreign Relations, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the recipient of numerous awards, honours and medals, such as the Hudson Medal (American Society of International Law) and the Haskins Prize (American Council of Learned Societies). He is also an Officer of the French Legion of Honour, Grand Officer of the French National Order of Merit, Officer of the Order of Merit of Poland and Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (United Kingdom). A past honorary President of the American Society of International Law and past Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of International Law and Visiting Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, he is Charles L. Denison Professor of Law Emeritus at NYU Law School and, since 2014, a Visiting Professor of Law at Oxford University. He is a Visiting Fellow at Mansfield College, an Academic Associate of the Bonavero Human Rights Institute and an Honorary Fellow at Trinity College.

S. Abman

It is my pleasure to have the opportunity to speak with you this morning as part of our 2021 American Pediatric Society (APS) Presidential Plenary session and to give the annual APS Presidential Address. I have been thrilled for having the privilege of serving as President of the APS this past year. This has been an amazing year and it has provided me with the wonderful opportunity to work with and to get to know an extraordinary group of talented pediatric leaders from multiple disciplines and institutions across the country. The APS, including leadership, staff, and membership, consists of a remarkable and talented group of people, each of whom has rolled up their sleeves and taken on the demands of these challenging times with great vision, thoughtfulness, and skills. Their commitment and dedication to addressing diverse child health issues have been inspiring. It has been especially a pleasure to see these folks come together as a team to address so many concurrent challenges that we faced during these difficult times. Similarly, it has been especially impressive how well each of our pediatric societies has pulled together to tackle an explosion of intense problems facing the health and well-being of our children, their families, and communities. The American Academy of Pediatrics, Society for Pediatric Research (SPR), American Medical School Pediatric Department Chairs, American Pediatric Association, the Federation of Pediatric Organizations, and other groups have all joined together to develop strategies regarding how to best approach many challenges this year, ranging from the coronavirus disease (COVID) pandemic; never-ending issues of racism, social disparities, and inequities; the lack of diversity and inclusion throughout society, including our health care system; expansion of the complex and ongoing immigration crisis, increasing gun violence; the lack of trust in our medical institutions and government; ongoing problems of misinformation; challenges to our democracy; and the splintering of public unity and faith in our future. Throughout this past year, we have faced these challenges driven by the strength of our sense of community throughout pediatrics and by the diversity of talents throughout our health care system, while developing and launching multifaceted approaches needed to take on many of the problems that we will be discussing shortly. My talk today, entitled “The new APS: lingering lessons,” provides a very brief overview of this year’s APS activities, emphasizing the changes in the philosophy of moving the APS beyond its traditional roles to become a more proactive society of “do-ers,” providing its leaders and membership with opportunities to demonstrate and apply their deep commitments to child health in addressing the many critical challenges we face throughout our pediatric community, especially in the context of responsibilities of the APS within academic medicine. In addition to these activities, I would like to also include a few historical and some personal “lingering lessons” as related to these many issues facing Pediatrics. Perhaps my favorite part of this talk is having the opportunity to use my brief time to personally thank those who have deeply influenced me as mentors and role models during my own career. Reflecting on this year’s events have led me to better appreciate and understand how much I have learned important lessons—both personally and professionally—from so many who have taught me throughout the various stages of my own career, as well as the lessons learned during my time with the APS. First, from my own perspective but especially on behalf of the APS more broadly, I would like to begin by thanking one of my favorites, Dr. Richard Johnston (Fig. 1). Dr. Johnston, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Colorado, is a worldrenowned immunologist and basic science investigator, an outstanding mentor, and a leader in all things academic. He exemplifies the very best of pediatrics, blending insights in clinical care with our missions of research, education, and advocacy so well. As a past Holland Awardee, Dick has always been an exemplary and inspirational role model and teacher for so many, myself included, from my earliest days as an intern in Denver. It was really Dick who suggested, or rather told me, that he was going to nominate me for President of the APS, for which I am so grateful. Having undertaken all my pediatric training in Colorado, I have learned much from many outstanding faculty at Colorado over the years. This group does not need to be reminded of the rich heritage of pediatrics in Colorado, including APS members who have provided many “lingering lessons” for all of Pediatrics. First, Dr. Henry Kempe, a past Howland Awardee. Not only did he develop an outstanding academic pediatrics department in Colorado, but Dr. Kempe received two nominations for the Nobel Prize, the first for his work in eradicating smallpox through vaccine development, and the second, in recognition of his characterization of the “Battered Child Syndrome,” which led to the recognition of this key problem, leading to the development of policies and legislation regarding child abuse. Dr. Kempe’s outstanding achievements further highlight the importance of

Z. Stuart, M. Bugallo, K. Dinota et al.

Katarzyna Pękacka-Falkowska, Bartłomiej Siek

Johannes Schmiedt (also known as Fabricius) (Fig. 1) was born on December 1st, 1623, in Danzig (present-day Gdańsk). His father, Daniel, was a municipal physician and a well-respected medical practitioner, whereas his mother, Catharina née Schevecke, was the daughter of a city councillor. He had six siblings. In his early years, Schmiedt received private tuition in Latin, German and Polish from tutors. Next, the father who had his son destined for the ministry enrolled him in the Atheneum Gedanense (an academic gymnasium), where he focused on Lutheran Theology, Greek and oriental languages. In 1642, according to his parents’ wishes, Schmiedt got a place at the University of Königsberg to study theology. However, within a few months, he changed his academic focus to medicine because it had attracted him the most. In January 1646, benefiting from a vibrant intellectual atmosphere at the Medical Faculty, he held a so-called practice disputation (disputatio exercitii gratia), moving shortly thereafter to the Dutch Republic to continue his medical training in Leiden under the guidance of Johannes Walaeus and Otto van Huern. The next stops on Schmiedt’s educational journey were the Southern Netherlands and France. In France, he visited Paris first, and only later, brimming with enthusiasm, he matriculated at the University of Montpellier, which was known for its numerous facilities for clinical, pharmacological and anatomical teaching. As a student demonstrating extraordinary motivation and talent, he was soon invited to live under one roof with Lazarus Rivière, the personal physician of the King of France, the distinguished proponent of iatrochemistry and leading professor at the Medical Faculty. In 1648, as his supervisee, Schmiedt received a bachelor’s degree, and, in February 1649, he earned his doctorate [1]. Soon thereafter he headed for Italy to take individual instruction from the most eminent anatomists of the day. For example, he stayed for a few months in Padua to train under Johannes Vesling. After his eight-year peregrinatio medica the 27-year-old graduate went back to his homeland and set up a private medical practice, enjoying successes and also enduring mistakes. In July 1661, the municipality appointed him physicus ordinarius (city physician). Together with Johann Ernst Scheffler, he began compiling the Danzig municipal pharmacopoeia at the behest of the Council. Just a year later, its outline appeared in print [2]. The pharmacopoeia was completed in 1665, although it was not to be published. In turn, in the summer of 1668, the local pharmaceutical taxa (price list) was printed [3]. All these documents were drawn up under Schmiedt’s supervision who also tried to establish a learned society to promote medicine and natural history in Danzig, but this was to no avail. Schmiedt married twice, and with his second wife, he had five children. In 1686, his only son, who was to carry on the family medical tradition, died prematurely in Helmstedt and was buried there. Having lost a male descendant, sadly the doctor broke down, his health deteriorated, and he passed away on March 3rd, 1690. Undoubtedly, Schmiedt was a prolific and capable physician with a long-established reputation. He published numerous scientific papers, documenting his daily medical practice and the experiments he carried out at local hospitals. He and his cordial friend an astronomer Johannes Hevelius sent these original case study reports to the “Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society” and “Miscellanea Curiosa” of the Academy of the Curious as to Nature (currently the Leopoldina), whereas the “Journal des Sçavans”, the earliest academic journal in Europe, published French translations of Schmiedt’s case studies that had originally been printed in English. In the 1670 s, Schmiedt described a few cases of hypoesthesia and dysphagia in patients with nervous and mental disorders. Moreover, as a medical examiner, he always * Katarzyna Pekacka-Falkowska pekackafalkowska@ump.edu.pl

H. Eicher-Miller

M ORE THAN 1 OUT OF EVERY 7 US CHILDREN (15.2%) in 2018 lived in a household where at least 1 member experienced restricted access to enough food for an active, healthy life, known as food insecurity. Such high prevalence of food insecurity in a country with one of the world’s largest economies and most plentiful food supplies is an ongoing national tragedy. Food insecurity is associated with inadequate dietary intake and unmet requirements for food groups and nutrients essential to child growth demanded at critical points in child development to reach potential. Thus, sub-optimal dietary intake in situations of childhood food insecurity (not including fetal and prenatal time periods) may have implications for lifelong disease risk. A childhood experience of living in a food insecure household, where strained resources are known to impact relationships among household members, is related to poor psychological, social, and learning outcomes that can further impact child trajectories to achievement and future adult contributions to society. US households and children receive food resources to support food security through federal food assistance programs like the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP); Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs; Summer Food Service Program; and Child and Adult Care Food Programs, representing the main US child nutrition and hunger safety net. Yet, food insecurity persists and investment in creating and evaluating new interventions is rare. Thus, national investment and attention to food insecurity prevention, especially among children, holds the promise of solving pressing current child health problems and those of future American adults. Dedicated resources to improve food security among US children were provided through reauthorization of the Child Nutrition Act as the 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA). Goals of the HHFKA were to expand nutritious food access and reduce childhood obesity and other health risks in US children. Forty million dollars were specifically reserved for demonstration projects that tested innovative strategies to improve food security and $10 million was designated for research to “enhance our understanding of the causes and consequences of hunger and food insecurity among children” that “will help inform future policy decisions on effective means of program delivery.” The Chickasaw Nation Packed Promise Project was one of the Childhood Hunger Demonstration projects supported by these grant funds through the Food and Nutrition Service of the US Department of Agriculture. A description of this project and results of the independent evaluation of food security and dietary intake are published in this supplement to the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. This editorial comments on the Chickasaw Nation Packed Promise Project, first by summarizing the project and then by highlighting the following strengths: maintaining participation, public-private collaboration of intervention delivery, and randomized controlled study design. The lessons learned from the project thatmay be improved in future food security interventions are also reviewed and include the following: inclusion of 1-year food security assessment, use of food security score or 4range classification, accounting for intervention “dose,” and improved dietary assessment and analytical design.

C. Baldock, Honglin Chen

A. Verma, D. Mann

T he United States is currently riven by deep and bitter ideological and political fissures that threaten to diminish the health and well-being of future generations of Americans because of our inability to embrace public health measures that are necessary to contain the spread of the coronavirus. This Editor’s Page we will not delve into how or why the fissures developed in America, nor will we point accusatory fingers at one political side or the other. Rather we seek to highlight a growing concern that we are sowing the seeds of our future demise as a nation by not paying sufficient attention to how the current pandemic may affect the most vulnerable members of our society: our children. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics reports, more than 4.5 million children have tested positive for COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic, making up about 15% of all cases in the United States (1). With the COVID-19 delta variant, not only is the rate of infection rising in children but also the severity of infection and complications. As we have learned in time with adults, the health consequences of COVID-19 can outlast the acute infectious period and cause persistent and even debilitating symptoms in what has been termed long COVID, longhaul COVID, and more recently the formalized term post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). First recognized in adults, PASC is beginning to emerge as a new area of concern in children, and its clinical contours in children are still being defined (2). In one study of PASC in children in Italy, that has the

Kyle Fisher, E. Frank, J. Andrie et al.

Introduction The seasonal influenza virus affects people of all ages and demographics. In the United States, it is responsible for more than 200,000 hospitalizations and 30,000 to 50,000 deaths annually (1). Robust recommendations guide health care professionals in prevention, chemoprophylaxis, and treatment of influenza (2). However, no clear chemoprophylaxis guidelines exist for athletic teams, who are at increased risk of transmitting infectious disease. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) published well-researched chemoprophylaxis recommendations for adults, children, and individuals potentially in close contact with someone who has influenza, but no clear mention of how athletic teammembers fit into the guidelines (3,4). There is little published on the role of the athletic training staff and sports medicine team in influenza prevention and outbreaks management. This case report highlights the integral role of the sports medicine team in instituting preventive measures, addressing an outbreak, and recommending a comprehensive treatment approach that includes influenza vaccination. This case took place in the winter months before the COVID-19 pandemic. Lessons learned during the pandemic will help to formulate infectious disease management programs that in the future will need to address not only influenza, but other viruses including COVID-19 in the sports medicine setting.

B. Dan

Even with millions of cases, we still have a lot to learn about the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and its impact on childhood disability. There were initially high concerns for those with neurological or neuromuscular conditions, who are known to be susceptible to respiratory complications of other viral infections. However, there have been surprisingly few reports of severe COVID-19 in those populations. Hypotheses to explain the apparent paradox are yet to be explored, e.g. underreporting, social factors (limited contacts), behavioural factors (limited environment and face touching), and possibly physiological factors. Yet early societal response to the pandemic can already provide us with some perspective for the future. Very early on, triage protocols were designed in anticipation of, or response to, shortage of hospital or intensive care beds, based on criteria including frailty, comorbidities, expected ‘utility’, or requirement for help with activities of daily living. Many protocols would, more or less directly, deprioritize people with chronic disabilities as a group. Owing to epidemiology, this has not affected disabled children as dramatically as elderly people, many thousands of whom died without receiving appropriate care. Though some aspects of the triage approach relate to COVID-19, general principles and the way they have been applied are not specific. These principles reflect a societal response to a health crisis, with the value of life based on the judgement of a third party and determined according to medical or social categories. Sadly, we must recognize that, as a society, we have failed disabled individuals and reversed some of the progress made in their empowerment. This is worrisome for future crises and calls for pre-emptive action to protect vulnerable individuals. As human rights issues started to arise, additional challenges threatened disabled children. Furthermore, most countries prohibited the continuation of non-urgent service, which in many cases included therapy those children needed. Among notable initiatives designed to mitigate the effect of such measures, telehealth programmes have made it possible to restore some continuity in care and treatment, and address mental health problems that may arise in lockdown or quarantine. Lessons learned from this experience will likely reshape clinical practice for the better in quieter times. Another failure throughout the pandemic has been the lack of international concerted action and strategy, compounded by heterogeneity and complexity of health care systems. In contrast, on a smaller scale, a positive lesson concerns the way we share knowledge and research. Participants in the March 2020 meetings of the Australasian Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine and the British Academy of Childhood Disability featured successful web-based presentations and attendance arranged for in extremis due to travel restrictions. Subsequent meetings during the pandemic have been organized prospectively as online only (European Academy of Childhood Disability, American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine) or hybrid, combining virtual and in-person participation to maximize international exchange of expertise and discussion. Using information and communication technology in this way appears more sustainable beyond the pandemic too, for the benefit of disabled children. The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted how vitally people’s health relies on the preparedness of the public health care system and its response capacity. It has taught us that we cannot succeed unless we have strong collective leadership and effective logistics. A strand of current research on the differential impact of COVID-19 on individuals focuses on the exposome, i.e. lifelong environmental exposures complementing the genome. The exposome comprises external influences as well as endogenous body processes. To understand the impact of phenomena such as this pandemic and effectively work toward a better future, it is urgent to also consider carefully characterized societal determinants of health and the causes of these inequalities.

L. Arscott, R. Moreau

Editor’s Note: The oil and gas industry is under public scrutiny like never before on a host of health, safety, and environmental issues. These concerns are already affecting how companies operate and interact with the public. This series is intended to shed light on how the industry is actively confronting these challenges and how it should address them going forward. Ten years ago, on 20 April 2010, the oil and gas industry suffered a significant human and environmental catastrophe, and a major blow to its reputation. The Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible drilling rig was preparing to temporarily abandon the Macondo well in 5,000 ft of water in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) when the well blew and ignited causing a massive explosion that killed 11 people. The incident resulted in an oil spill of 4 to 5 million bbl (the biggest offshore oil spill in US history) and a cost to the operator (BP) in the order of $60 billion. This seminal event in the history of the industry caused a moratorium on drilling in the GOM which could have been extended indefinitely but for a comprehensive response by the industry to convince the regulators that the industry could operate safely. Immediately following the incident, the US oil and gas industry assembled four Joint Industry Task Forces (JITFs) to focus on critical areas of GOM activity (American Petroleum Institute, www.api.org); President Obama established a national commission to provide an analysis of the incident and make appropriate recommendations (National Commission on the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling 2011); and the Secretary of the Interior requested the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) to form a committee to examine probable causes and identify means to avoid future occurrences (National Academies Press 2011). This article outlines the status of two initiatives: (1) the current National Academy of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) program to enhance offshore safety; and (2) a new initiative by regulators and industry to improve the collection of safety data. The article concludes with a summary of the current focus areas to enhance offshore safety. The contribution of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) to some of these initiatives is described. It is important to note that although the incident occurred in US waters, the lessons learned are applicable to oil and gas operations worldwide, including land operations. The Gulf Research Program Part of the criminal settlement between the US Department of Justice (DOJ) and BP/Transocean was the establishment of an endowment fund of $500 million to be spent over 30 years to conduct science-based programs in three general areas of concern in the GOM and other continental shelf regions: (1) offshore energy system safety; (2) human health; and (3) environmental resources. The management of this fund was awarded to the NASEM, which established a program called “The Gulf Research Program” (GRP). NASEM was selected by the DOJ to administer the program because of its excellent reputation in organizing appropriate experts in the nation to provide advice on critical science and technology issues.

H. Ellis

M. Laboy, A. Onnis‐Hayden

Putri Wulansari, Nurul Khotimah

Abstract Not only does modernization offer technological sophistication and convenience for all human activities, but this phenomenon also presents a phase called the post-truth era. This phenomenon occurs when the loss of the existence of scientists or intelligentsia by the anti-intellectualism movement which is called the death of expertise. The term death of expertise which was popularized by Tom Nichols eventually became so popular globally including in Indonesia. At least the post-truth era, the death of expertise and the industrial revolution 4.0 became a very popular issue in Indonesia, so that it indirectly showed stuttering and acute inferiority in the scientific tradition in Indonesia. Because in the 90s the Indonesian Muslim scholar Kuntowijoyo had dismissed the phenomena and problems of modern society through his collection of essays such as Muslims without Mosques and Political Identity of Muslims. Therefore this paper uses a descriptive qualitative approach aimed at describing the urgency of the re-actualization and revitalization of prophetic social science in the perspective of Kuntowijoyo's thoughts. In addition, the Prophetic Social Sciences (ISP) is also placed in the Indonesian context so that Indonesia is able to have an authentic scientific tradition, and be able to deliver the Indonesian people to face all the challenges of changing times without losing the humanity and rationality. Furthermore, this paper also presents the problem of the development of science in Indonesia to highlight the urgency of the reactualization of prophetic Social Sciences in the scientific tradition in Indonesia. Keywords: Reactualization, Prophetic Social Sciences and Kuntowijyo. Abstrak Modernisasi tidak hanya menawarkan kecanggihan teknologi serta kemudahan bagi segala aktivitas manusia, tetapi fenomena ini turut menghadirkan sebuah fase yang disebut sebagai era pasca kebenaran. Fenomena ini terjadi ketika hilangnya eksistensi ilmuwan atau kaum intelegensia oleh gerakan anti intelektualisme yang disebut sebagai matinya kepakaran. Istilah matinya kepakaran yang dipopulerkan oleh Tom Nichols tersebut akhirnya menjadi begitu populer secara global termasuk di Indonesia. Setidaknya era pasca kebenaran, matinya kepakaran dan revolusi industri 4.0 menjadi isu yang sangat digemari di Indonesia, sehingga secara tidak langsung memperlihatkan kegagapan dan inferioritas akut dalam tradisi keilmuwan di Indonesia. Sebab di era 90-an cendikiawan Muslim Indonesia Kuntowijoyo telah menganggas fenomena dan problematika masyarakat modern melalui kumpulan esai-esainya seperti Muslim tanpa Masjid dan Indentitas Politik Umat Islam. Oleh karenanya tulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif bertujuan memaparkan mengenai urgensi dari reaktualisasi dan revitalisasi ilmu sosial profetik dalam persfektif pemikiran Kuntowijoyo. Selain itu, Ilmu Sosial Profetik (ISP) ini turut diletakkan dalam konteks keindonesia sehingga Indonesia mampu memiliki tradisi keilmuwan yang autentik, serta mampu mengantarkan bangsa Indonesia menghadapi segala tantangan perubahan zaman tanpa kehilangan sisi humanitas dan rasionalitas. Selanjutnya, dalam tulisan ini turut dihadirkan problematika pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan di Indonesia untuk menegaskan urgensi dari reaktualisasi Ilmu Sosial profetik dalam tradisi keilmuwan di Indonesia. Kata kunci: Reaktualisasi, Ilmu Sosial Profetik dan Kuntowijyo.

Leandro Serra Silva Pereira

Este trabalho tem como objetivo exaltar a dimensão geográfica da técnica. Na introdução, será exposta uma ampla noção de como a aplicação desigual das técnicas são o fundamento da crise que o sistema-mundo capitalista vivencia em suas múltiplas escalas. Na segunda sessão, serão abordadas algumas temáticas pertinentes à filosofia da técnica, ou seja, questões referentes às subjetividades do “fazer técnico”. Por fim, defendemos que as ideologias que permeiam as técnicas e tecnologias são materializadas geograficamente pelas ações dos agentes sociais, que disputam o poder e a reprodução de suas normas e símbolos nos espaços.

A. N. Acad, Sci, S. Tinkle et al.

Kathryn E. A. Graham, D. Langlois-Klassen, S. M. Adam et al.

Publicly funded research and innovation (R&I) organizations around the world are facing increasing demands to demonstrate the impacts of their investments. In most cases, these demands are shifting from academically based outputs to impacts that benefit society. Funders and other organizations are grappling to understand and demonstrate how their investments and activities are achieving impact. This is compounded with challenges that are inherent to impact assessment, such as having an agreed understanding of impact, the time lag from research to impact, establishing attribution and contribution, and consideration of diverse stakeholder needs and values. In response, many organizations are implementing frameworks and using web-based tools to track and assess academic and societal impact. This conceptual analysis begins with an overview of international research impact frameworks and emerging tools that are used by an increasing number of public R&I funders to demonstrate the value of their investments. From concept to real-world, this paper illustrates how one organization, Alberta Innovates, used the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences (CAHS) impact framework to guide implementation of its fit-for-purpose impact framework with an agnostic international six-block protocol. The implementation of the impact framework at Alberta Innovates is also supported by adopting emerging web-based tools. Drawing on the lessons learned from this continuous organizational endeavour to assess and measure R&I impact, we present preliminary plans for developing an impact strategy for Alberta Innovates that can be applied across sectors, including energy, environment and agriculture, and may possibly be adopted by other international funders.